SPS循环热处理对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe与95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al_2O_3合金组织及性能的影响
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摘要
利用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术对具有相同理论密度的烧结态93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe和95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al_2O_3高密度钨合金进行循环热处理,并通过光学显微镜、SEM、TEM、EDS和三点弯曲实验分析循环热处理对两种合金显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着SPS循环热处理次数的增加,93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金在平均W晶粒尺寸未发生明显变化的同时,其粘结相中的W含量和位错密度不断升高,合金得到了固溶强化与位错强化,合金的硬度、抗弯强度、断裂挠度等性能相应提高;而对于95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al_2O_3合金,由于更高的W含量和Al_2O_3颗粒的加入,烧结态时具有小得多的平均W晶粒尺寸、更大的W-W连接度和高硬脆特性,且SPS循环热处理对其组织和成分分布的均匀性影响程度相对较小,其力学性能虽然随SPS循环热处理次数的增加也得到了一定程度改善,抗弯强度和断裂挠度明显较93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金的低,硬度则明显高于93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金硬度。但循环热处理次数过多,反而会降低两种钨合金的硬度和断裂挠度。
The effect of cyclic heat-treatment based on spark plasma sintering(SPS) technique on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-sintered 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe and 95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al_2O_3 heavy alloy with the same theoretical density was studied by optical microscopy,SEM,TEM,EDS and three –point bending tests.The results show that with increasing the SPS cycle index,the average W grain size of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy unchanges markedly,while both the tungsten content and dislocation density in matrix tend to increase.As a result,the hardness,bending strength and fracture deflection of the alloy are improved gradually owing to solid solution and dislocation strengthening by the treatment.95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al_2O_3 alloy,possesses quite less average W grain size,higher W-W contiguity and highly hard and brittle characteristics,because of the higher W content and the addition of Al_2O_3 particles.Its microstructure and composition distribution are affected in a lower degree by SPS cyclic heat-treatment.Although the mechanical property is improved with increasing the SPS cycle index,the obtained bending strength and fracture deflection are obviously lower those of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy,except quite bigger hardness.However,too many times of cyclic heat treatment induce the decrease of hardness and fracture deflection of the two types of alloys.
The effect of cyclic heat-treatment based on spark plasma sintering(SPS) technique on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-sintered 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe and 95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al_2O_3 heavy alloy with the same theoretical density was studied by optical microscopy,SEM,TEM,EDS and three –point bending tests.The results show that with increasing the SPS cycle index,the average W grain size of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy unchanges markedly,while both the tungsten content and dislocation density in matrix tend to increase.As a result,the hardness,bending strength and fracture deflection of the alloy are improved gradually owing to solid solution and dislocation strengthening by the treatment.95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al_2O_3 alloy,possesses quite less average W grain size,higher W-W contiguity and highly hard and brittle characteristics,because of the higher W content and the addition of Al_2O_3 particles.Its microstructure and composition distribution are affected in a lower degree by SPS cyclic heat-treatment.Although the mechanical property is improved with increasing the SPS cycle index,the obtained bending strength and fracture deflection are obviously lower those of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy,except quite bigger hardness.However,too many times of cyclic heat treatment induce the decrease of hardness and fracture deflection of the two types of alloys.
引文
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[20]KIRAN U R,KUMAR J,KUMAR V,SANKARANARAYANAM,RAO G V,NANDY T K.Effect of cyclic heat treatment and swaging on mechanical properties of the tungsten heavy alloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2016,656:256-265.
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[2]王松,谢明.高密度钨合金的研究现状与发展趋势[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2012,41(S2):145-148.WANG Song,XIE Ming.Present research and future development of tungsten heavy alloys[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2012,41(S2):145-148.
[3]LUO Rong-mei,HUANG De-wu,YANG Ming-chuan,TANGEn-ling,WANG Meng,HE Li-ping.Penetrating performance and“self-sharpening”behavior of fine-grained tungsten heavy alloy rod penetrators[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2016,675:262-270.
[4]向道平,丁雷.高密度W-Ni-Fe合金的烧结新技术[J].稀有金属,2013,37(1):155-163.XIANG Dao-ping,DING Lei.New technologies of sintering W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2013,37(1):155-163.
[5]邹俭鹏,张兆森.真空烧结制备90W-Ni-Fe高密度钨合金的性能与显微结构[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(3):703-710.ZOU Jian-peng,ZHANG Zhao-sen.Performance and microstructure of 90W-Ni-Fe high-density tungsten alloy fabricated by vacuum sintering[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(3):703-710.
[6]张佳佳,刘文胜,马运柱,贺柳青.微波和传统氢气烧结对93W-Ni-Fe正挤压棒坯结构和力学性能的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2012,22(11):3088-3093.ZHANG Jia-jia,LIU Wen-sheng,MA Yun-zhu,HE Liu-qing.Influence of microwave and conventional hydrogen sintering on microstructure and mechanical properties of 93W-Ni-Fe extruded bars[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2012,22(11):3088-3093.
[7]黄劲松,周继承,刘文胜,黄伯云.高密度合金烧结后的热处理[J].金属热处理,2003,28(3):7-10.HUANG Jin-song,ZHOU Ji-cheng,LIU Wen-sheng,HUANGBai-yun.Heat treatment of high density alloy after sintering[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2003,28(3):7-10.
[8]ANJALI K,PRABHU G,SANKARANARAYANA M,NANDYT K.Effect of solution treatment temperature and cooling rate on the mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2017,688:225-236.
[9]GERMAN R M,BOURGUIGNON L L,RABIN B H.Microstructure limitations of high tungsten content heavy alloys[J].Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society,1985,37(8):36-39.
[10]马运柱,张佳佳,刘文胜,贺柳青,蔡青山.真空热处理对微波烧结93W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织及力学性能的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2012,41(9):1680-1683.MA Yun-zhu,ZHANG Jia-jia,LIU Wen-sheng,HE Liu-qing,CAI Qing-shan.Effects of vacuum heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 93W-Ni-Fe alloy by microwave sintering[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2012,41(9):1680-1683.
[11]张俊,罗振中,陈健雄.循环热处理对90W-7Ni-3Fe高密度钨合金力学性能的影响[J].稀有金属与硬质合金,2013,41(2):58-60.ZHANG Jun,LUO Zhen-zhong,CHEN Jian-xiong.Effects of cyclic heat treatment on mechanical properties of 90W-7Ni-3Fe tungsten heavy alloy[J].Rare Metals and Cemented Carbides,2013,41(2):58-60.
[12]RAVI K U,JALAJ K,VIKAS K,SANKARANARAYANA M,NAGESWARA RAO G V S,NANDY T K.Effect of cyclic heat treatment and swaging on mechanical properties of the tungsten heavy alloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2016,656:256-265.
[13]DONG Zhi,LIU Nan,MA Zong-qing,LIU Chen-xi,GUOQian-ying,LIU Yong-chang.Preparation of ultra-fine grain W-Y2O3 alloy by an improved wet chemical method and two-step spark plasma sintering[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,695:2969-2973.
[14]LI Xiao-qiang,HU Ke,QU Sheng-guan,LI Li,YANG Chao.93W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe heavy alloys with enhanced performance prepared by cyclic spark plasma sintering[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2014,599:233-241.
[15]ASTM E112-96.Standard test methods for determining average grain size[S].2004.
[16]KIRAN U R,RAO A S,SANKARANARAYANA M,NANDYT K.Swaging and heat treatment studies on sintered90W-6Ni-2Fe-2Co tungsten heavy alloy[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2012,33(1):113-121.
[17]HU Ke,LI Xiao-qiang,AI Xuan,QU Sheng-guan,LI Yuan-yuan.Fabrication,characterization,and mechanical properties of93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe/95W-2.8Ni-1.2Fe-1Al2O3 heavy alloy composites[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2015,636:452-458.
[18]LI Yuan-yuan,HU Ke,LI Xiao-qiang,AI Xuan,QU Sheng-guan.Fine-grained 93W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe heavy alloys with enhanced performance prepared by spark plasma sintering[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2013,573:245-252.
[19]关模,李小强,胡可,杨帆,朱德智.SPS循环热处理对93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金组织和性能的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2018,47(7):2210-2215.GUAN Mo,LI Xiao-qiang,HU Ke,YANG Fan,ZHU De-zhi.Effect of SPS cyclic heat-treatment on the microstructure and properties of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2018,47(7):2210-2215.
[20]KIRAN U R,KUMAR J,KUMAR V,SANKARANARAYANAM,RAO G V,NANDY T K.Effect of cyclic heat treatment and swaging on mechanical properties of the tungsten heavy alloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2016,656:256-265.
[21]YOON H K,LEE S H,KANG S J L,YOON D N.Effect of vacuum-treatment on mechanical properties of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science,1983,18(5):1374-1380.
[22]朱桂森,刘铭成,林忠杰,俞淑延.氢对高比重合金(95%W-3.5%Ni-1.5%Fe)力学性能的影响[J].金属学报,1981,17(1):39-43.ZHU Gui-sen,LIU Ming-cheng,LIN Zhong-jie,YU Shu-yan.Effect of hydrogen on mechanical properties of a high density W-Ni-Fe alloy[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,1981,17(1):39-43.