城市蔓延、人口规模与生产效率——来自中国企业数据的证据
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摘要
随着中国城市规模不断向外低密度式地扩张,城市蔓延所带来的外部性与生产效率之间的关系逐渐成为城市经济领域的热点研究话题。为此,在借助外部性理论讨论城市蔓延对生产效率的影响机制之后,运用中国制造业企业数据从微观层面系统探讨了城市蔓延对企业生产效率的动态影响。研究发现,中国制造业企业整体的生产效率随着城市蔓延水平的持续提高呈现先降后升的正U型特征;城市人口规模的扩张能够显著地改善企业的生产效率。同时,城市蔓延在一定程度上削弱了人口规模对企业生产效率的促进作用。进一步分样本检验结果显示,城市蔓延对不同城市规模、不同行业乃至不同生产规模的企业生产效率的影响不尽一致,这为中国各地区从生产效率视角制定城市规划政策提供了一定的现实依据。
With the expanding of city scale and low density horizontal sprawl, the relationship between the economic growth and the externality from city sprawl gradually becomes a hot research topic in the field of urban economy. Therefore, this paper deeply investigates the impact of city sprawl on enterprises ' total factor productivity based on China' s manufacturing enterprise data. The empirical results show that the relationship between production efficiency of manufacturing enterprises and city sprawl appears U-shape development trend, and the expansion of population could significantly improve production efficiency of manufacturing enterprises. Meanwhile, urban sprawl weakens the positive effect of population on production efficiency of enterprises in some degree. Further sample test indicates that the impacts of urban sprawl on production efficiency are different in different cities, industries, and enterprises, which could provide empirical evidence for formulating urban planning policies.
With the expanding of city scale and low density horizontal sprawl, the relationship between the economic growth and the externality from city sprawl gradually becomes a hot research topic in the field of urban economy. Therefore, this paper deeply investigates the impact of city sprawl on enterprises ' total factor productivity based on China' s manufacturing enterprise data. The empirical results show that the relationship between production efficiency of manufacturing enterprises and city sprawl appears U-shape development trend, and the expansion of population could significantly improve production efficiency of manufacturing enterprises. Meanwhile, urban sprawl weakens the positive effect of population on production efficiency of enterprises in some degree. Further sample test indicates that the impacts of urban sprawl on production efficiency are different in different cities, industries, and enterprises, which could provide empirical evidence for formulating urban planning policies.
引文
[1]MOOMAW R L. Spatial productivity variations in manufacturing:A critical survey of cross-sectional analyses[J]. International Regional Science Review,1983(8):1-22.
[2]王家庭,张俊韬.我国城市蔓延测度:基于35个大中城市面板数据的实证研究[J].经济学家,2010(10):56-63.
[3]张琳琳,岳文泽,范蓓蕾.中国大城市蔓延的测度研究———以杭州市为例[J].地理科学,2014(4):394-400.
[4]BRUECKNER J K,FANSLER D A. The economics of urban sprawl:Theory and evidence on the spatial sizes of cities[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics,1983,65(3):479-482.
[5]刘修岩,李松林,秦蒙.开发时滞、市场不确定性与城市蔓延[J].经济研究,2016(8):159-171,186.
[6]秦蒙,刘修岩.城市蔓延是否带来了我国城市生产效率的损失?———基于夜间灯光数据的实证研究[J].财经研究,2015(7):28-40.
[7]FALLAH B N,PARTRIDGE M D,OLFERT M R. Urban sprawl and productivity:Evidence from US metropolitan areas[J].Papers in Regional Science,2010,90(3):451-472.
[8]MEIJERS E J,BURGER M J. Spatial structure and productivity in US metropolitan areas[J]. Environment and Planning A,2010,42(6):1383-1402.
[9]魏守华,陈扬科,陆思桦.城市蔓延、多中心集聚与生产率[J].中国工业经济,2016(8):58-75.
[10]CICCONE A,HALL R E. Productivity and the density of economic activity[J]. American Economic Review,1996,86:54-70.
[11]BALDWIN R E,OKUBO T. Heterogeneous firms,agglomeration and economic geography:Spatial selection and sorting[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2006,6(3):323-346.
[12]范剑勇,冯猛,李方文.产业集聚与企业全要素生产率[J].世界经济,2014(5):51-73.
[13]RIZOV M,OSKAM A,WALSH P. Is there a limit to agglomeration? Evidence from productivity of Dutch firms[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2012,42(4):595-606.
[14]沈能,赵增耀,周晶晶.生产要素拥挤与最优集聚度识别———行业异质性的视角[J].中国工业经济,2014(5):83-95.
[15]叶宁华,包群,邵敏.空间集聚、市场拥挤与我国出口企业的过度扩张[J].管理世界,2014(1):58-72.
[16]DURANTON G,PUGA D. Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies[J]. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics,2004(4):2063-2117.
[17]梁婧,张庆华,龚六堂.城市规模与劳动生产率:中国城市规模是否过小?———基于中国城市数据的研究[J].经济学(季刊),2015(3):1503-1072.
[18]COMBES P. Economic structure and local growth:France,1984-1993[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2000,47(3):329-355.
[19]赵曜,柯善咨.城市规模、中间产品与异质厂商生产率[J].管理世界,2015(3):51-65.
[20]FULTON W,PENDALL R,NGUYEN M. Who sprawls most? How growth patterns differs across the US[R]. Washington DC,the Brookings Institution Center,2001.
[21]李效顺,曲福田,陈友偲,等.经济发展与城市蔓延的Logistic曲线假说及其验证———基于华东地区典型城市的考察[J].自然资源学报,2012(5):713-722.
[22]毛奇智,龙瀛,吴康.中国人口密度时空演变与城镇化空间格局初探———从2000年到2010年[J].城市规划,2015(2):38-43.
[23]MELITZ M J. The impact of trade on intra-industry re-allocations and aggregate industry productivity[J]. Econometrica,2003,71(6):1695-1725.
[24]陈旭,邱斌,刘修岩.空间集聚与企业出口———基于中国工业企业数据的经验研究[J].世界经济,2016(8):94-117.
[25]谢建国.外商直接投资与中国的出口竞争力———一个中国的经验研究[J].世界经济研究,2003(7):34-39.
(1)在文中,人口大于500万的为大城市,介于200万至500万之间的为中型城市,小于200万的为小城市。
(2)行业分类标准参考谢建国[25]。
[2]王家庭,张俊韬.我国城市蔓延测度:基于35个大中城市面板数据的实证研究[J].经济学家,2010(10):56-63.
[3]张琳琳,岳文泽,范蓓蕾.中国大城市蔓延的测度研究———以杭州市为例[J].地理科学,2014(4):394-400.
[4]BRUECKNER J K,FANSLER D A. The economics of urban sprawl:Theory and evidence on the spatial sizes of cities[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics,1983,65(3):479-482.
[5]刘修岩,李松林,秦蒙.开发时滞、市场不确定性与城市蔓延[J].经济研究,2016(8):159-171,186.
[6]秦蒙,刘修岩.城市蔓延是否带来了我国城市生产效率的损失?———基于夜间灯光数据的实证研究[J].财经研究,2015(7):28-40.
[7]FALLAH B N,PARTRIDGE M D,OLFERT M R. Urban sprawl and productivity:Evidence from US metropolitan areas[J].Papers in Regional Science,2010,90(3):451-472.
[8]MEIJERS E J,BURGER M J. Spatial structure and productivity in US metropolitan areas[J]. Environment and Planning A,2010,42(6):1383-1402.
[9]魏守华,陈扬科,陆思桦.城市蔓延、多中心集聚与生产率[J].中国工业经济,2016(8):58-75.
[10]CICCONE A,HALL R E. Productivity and the density of economic activity[J]. American Economic Review,1996,86:54-70.
[11]BALDWIN R E,OKUBO T. Heterogeneous firms,agglomeration and economic geography:Spatial selection and sorting[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2006,6(3):323-346.
[12]范剑勇,冯猛,李方文.产业集聚与企业全要素生产率[J].世界经济,2014(5):51-73.
[13]RIZOV M,OSKAM A,WALSH P. Is there a limit to agglomeration? Evidence from productivity of Dutch firms[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,2012,42(4):595-606.
[14]沈能,赵增耀,周晶晶.生产要素拥挤与最优集聚度识别———行业异质性的视角[J].中国工业经济,2014(5):83-95.
[15]叶宁华,包群,邵敏.空间集聚、市场拥挤与我国出口企业的过度扩张[J].管理世界,2014(1):58-72.
[16]DURANTON G,PUGA D. Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies[J]. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics,2004(4):2063-2117.
[17]梁婧,张庆华,龚六堂.城市规模与劳动生产率:中国城市规模是否过小?———基于中国城市数据的研究[J].经济学(季刊),2015(3):1503-1072.
[18]COMBES P. Economic structure and local growth:France,1984-1993[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2000,47(3):329-355.
[19]赵曜,柯善咨.城市规模、中间产品与异质厂商生产率[J].管理世界,2015(3):51-65.
[20]FULTON W,PENDALL R,NGUYEN M. Who sprawls most? How growth patterns differs across the US[R]. Washington DC,the Brookings Institution Center,2001.
[21]李效顺,曲福田,陈友偲,等.经济发展与城市蔓延的Logistic曲线假说及其验证———基于华东地区典型城市的考察[J].自然资源学报,2012(5):713-722.
[22]毛奇智,龙瀛,吴康.中国人口密度时空演变与城镇化空间格局初探———从2000年到2010年[J].城市规划,2015(2):38-43.
[23]MELITZ M J. The impact of trade on intra-industry re-allocations and aggregate industry productivity[J]. Econometrica,2003,71(6):1695-1725.
[24]陈旭,邱斌,刘修岩.空间集聚与企业出口———基于中国工业企业数据的经验研究[J].世界经济,2016(8):94-117.
[25]谢建国.外商直接投资与中国的出口竞争力———一个中国的经验研究[J].世界经济研究,2003(7):34-39.
(1)在文中,人口大于500万的为大城市,介于200万至500万之间的为中型城市,小于200万的为小城市。
(2)行业分类标准参考谢建国[25]。