德、奥两国合作开发阿尔卑斯山区旅游
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摘要
阿尔卑斯山拥有十分丰富的旅游资源。历史上的阿尔卑斯山区以农业为主,19世纪中后期,欧洲人开始有意识、有组织、有规模地在阿尔卑斯山进行探险旅游活动。20世纪下半叶,阿尔卑斯山成为欧洲大众旅游的热点。德、奥合作成功地发展了高山旅游等项目。但是,旅游业的发展也带来一些负面问题,在欧盟的指导下,德、奥两国既保留了山区的旅游特色,也使山区的小城镇得到平衡发展,从而使经济得到可持续发展。
There are quite abundant tourism resources in the Alps. The economy of the Alps was dominated by agriculture in history. From the second half of the 19~(th) Century, European began to explore and travel on a conscious, organized and large-scale basis in the Alps. In the second half of the 20~(th) century, the Alps became a hot spot of mass tourism in Europe. Germany and Austria cooperated to develop alpine tourism projects successfully. However, the development of tourism also brought some negative problems. Under the guidance of the EU, Germany and Austria not only retained features of alpine tourism, but also balanced the development of small towns in the Alps, which promoted the economy developing sustainably.
There are quite abundant tourism resources in the Alps. The economy of the Alps was dominated by agriculture in history. From the second half of the 19~(th) Century, European began to explore and travel on a conscious, organized and large-scale basis in the Alps. In the second half of the 20~(th) century, the Alps became a hot spot of mass tourism in Europe. Germany and Austria cooperated to develop alpine tourism projects successfully. However, the development of tourism also brought some negative problems. Under the guidance of the EU, Germany and Austria not only retained features of alpine tourism, but also balanced the development of small towns in the Alps, which promoted the economy developing sustainably.
引文
(1)参见Werner B?tzing,Kleines Aplenlexikon:Umwelt,Wirtschaft,Kultur,Munich:Beck,1997.
(2)数据来源参见奥地利各州官网:蒂罗尔州http://www.tirol.gv.at,萨尔茨堡州http://www.salzburg.gv.at,福拉尔贝格州http://www.vorarlberg.at.,2017-09-12.
(3)2005—2006年,欧洲学术界对阿尔卑斯山脉的地名进行了重新整理,提出了巴伐利亚阿尔卑斯山的概念,“La Suddivisione orografica internazionale unificata del Sistema Alpino”(SOIUSA),http://www.fioridimontagna.it/it/soiusa/Artic-11p-Atl Or Alpi-SOIUSA.pdf,2017-06-16.
(1)参见http://www.stmwi.bayern.de,2017-04-02.
(2)Werner B?tzing,Manfred Perlik and Majda Dekleva,“Urbanization and Depopulation in the Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.16,No.4(Nov.,1996),pp.342-343.
(3)Werner B?tzing u.Manfred Perlik,“Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in den Alpen 1870-1990”,in Kurt Luger u.Karin Inmann(Hrsg.),Verreiste Berger.Kultur und Tourismus im Hochgebirge,Innsbruck-Wien:Studien Verlag,1995,S.45;Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,pp.1-2.
(4)参见Werner B?tzing u.Manfred Perlik,“Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in den Alpen 1870-1990”,in Kurt Luger u.Karin Inmann(Hrsg.),Verreiste Berger.Kultur und Tourismus im Hochgebirge,S.47.
(5)Herbert G.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.9,No.1(Feb.,1989),p.60;Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.7.
(6)Mary L.Barker,“Traditional Landscape and Mass Tourism in the Alps”,Geographical Review,Vol.72,No.4(Oct.,1982),pp.395-415.
(1)Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.3.
(2)奥地利阿尔卑斯山俱乐部,参见http://www.alpenverein.at/portal/der-verein/geschichte/index.php,2017-07-02.
(3)德意志阿尔卑斯山俱乐部,参见http://www.alpenverein.de/der-dav/geschichte-des-dav_aid_12067.html,2017-07-02.
(4)Mary L.Barker,“Traditional Landscape and Mass Tourism in the Alps”,Geographical Review,Vol.72,No.4(Oct.,1982),p.397.
(5)戴继强:《德国巴伐利亚州经济腾飞的秘诀》,《世界教育信息》2000年第8期。
(6)Werner B?tzing u.Manfred Perlik,“Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in den Alpen 1870-1990”,in Kurt Luger u.Karin Inmann(Hrsg.),Verreiste Berger.Kultur und Tourismus im Hochgebirge,S.47.
(1)Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.2.
(2)参见奥地利国家旅游局官方网站,https://b2b.austria.info/de/,2017-08-05.
(3)Herbert G.Karieland and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,pp.5-6.
(1)楚格峰齿轮火车和缆车示意图,https://zugspitze.de/de/aktuell/oeffnungszeiten,2017-06-16.
(2)Ivan Paunovic and Verka Jovanovic,“Implementation of Sustainable Tourism in the German Alps:A Case Study”,Sustainability,2017(9),pp.7-8.
(3)中国学者在20世纪80年代曾关注过奥地利旅游业的发展情况。参见乐缨:《繁荣的事业——奥地利旅游业浅析》,《国际展望》1986年第22期;《1999年世界各国国际旅游业排行榜》,《世界知识》2000年第10期。
(4)http://www.tourmis.info/cgi-bin/tmintro.pl,2017-08-02.
(5)Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.14.
(6)Herbert G.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.9,No.1(Feb.,1989),p.63.
(7)Herbert G.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.9,No.1(Feb.,1989),pp.64-65.
(1)杨建明:《德国旅游开发对自然生态系统影响的研究述评》,《世界地理研究》2008年第1期。
(2)J?rg Wyder,“Multifunctionality in the Alps:Challenges and the Potential for Conflict over Development”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.21,No.4,(Nov.,2001),pp.327-330.
(3)http://www.alpconv.org/en/convention/default.aspx,2017-07-05.
(4)J?rg Wyder,“Multifunctionality in the Alps:Challenges and the Potential for Conflict over Development”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.21,No.4,(Nov.,2001),pp.327-330.
(5)http://www.alpenstaedte.com/en/alpine-towns,2017-06-16.
(1)巴伐利亚旅游发展概况,参见https://www.stmwi.bayern.de/en/tourism/,2017-06-16.
(2)http://www.statistik.at/web de/statistiken/wirtschaft/tourismus/index.html,2017-01-16.
(3)http://www.statistik.at/web de/statistiken/wirtschaft/tourismus/index.html,2017-01-16.
(4)巴伐利亚旅游发展概况,参见https://www.stmwi.bayern.de/en/tourism/,2017-06-16.
(5)Mary L.Barker,“Traditional Landscape and Mass Tourism in the Alps”,Geographical Review,Vol.72,No.4(Oct.,1982),pp.395-396.
(6)卡尔·胡萨、刘岩、亚历山大·威斯保尔、海尔姆特·沃施莱格:《1951年以来奥地利人口变化的空间特征》,《地理学报》2006年第6期。
(2)数据来源参见奥地利各州官网:蒂罗尔州http://www.tirol.gv.at,萨尔茨堡州http://www.salzburg.gv.at,福拉尔贝格州http://www.vorarlberg.at.,2017-09-12.
(3)2005—2006年,欧洲学术界对阿尔卑斯山脉的地名进行了重新整理,提出了巴伐利亚阿尔卑斯山的概念,“La Suddivisione orografica internazionale unificata del Sistema Alpino”(SOIUSA),http://www.fioridimontagna.it/it/soiusa/Artic-11p-Atl Or Alpi-SOIUSA.pdf,2017-06-16.
(1)参见http://www.stmwi.bayern.de,2017-04-02.
(2)Werner B?tzing,Manfred Perlik and Majda Dekleva,“Urbanization and Depopulation in the Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.16,No.4(Nov.,1996),pp.342-343.
(3)Werner B?tzing u.Manfred Perlik,“Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in den Alpen 1870-1990”,in Kurt Luger u.Karin Inmann(Hrsg.),Verreiste Berger.Kultur und Tourismus im Hochgebirge,Innsbruck-Wien:Studien Verlag,1995,S.45;Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,pp.1-2.
(4)参见Werner B?tzing u.Manfred Perlik,“Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in den Alpen 1870-1990”,in Kurt Luger u.Karin Inmann(Hrsg.),Verreiste Berger.Kultur und Tourismus im Hochgebirge,S.47.
(5)Herbert G.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.9,No.1(Feb.,1989),p.60;Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.7.
(6)Mary L.Barker,“Traditional Landscape and Mass Tourism in the Alps”,Geographical Review,Vol.72,No.4(Oct.,1982),pp.395-415.
(1)Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.3.
(2)奥地利阿尔卑斯山俱乐部,参见http://www.alpenverein.at/portal/der-verein/geschichte/index.php,2017-07-02.
(3)德意志阿尔卑斯山俱乐部,参见http://www.alpenverein.de/der-dav/geschichte-des-dav_aid_12067.html,2017-07-02.
(4)Mary L.Barker,“Traditional Landscape and Mass Tourism in the Alps”,Geographical Review,Vol.72,No.4(Oct.,1982),p.397.
(5)戴继强:《德国巴伐利亚州经济腾飞的秘诀》,《世界教育信息》2000年第8期。
(6)Werner B?tzing u.Manfred Perlik,“Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in den Alpen 1870-1990”,in Kurt Luger u.Karin Inmann(Hrsg.),Verreiste Berger.Kultur und Tourismus im Hochgebirge,S.47.
(1)Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.2.
(2)参见奥地利国家旅游局官方网站,https://b2b.austria.info/de/,2017-08-05.
(3)Herbert G.Karieland and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,pp.5-6.
(1)楚格峰齿轮火车和缆车示意图,https://zugspitze.de/de/aktuell/oeffnungszeiten,2017-06-16.
(2)Ivan Paunovic and Verka Jovanovic,“Implementation of Sustainable Tourism in the German Alps:A Case Study”,Sustainability,2017(9),pp.7-8.
(3)中国学者在20世纪80年代曾关注过奥地利旅游业的发展情况。参见乐缨:《繁荣的事业——奥地利旅游业浅析》,《国际展望》1986年第22期;《1999年世界各国国际旅游业排行榜》,《世界知识》2000年第10期。
(4)http://www.tourmis.info/cgi-bin/tmintro.pl,2017-08-02.
(5)Herbert G.Kariel and Patricia E.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism:An Example from the Austrian Alps”,in Geografiska Annaler,Series B,Human Geography,Vol.64,No.1,1982,p.14.
(6)Herbert G.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.9,No.1(Feb.,1989),p.63.
(7)Herbert G.Kariel,“Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.9,No.1(Feb.,1989),pp.64-65.
(1)杨建明:《德国旅游开发对自然生态系统影响的研究述评》,《世界地理研究》2008年第1期。
(2)J?rg Wyder,“Multifunctionality in the Alps:Challenges and the Potential for Conflict over Development”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.21,No.4,(Nov.,2001),pp.327-330.
(3)http://www.alpconv.org/en/convention/default.aspx,2017-07-05.
(4)J?rg Wyder,“Multifunctionality in the Alps:Challenges and the Potential for Conflict over Development”,Mountain Research and Development,Vol.21,No.4,(Nov.,2001),pp.327-330.
(5)http://www.alpenstaedte.com/en/alpine-towns,2017-06-16.
(1)巴伐利亚旅游发展概况,参见https://www.stmwi.bayern.de/en/tourism/,2017-06-16.
(2)http://www.statistik.at/web de/statistiken/wirtschaft/tourismus/index.html,2017-01-16.
(3)http://www.statistik.at/web de/statistiken/wirtschaft/tourismus/index.html,2017-01-16.
(4)巴伐利亚旅游发展概况,参见https://www.stmwi.bayern.de/en/tourism/,2017-06-16.
(5)Mary L.Barker,“Traditional Landscape and Mass Tourism in the Alps”,Geographical Review,Vol.72,No.4(Oct.,1982),pp.395-396.
(6)卡尔·胡萨、刘岩、亚历山大·威斯保尔、海尔姆特·沃施莱格:《1951年以来奥地利人口变化的空间特征》,《地理学报》2006年第6期。