福岛核泄漏引发河湖库底泥污染及处置:实例研究
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摘要
福岛核电站泄漏事故造成的水体污染问题主要聚焦于用水安全及辐射剂量。日本环境省的调查显示水体的放射性污染物主要累积于底泥之中,用水安全问题较小,可以得到保障。就底泥放射物的辐射问题而言,由于水对g射线有遮蔽作用,水深较大的水体暂时不会对人体造成危害,而水深较小存在枯水期的池塘则可能需要进行处理。针对这类水体的处理日本各施工企业因地制宜地开发使用了多种新的工法。本文梳理了核泄漏事故后日本政府进行或发起的水体污染调查、研究,和污染处理的决策、施工等过程,介绍了其中有代表性的一些处理工法,此外还介绍了福岛第一核电站港湾内高放射性污染浮泥的原位覆盖处理实例。
Fukushima nuclear accident has caused serious pollution, including water body pollution. The water contamination and radiation from contaminated sediments have raised great concern among Japanese government and the public. A survey conducted by Ministry of Environment of Japan shows that most radioactive contaminants in water bodies are accumulated in sediments, and the water contamination is negligible under most circumstances. It has no need to deal with the contaminated sediments that constantly lie under several meters of water, for water shields ?-rays. However, the ponds in rural area with a dry period may have the necessity of disposal. Various construction companies in Japan have developed a variety of disposal methods according to the local conditions. This paper presents the investigations and researches of water body pollution initiated by Japanese Government, and the process of decision-making and operation of pollution treatment, with some representative new methods and their application cases. An introduction to the unique example of in-situ coverage for fluid mud within the harbor of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is presented as well.
Fukushima nuclear accident has caused serious pollution, including water body pollution. The water contamination and radiation from contaminated sediments have raised great concern among Japanese government and the public. A survey conducted by Ministry of Environment of Japan shows that most radioactive contaminants in water bodies are accumulated in sediments, and the water contamination is negligible under most circumstances. It has no need to deal with the contaminated sediments that constantly lie under several meters of water, for water shields ?-rays. However, the ponds in rural area with a dry period may have the necessity of disposal. Various construction companies in Japan have developed a variety of disposal methods according to the local conditions. This paper presents the investigations and researches of water body pollution initiated by Japanese Government, and the process of decision-making and operation of pollution treatment, with some representative new methods and their application cases. An introduction to the unique example of in-situ coverage for fluid mud within the harbor of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is presented as well.
引文
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[2]厚生労働省.平成24年3月5日健水発0305第2号.水道水中の放射性物質に係る管理目標値の設定等について[EB/OL].日本:厚生労働省,2012[2018-03-16].http://www.water.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/quali/shihyou.pdf.(Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare.March 5,2012Notification No.2 About setting of management target value for radioactive substances in tap water[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare,2012[2018-03-16].http://www.water.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/quali/shihyou.pdf.(in Japanese))
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[6]環境省.災害廃棄物の広域処理の推進について[EB/OL].日本:環境省,2012[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/attach/memo20120111_shori.pdf.(Ministry of the Environment.Promotion of wide area treatment of disaster waste[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of the Environment,2012[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/attach/memo20120111_shori.pdf.(in Japanese))
[7]日本原子力研究所.実効線量評価のための光子?中性子?ベータ線制動輻射線に対する遮へい計算定数(2001年1月)[EB/OL].日本:日本原子能研究开发机构,2001[2018-01-23].http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Data-Code-2000-044.pdf.(Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute.Shielding calculation constant for photon,neutron and beta ray braking radiation for effective dose evaluation(January 2001)[EB/OL].Japan:Japan Atomic Energy Agency,2001[2018-01-23].http://jolissrchinter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Data-Code-2000-044.pdf.(in Japanese))
[8]農林水産省.ため池の放射性物質対策技術マニュアル[EB/OL].日本:農林水産省,2015[2018-03-20].http://www.maff.go.jp/j/press/nousin/saigai/150327.html.(Mi nistry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries.Anti-radioactive material countermeasure technical manual[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries,2015[2018-03-20].http://www.maff.go.jp/j/press/nousin/saigai/150327.html.(in Japanese))
[9]东亚工业建设.マジックボール浚渫[EB/OL].日本:东亚建设工业,2014[2018-03-22].https://www.toa-const.co.jp/techno/civileng/dredge/e16.(Toa Corporation.Magic Ball dredging[EB/OL].Japan:Toa Corporation,2014[2018-03-22].https://www.toa-const.co.jp/techno/civileng/dredge/e16.(in Japanese))
[10]东洋建设.水域(湖沼?河川等)の底質除染システム[EB/OL].日本:东洋建设,2014[2018-03-22].http://www.toyo-const.co.jp/technology/781.html.(Toyo Construction Co.,Ltd.Sediment decontamination system of water bodies(lakes,rivers,etc.)[EB/OL].Japan:Toyo Construction Co.,Ltd,2014[2018-03-22].http://www.toyoconst.co.jp/technology/781.html.(in Japanese))
[11]荻野隆男,金成麻里.ため池における泥土の放射性物質除去システム[J].農業農村工学会誌,2014(82):58-59.(OGINO T,KANARI M.Radioactive Substances Removal System of Sludge in Irrigation Ponds[J].Water,Land and Environmental Engineering,2014(82):58-59.(in Japanese))
[12]大久保泰宏,新舎博,秋本哲平,等.浮泥の封じ込めを目的とした固化処理土の配合選定と施工方法[J].土木学会論文集b3(海洋開発),2013,69(2):946-951.(OKUBO Y,SHINSHA H,AKIMOTO T,et al.Mix proportion determination and execution method of cement mixed soils for containing fluid mud[J].Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu B3.Kaiyo Kaihatsu,2013,69(2):946-951.(in Japanese))
[2]厚生労働省.平成24年3月5日健水発0305第2号.水道水中の放射性物質に係る管理目標値の設定等について[EB/OL].日本:厚生労働省,2012[2018-03-16].http://www.water.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/quali/shihyou.pdf.(Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare.March 5,2012Notification No.2 About setting of management target value for radioactive substances in tap water[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare,2012[2018-03-16].http://www.water.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/quali/shihyou.pdf.(in Japanese))
[3]環境省.東日本大震災の被災地における放射性物質関連の環境モニタリング調査:公共用水域[EB/OL].日本:環境省,2011(2019-03-27)[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishi n/monitoring/results_r-pw.html.(Ministry of the Environment.Radioactive Material Monitoring Surveys of the Water Environment[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of the Environment,2011(2019-03-27)[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/monitoring/results_r-pw.html(in Japanese))
[4]環境省.平成28年度公共用水域放射性物質モニタリング調査結果(まとめ)[EB/OL].日本:環境省,2017[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/monitoring/results_r-pw-h28.html.(Ministry of the Environment.FY2016 Results of the Radioactive Material Monitoring in the Water Environment[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of the Environment,2017[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/monitoring/res ults_r-pw-h28.html.(in Japanese))
[5]環境省.環境回復検討会(第12回)資料2:河川?湖沼等における放射性物質に係る知見の整理[EB/OL].日本:環境省,2016[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/jishin/rmp/conf/12/mat02.pdf.(Ministry of the Environment.Organization of knowledge on radioactive materials in rivers,lakes,etc.[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of the Environment,2016[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/jishin/rmp/con f/12/mat02.pdf.(in Japanese))
[6]環境省.災害廃棄物の広域処理の推進について[EB/OL].日本:環境省,2012[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/attach/memo20120111_shori.pdf.(Ministry of the Environment.Promotion of wide area treatment of disaster waste[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of the Environment,2012[2018-01-21].http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/attach/memo20120111_shori.pdf.(in Japanese))
[7]日本原子力研究所.実効線量評価のための光子?中性子?ベータ線制動輻射線に対する遮へい計算定数(2001年1月)[EB/OL].日本:日本原子能研究开发机构,2001[2018-01-23].http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Data-Code-2000-044.pdf.(Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute.Shielding calculation constant for photon,neutron and beta ray braking radiation for effective dose evaluation(January 2001)[EB/OL].Japan:Japan Atomic Energy Agency,2001[2018-01-23].http://jolissrchinter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAERI-Data-Code-2000-044.pdf.(in Japanese))
[8]農林水産省.ため池の放射性物質対策技術マニュアル[EB/OL].日本:農林水産省,2015[2018-03-20].http://www.maff.go.jp/j/press/nousin/saigai/150327.html.(Mi nistry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries.Anti-radioactive material countermeasure technical manual[EB/OL].Japan:Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries,2015[2018-03-20].http://www.maff.go.jp/j/press/nousin/saigai/150327.html.(in Japanese))
[9]东亚工业建设.マジックボール浚渫[EB/OL].日本:东亚建设工业,2014[2018-03-22].https://www.toa-const.co.jp/techno/civileng/dredge/e16.(Toa Corporation.Magic Ball dredging[EB/OL].Japan:Toa Corporation,2014[2018-03-22].https://www.toa-const.co.jp/techno/civileng/dredge/e16.(in Japanese))
[10]东洋建设.水域(湖沼?河川等)の底質除染システム[EB/OL].日本:东洋建设,2014[2018-03-22].http://www.toyo-const.co.jp/technology/781.html.(Toyo Construction Co.,Ltd.Sediment decontamination system of water bodies(lakes,rivers,etc.)[EB/OL].Japan:Toyo Construction Co.,Ltd,2014[2018-03-22].http://www.toyoconst.co.jp/technology/781.html.(in Japanese))
[11]荻野隆男,金成麻里.ため池における泥土の放射性物質除去システム[J].農業農村工学会誌,2014(82):58-59.(OGINO T,KANARI M.Radioactive Substances Removal System of Sludge in Irrigation Ponds[J].Water,Land and Environmental Engineering,2014(82):58-59.(in Japanese))
[12]大久保泰宏,新舎博,秋本哲平,等.浮泥の封じ込めを目的とした固化処理土の配合選定と施工方法[J].土木学会論文集b3(海洋開発),2013,69(2):946-951.(OKUBO Y,SHINSHA H,AKIMOTO T,et al.Mix proportion determination and execution method of cement mixed soils for containing fluid mud[J].Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu B3.Kaiyo Kaihatsu,2013,69(2):946-951.(in Japanese))