信息化与高技能劳动力相对需求——基于中国微观企业层面的经验研究
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摘要
现有关于信息化与劳动力需求结构影响的研究主要基于国家和行业层面。鉴于企业才是微观决策主体,本文基于企业层面,利用微观调查数据实证考察了信息化对于高技能劳动力相对需求的影响。结果发现,与行业层面的结论不同,企业短期的信息化投资提高对于高技能劳动力相对需求影响不大,而综合代表企业信息化水平的信息化密度提高会导致其对于高技能劳动力相对需求的上升,并且,地区信息基础设施水平的改善会强化这种效应;另一方面,与行业层面研究结论相反,企业的规模扩大会造成高技能劳动力相对需求上升,说明高、低技能劳动力在行业间和行业内的自由流动差异会导致规模对劳动力需求结构截然相反的影响。本文的政策涵义在于,在信息化的背景下企业需要在提高自身信息化综合实力的同时做好人才战略,国家则需要加大教育和培训的支出,大力发展信息技术并完善信息基础设施,缓解劳动力市场矛盾,优化资源配置。
The existing researches on the impacts of ICT on labor demand structure are largely based on the macro dimensions. However,in face of the fact that the enterprise is the real decision-maker,this article investigates the influence of informationization on the relative demand of skilled labor in micro level using micro-enterprise survey data. Results demonstrate that the increasing company's integrated ICT investment and utilization abilities lead to rising demand for skilled labor,rather than short-term ICT investment,which is different from the conclusion of industry-level research. And the improvements in regional ICT infrastructure will reinforce this effect.Also,in contrary to the industry-level study,expansion of firm size will result in the same effect,indicating a structural difference between inter-industry and intra-industry caused by the distinct flow of skilled labor and unskilled labor.As for the policy implication,enterprises need to improve their comprehensive strength of ICT and talent strategic plan under the informationization background,while government needs to increase investment in education and to improve the ICT infrastructure,in a bid to alleviate the contradiction of labor market,as well as optimizing the resources allocation.
The existing researches on the impacts of ICT on labor demand structure are largely based on the macro dimensions. However,in face of the fact that the enterprise is the real decision-maker,this article investigates the influence of informationization on the relative demand of skilled labor in micro level using micro-enterprise survey data. Results demonstrate that the increasing company's integrated ICT investment and utilization abilities lead to rising demand for skilled labor,rather than short-term ICT investment,which is different from the conclusion of industry-level research. And the improvements in regional ICT infrastructure will reinforce this effect.Also,in contrary to the industry-level study,expansion of firm size will result in the same effect,indicating a structural difference between inter-industry and intra-industry caused by the distinct flow of skilled labor and unskilled labor.As for the policy implication,enterprises need to improve their comprehensive strength of ICT and talent strategic plan under the informationization background,while government needs to increase investment in education and to improve the ICT infrastructure,in a bid to alleviate the contradiction of labor market,as well as optimizing the resources allocation.
引文
1.李坤望、邵文波、王永进,2015:《信息化密度、信息基础设施与企业出口绩效---基于企业异质性的理论与实证分析》,《管理世界》第4期。
2.林毅夫、董先安,2003:《信息化、经济增长与社会转型》,国家信息化领导小组委托课题No.C2003006。
3.邵文波、李坤望,2014:《信息技术、团队合作与劳动力需求结构的差异性》,《世界经济》第11期。
4.宋冬林、王林辉、董直庆,2010:《技能偏向型技术进步存在吗?---来自中国的经验证据》,《经济研究》第5期。
5.余林徽、陆毅、路江涌,2013:《解构经济制度对我国企业生产率的影响》,《经济学(季刊)》第13卷第1期。
6.Ark,B.V.2001.“The Renewal of the Old Economy:An International Comparative Perspective.”Paris,OECDScience Technology&Industry Working Papers.
7.Ark,B.V.,and M.Piatkowski.2004.“Productivity,Innovation and ICT in Old and New Europe.”International Economics and Economic Policy 1(2-3):215-246.
8.Autor,D.H.,L.F.Katz,and A.B.Krueger.1998.“Computing Inequality:Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?”Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(4):1169-1213.
9.Bharadwaj,A.S.2000.“A Resource-Based Perspective on Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance:An Empirical Investigation.”MIS Quarterly 24(1):169-196.
10.Borghans,L.,and B.Weel.2006.“The Division of Labour,Worker Organization,and Technological Change.”The Economic Journal 116(509):45-72.
11.Bresnahan,T.F.,E.Brynjolfsson,and L.M.Hitt.2002.“Information Technology,Workplace Organization,and the Demand for Skilled Labor:Firm-Level Evidence.”Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(1):339-376.
12.Brynjolfsson,E.,L.M.Hitt,and S.Yang.2002.“Intangible Assets:Computers and Organizational Capital.”Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1:137-181.
13.Duffy,J.,C.Papageorgiou,and F.Perez-Sebastian.2004.“Capital-Skill Complementarity?Evidence from a Panel of Countries.”Review of Economics and Statistics 86(1):327-344.
14.Dunnewijk,T.,H.Meijers,and A.V.Zon.2007.“Accounting for the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Total Factor Productivity.”JRC Scientific and Technical Reports,European Communities.
15.Freund,C.,and D.Weinhold.2002.“The Internet and International Trade in Services.”The American Economic Review 92(2):236-240.
16.Freund,C.,and D.Weinhold.2004.“The Effect of the Internet on International Trade.”Journal of International Economics 62(1):171-189.
17.Helpman,E.1998.General Purpose Technologies and Economic Growth.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
18.Jorgenson,D.W.,and K.J.Stiroh.1999.“Information Technology and Growth.”The American Economic Review89(2):109-115.
19.Krusell,P.,L.E.Ohanian,J.V.Rios-Rull,and G.L.Violante.2000.“Capital-Skill Complementarity and Inequality:A Macroeconomic Analysis.”Econometrica 68(5):1029-1053.
20.Liang,T.P.,Y.Jun-Jer,and Liu.Chih-Chung.2010.“A Resource-Based Perspective on Information Technology and Firm Performance:A Meta-Analysis.”Industrial Management&Data Systems 110(8):1138-1158.
21.Milgrom,P.,and J.Roberts.1990.“The Economics of Modern Manufacturing:Technology,Strategy,and Organization.”The American Economic Review 80(3):511-528.
22.Venturini,Francesco.2009.“The Long-run Impact of ICT.”Empirical Economics 37(3):497-515.
23.Xu,B.,and W.Li.2008.“Trade,Technology,and China’s Rising Skill Demand.”Economics of Transition16(1):59-84.
(1)一般而言,信息化是指“建立在信息技术产业发展与信息技术在社会经济各部门扩散的基础之上,运用信息技术改造传统的经济、社会结构的信息化过程”(林毅夫、董先安,2003)。
(2)现有很多研究将这一概念称为技能溢价(Skill Premium)。
(1)下文统称为信息化资源。
(2)李坤望等(2015)将信息化密度定义为“固定投入中的信息化投入所占的比重”。本文中,企业的信息化密度包括企业的信息化投入以及对于信息化的利用效率,是企业关于信息化的综合水平。
(1)这一点不难理解,比如让一名建筑工程师转入化工行业从事专业技术工作相对比较困难,而让一名建筑工地的非熟练工人去餐厅刷盘子则要容易很多。
(2)这一现象随着时间推移有了较大的改观。随着国有企业人员结构的调整和效率的改善,目前很多高技能劳动力转入国有企业,不过限于数据的可获得性,没有最新的数据予以验证。
(1)采用ln P2衡量地区信息化基础设施水平进行回归得到的结论与ln P1的回归结论一致,为节约篇幅在此不再赘述。
(1)itinvest为企业的IT投资(包括硬件和软件)占比,数据同样来自于世界银行对中国120个地级市的12 400家企业2002-2004年的统计调查数据。
(1)在基准回归部分采用的是学历为大专及以上劳动力与大专以下劳动力的就业之比,稳健性检验界定本科及以上为高技能劳动力,目的是为了研究当采用不同的分界考察劳动力相对技能时的稳健性问题。事实上在工业企业数据库中我们也尝试了采用大专为界限进行区分,得到的结论是一致的,限于篇幅未予展示,如有需要可向作者索取。
(1)这个主要是指在短期内。在比较长的时期内,高技能劳动力的相对供给发生变化情况下又另当别论,此前基于行业层面的研究以及本文的研究都是在供给既定的相对短期做出的。
2.林毅夫、董先安,2003:《信息化、经济增长与社会转型》,国家信息化领导小组委托课题No.C2003006。
3.邵文波、李坤望,2014:《信息技术、团队合作与劳动力需求结构的差异性》,《世界经济》第11期。
4.宋冬林、王林辉、董直庆,2010:《技能偏向型技术进步存在吗?---来自中国的经验证据》,《经济研究》第5期。
5.余林徽、陆毅、路江涌,2013:《解构经济制度对我国企业生产率的影响》,《经济学(季刊)》第13卷第1期。
6.Ark,B.V.2001.“The Renewal of the Old Economy:An International Comparative Perspective.”Paris,OECDScience Technology&Industry Working Papers.
7.Ark,B.V.,and M.Piatkowski.2004.“Productivity,Innovation and ICT in Old and New Europe.”International Economics and Economic Policy 1(2-3):215-246.
8.Autor,D.H.,L.F.Katz,and A.B.Krueger.1998.“Computing Inequality:Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?”Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(4):1169-1213.
9.Bharadwaj,A.S.2000.“A Resource-Based Perspective on Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance:An Empirical Investigation.”MIS Quarterly 24(1):169-196.
10.Borghans,L.,and B.Weel.2006.“The Division of Labour,Worker Organization,and Technological Change.”The Economic Journal 116(509):45-72.
11.Bresnahan,T.F.,E.Brynjolfsson,and L.M.Hitt.2002.“Information Technology,Workplace Organization,and the Demand for Skilled Labor:Firm-Level Evidence.”Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(1):339-376.
12.Brynjolfsson,E.,L.M.Hitt,and S.Yang.2002.“Intangible Assets:Computers and Organizational Capital.”Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1:137-181.
13.Duffy,J.,C.Papageorgiou,and F.Perez-Sebastian.2004.“Capital-Skill Complementarity?Evidence from a Panel of Countries.”Review of Economics and Statistics 86(1):327-344.
14.Dunnewijk,T.,H.Meijers,and A.V.Zon.2007.“Accounting for the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Total Factor Productivity.”JRC Scientific and Technical Reports,European Communities.
15.Freund,C.,and D.Weinhold.2002.“The Internet and International Trade in Services.”The American Economic Review 92(2):236-240.
16.Freund,C.,and D.Weinhold.2004.“The Effect of the Internet on International Trade.”Journal of International Economics 62(1):171-189.
17.Helpman,E.1998.General Purpose Technologies and Economic Growth.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
18.Jorgenson,D.W.,and K.J.Stiroh.1999.“Information Technology and Growth.”The American Economic Review89(2):109-115.
19.Krusell,P.,L.E.Ohanian,J.V.Rios-Rull,and G.L.Violante.2000.“Capital-Skill Complementarity and Inequality:A Macroeconomic Analysis.”Econometrica 68(5):1029-1053.
20.Liang,T.P.,Y.Jun-Jer,and Liu.Chih-Chung.2010.“A Resource-Based Perspective on Information Technology and Firm Performance:A Meta-Analysis.”Industrial Management&Data Systems 110(8):1138-1158.
21.Milgrom,P.,and J.Roberts.1990.“The Economics of Modern Manufacturing:Technology,Strategy,and Organization.”The American Economic Review 80(3):511-528.
22.Venturini,Francesco.2009.“The Long-run Impact of ICT.”Empirical Economics 37(3):497-515.
23.Xu,B.,and W.Li.2008.“Trade,Technology,and China’s Rising Skill Demand.”Economics of Transition16(1):59-84.
(1)一般而言,信息化是指“建立在信息技术产业发展与信息技术在社会经济各部门扩散的基础之上,运用信息技术改造传统的经济、社会结构的信息化过程”(林毅夫、董先安,2003)。
(2)现有很多研究将这一概念称为技能溢价(Skill Premium)。
(1)下文统称为信息化资源。
(2)李坤望等(2015)将信息化密度定义为“固定投入中的信息化投入所占的比重”。本文中,企业的信息化密度包括企业的信息化投入以及对于信息化的利用效率,是企业关于信息化的综合水平。
(1)这一点不难理解,比如让一名建筑工程师转入化工行业从事专业技术工作相对比较困难,而让一名建筑工地的非熟练工人去餐厅刷盘子则要容易很多。
(2)这一现象随着时间推移有了较大的改观。随着国有企业人员结构的调整和效率的改善,目前很多高技能劳动力转入国有企业,不过限于数据的可获得性,没有最新的数据予以验证。
(1)采用ln P2衡量地区信息化基础设施水平进行回归得到的结论与ln P1的回归结论一致,为节约篇幅在此不再赘述。
(1)itinvest为企业的IT投资(包括硬件和软件)占比,数据同样来自于世界银行对中国120个地级市的12 400家企业2002-2004年的统计调查数据。
(1)在基准回归部分采用的是学历为大专及以上劳动力与大专以下劳动力的就业之比,稳健性检验界定本科及以上为高技能劳动力,目的是为了研究当采用不同的分界考察劳动力相对技能时的稳健性问题。事实上在工业企业数据库中我们也尝试了采用大专为界限进行区分,得到的结论是一致的,限于篇幅未予展示,如有需要可向作者索取。
(1)这个主要是指在短期内。在比较长的时期内,高技能劳动力的相对供给发生变化情况下又另当别论,此前基于行业层面的研究以及本文的研究都是在供给既定的相对短期做出的。