矿物固化含Sr、Cs放射性废物研究进展
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摘要
放射性元素锶和铯具有半衰期长、生物危害性大等特点,是目前放射性废物安全处理处置的重点之一,利用人造岩石固化含锶、铯放射性废物已成为当前的研究热点。简述了锶、铯的特点及危害,着重介绍了近年来几种典型矿物固化基材(碱硬锰矿、磷灰石、钙钛矿、铯榴石)的研究进展,探讨了现阶段矿物固化锶、铯的研究进展和发展方向,并对未来关于矿物固化锶、铯的材料领域发展趋势进行了展望。
The radionuclides strontium and cesium have a long half-life and large biological harmfulness and other characteristics,and become one of the key point on the safety of radioactive waste treatment disposal,and the removal of them by mineral has become a research hotspot.This paper introduces the characteristics and harms of the strontium and cesium.The research progress of four typical potential mineral materials in this field including hollandite,apatite,perovskite and pollucite are reviewed in detail.The status and development of strontium and cesium immobilization with mineral material are discussed.Finally,the future development trends of strontium and cesium incorporated by mineral materials are also mentioned.
The radionuclides strontium and cesium have a long half-life and large biological harmfulness and other characteristics,and become one of the key point on the safety of radioactive waste treatment disposal,and the removal of them by mineral has become a research hotspot.This paper introduces the characteristics and harms of the strontium and cesium.The research progress of four typical potential mineral materials in this field including hollandite,apatite,perovskite and pollucite are reviewed in detail.The status and development of strontium and cesium immobilization with mineral material are discussed.Finally,the future development trends of strontium and cesium incorporated by mineral materials are also mentioned.
引文
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3 Broden K,Olsson G.Final disposal possibilities of radioactive waste components from ITER[J].Fusion Eng Des,2003,69(4):695.
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7 Riley B J,Vienna J D,Strachan D M,et al.Materials and processes for the effective capture and immobilization of radioiodine:A review[J].J Nucl Mater,2016,470:307.
8 Krausova K,Gautron L,Karnis A,et al.Glass ceramics and mineral materials for the immobilization of lead and cadmium[J].Ceram Int,2016,42(7):8779.
9 Wagh A S,Sayenko S Y,Shkuropatenko V A,et al.Experimental study on cesium immobilization in struvite structures[J].J Hazard Mater,2016,302:241.
10 Gong H F,Ma J P,Li G P,et al.Present research on synroc forms[J].J Gansu Sci,2009,21(4):150(in Chinese).龚恒风,马俊平,李公平,等.人造岩石固化体的研究现状[J].甘肃科学学报,2009,21(4):150.
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13 Ojovan M I,Lee W E.An introduction to nuclear waste immobilization[J].Mater Today,2006,9(3):55.
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2 El-Ghonemy H,Watts L,Fowler L.Treatment of uncertainty and developing conceptual models for environmental risk assessments and radioactive waste disposal safety cases[J].Environ Int,2005,31(1):89.
3 Broden K,Olsson G.Final disposal possibilities of radioactive waste components from ITER[J].Fusion Eng Des,2003,69(4):695.
4 姜胜阶,任凤仪.核燃料后处理工学[M].北京:原子能出版社,1995:320.
5 Chen S,Li Y X.Research actualities on high-level waste forms[J].Mater Rev,2005,19(11):53(in Chinese).陈松,李玉香.高放废物固化基材研究现状[J].材料导报,2005,19(11):53.
6 Che C X,Teng Y C,Gui Q.Research and application status of radioactive waste solidification[J].Mater Rev,2006,20(2):94(in Chinese).车春霞,滕元成,桂强.放射性废物固化处理的研究及应用现状[J].材料导报,2006,20(2):94.
7 Riley B J,Vienna J D,Strachan D M,et al.Materials and processes for the effective capture and immobilization of radioiodine:A review[J].J Nucl Mater,2016,470:307.
8 Krausova K,Gautron L,Karnis A,et al.Glass ceramics and mineral materials for the immobilization of lead and cadmium[J].Ceram Int,2016,42(7):8779.
9 Wagh A S,Sayenko S Y,Shkuropatenko V A,et al.Experimental study on cesium immobilization in struvite structures[J].J Hazard Mater,2016,302:241.
10 Gong H F,Ma J P,Li G P,et al.Present research on synroc forms[J].J Gansu Sci,2009,21(4):150(in Chinese).龚恒风,马俊平,李公平,等.人造岩石固化体的研究现状[J].甘肃科学学报,2009,21(4):150.
11 Ringwood A E,Kesson S E,Ware N G,et al.Immobilisation of high level nuclear reactor wastes in SYNROC[J].Nature,1979,278(5701):219.
12 Chappell A.The limitations of using 137Cs for estimating soil redistribution in semi-arid environments[J].Geomorphology,1999,29(1):135.
13 Ojovan M I,Lee W E.An introduction to nuclear waste immobilization[J].Mater Today,2006,9(3):55.
14 Entry J A,Vance N C,Hamilton M A,et al.Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides[J].Water Air Soil Pollution,1996,88(1-2):167.
15 Tan H B,Li Y X.Summary of solidification measures of radioactive waste[J].Yunnan Environ Sci,2004,23(4):1(in Chinese).谭宏斌,李玉香.放射性废物固化方法综述[J].云南环境科学,2004,23(4):1.
16 Zagrai M,Rus L,Rada S,et al.Lead metallic-lead dioxide glasses as alternative of immobilization of the radioactive wastes[J].J NonCryst Solids,2014,405:129.
17 Arod J.Bituminization of radioactive wastes:Safety studies[J].Nucl Chem Waste Manag,1982,3(3):179.
18 Olson R A,Tennis P D,Bonen D,et al.Early containment of highalkaline solution simulating low-level radioactive waste in blended cement[J].J Hazard Mater,1997,52(2):223.
19 Micheline M,Siham K,Emmanuel G.Physicochemical equilibria of cement-based materials in aggressive environments-experiment and modeling[J].Cem Concr Res,2004,34(9):1569.
20 Wu L,Schliesser J,Woodfield B F,et al.Heat capacities,standard entropies and Gibbs energies of Sr-,Rb-and Cs-substituted barium aluminotitanate hollandites[J].J Chem Thermodynamics,2016,93:1.
21 Aubin-Chevaldonnet V,Caurant D,Dannoux A,et al.Preparation and characterization of(Ba,Cs)(M,Ti)8O16(M=Al 3+,Fe3+,Ga3+,Cr3+,Sc3+,Mg2+)hollandite ceramics developed for radioactive cesium immobilization[J].J Nucl Mater,2007,366:137.
22 Teng Y C,Zhou S G,Xiao Z X,et al.Chemical solid-soluted content of strontiumin solid solution of hollandite[J].J Xi’an Jiaotong University,2005,39(1):100(in Chinese).滕元成,周时光,肖正学,等.Sr在碱硬锰矿固溶体中的化学固溶量研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2005,39(1):100.
23 Zhao Y L,Li B J,Zhou H,et al.Immobizition of simulated cesium-137 waste in synroc[J].J Nuclear Radiochem,2005,27(3):152(in Chinese).赵昱龙,李宝军,周慧,等.人造岩石固化模拟137 Cs废物的研究[J].核化学与放射化学,2005,27(3):152.
24 Teng Y C,Zhou S G,Shi Z K,et al.Study on solid-dissolved cesium in the lattice of hollandite[J].Nucl Techn,2006,29(6):476(in Chinese).滕元成,周时光,石正坤,等.碱硬锰矿晶平格固化Cs的研究[J].核技术,2006,29(6):476.
25 Xu H,Wu L,Zhu J,et al.Synthesis,characterization and thermochemistry of Cs-,Rb-and Sr-substituted barium aluminium titanate hollandites[J].J Nucl Mater,2015,459:70.
26 Carter M L,Vance E R,Mitchell D R G,et al.Fabrication,characterization,and leach testing of hollandite,(Ba,Cs)(Al,Ti)2Ti6O16[J].J Mater Res,2002,17(10):2578.
27 Suzuki-Muresan T,Vandenborre J,Abdelouas A,et al.Studies of(Cs,Ba)-hollandite dissolution under gamma irradiation at 95℃and at pH 2.5,4.4and 8.6[J].J Nucl Mater,2011,419(1):281.
28 Amoroso J,Marra J,Conradson S D,et al.Melt processed single phase hollandite waste forms for nuclear waste immobilization:Ba1.0Cs0.3A2.3Ti5.7O16;A=Cr,Fe,Al[J].J Alloys Compd,2014,584:590.
29 Abdelouas A,Utsunomiya S,Suzuki T,et al.Effects of ionizing radiation on the hollandite structure-type:Ba0.85Cs0.26Al1.35Fe0.77-Ti5.90O16[J].Am Mineralogist,2008,93(1):241.
30 Chen Z Y,Zeng L S,Meng L J.Mineralogy and trace elemental geochemistry of apatite in Sulu eclogites[J].Acta Petrol Sin,2009(7):1663(in Chinese).陈振宇,曾令森,孟丽娟.苏鲁榴辉岩中磷灰石的矿物学和微量元素地球化[J].岩石学报,2009(7):1663.
31 潘兆橹.结晶学及矿物学[M].北京:地质出版社,1984:11.
32 Zeng L S,Chen J,Gao L E,et al.The geochemical nature of apatites in high Sr/Y two-mica granites from the North Himalayan Gneiss Domes,southern Tibet[J].Acta Petrol Sin,2012,28(9):2981(in Chinese).曾令森,陈晶,高利娥,等.藏南北喜马拉雅穹窿高Sr/Y二云母花岗岩中磷灰石地球化学特征及其岩石学意义[J].岩石学报,2012,28(9):2981.
33 Liu Y,Peng M S.Advances in the researches on structural substitution of apatite[J].Acta Petrol Miner,2003,22(4):413(in Chinese).刘羽,彭明生.磷灰石结构替换的研究进展[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(4):413.
34 Liu Y.Mineralogical spectroscopy of apatites[D].Guangzhou:Zhongshan University,2003(in Chinese).刘羽.磷灰石的矿物谱学研究[D].广州:中山大学,2003.
35 Xiang G H.Preparation and performance study of monzite-apatite glass-ceramic waste forms[D].Mianyang:Southwest University of Science and Technology,2012(in Chinese).向光华.独居石-磷灰石玻璃陶瓷固化体的制备与性能研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2012.
36 Kumar S P,Buvaneswari G.Synthesis of apatite phosphates containing Cs+,Sr2+and RE3+ions and chemical durability studies[J].Mater Res Bull,2013,48(2):324.
37 Boughzala K,Bouzouita K,Salem E B,et al.Synthesis and characterization of strontium-lanthanum apatites[J].Mater Res Bull,2007,42(7):1221.
38 Boughzala K,Gmati N,Bouzouita K,et al.étude structurale de britholite au césium Sr7La2Cs(PO4)5(SiO4)F2[J].Comptes Rendus Chim,2010,13(11):1377.
39 Zhao Y L.The study of synroc for simulated nuclide waste90 Sr and137 Cs immobilization[D].Beijing:China Institute of Atomic Energy,2005(in Chinese).赵昱龙.人造岩石固化模拟90 Sr,137Cs核素废物研究[D].北京:中国原子能科学研究院,2005.
40 Wu Q,Zhao B Y.Preparation,structure and properties of perovskite type strontium titanate[J].New Chem Mater,2002,30(8):17(in Chinese).吴庆,赵斌元.钙钛矿型钛酸锶的制备,结构与性能[J].化工新型材料,2002,30(8):17.
41 Navrotsky A,Weidner D J.Perovskite:A structure of great interest to geophysics and materials science[M].Washington DC:American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series,1989.
42 Zoltai T,Stout J H.Mineralogy:Concepts and principles[M].Minneapolis,MN:Burgess Publishing Company,1984.
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