士大夫的海洋书写与近代国民的观念转变
|
摘要
西方海洋文明东进,大清国败退,原有孕育自东亚大陆地势和农耕经济活动的涉海观念已不合时宜。晚清士大夫思考海洋问题,吻合海洋文明的观念在建构之中。从士大夫的海洋书写中不难发现,地球观、重视工商业的经济价值观和海本位海洋观取代了"天圆地方、中国为中"宇宙观、重道义轻实利价值观和重陆轻海观。新观念的生成、播撒必然致使海洋的重要性日益提升,海洋因而成为国家发展的一个重要方向。
With the advancement of Western maritime civilization eastward and the retreat of the Qing Dynasty, the original sea-related concept, which originated from the East Asian continental topography and agricultural economic activities, was out of date. In the late Qing dynasty, the scholars thought about the ocean issue, and the concept in line with the ocean civilization was under construction. From their ocean writing, it is not difficult to find that the concept of the earth, the economic values emphasizing on industry and commerce, and the sea-based ocean view had replaced the view of the universe of "in heaven and on the earth, China being the center", the values emphasizing morality while neglecting utility, and the concept emphasizing the land and ignoring the sea. The generation and spread of these new ideas would inevitably lead to an increasing importance of the ocean, and the ocean thus became an important direction for the development of the country.
With the advancement of Western maritime civilization eastward and the retreat of the Qing Dynasty, the original sea-related concept, which originated from the East Asian continental topography and agricultural economic activities, was out of date. In the late Qing dynasty, the scholars thought about the ocean issue, and the concept in line with the ocean civilization was under construction. From their ocean writing, it is not difficult to find that the concept of the earth, the economic values emphasizing on industry and commerce, and the sea-based ocean view had replaced the view of the universe of "in heaven and on the earth, China being the center", the values emphasizing morality while neglecting utility, and the concept emphasizing the land and ignoring the sea. The generation and spread of these new ideas would inevitably lead to an increasing importance of the ocean, and the ocean thus became an important direction for the development of the country.
引文
[1]苏全有.论晚清海洋经济思想的嬗变[J].河南师范大学学报,2001,(3).
[2]杨文鹤,陈伯镛.海洋与近代中国[M].北京:海洋出版社,2014.
[3]马克垚.世界文明史(上册)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[4]郝延兵,杨志荣.海上力量与中华民族的伟大复兴[M].北京:国防大学出版社,2005.
[5]何伟亚.怀柔远人:马嘎尔尼使华的礼仪冲突[M].罗志田,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
[6]白新良.清史纪事本末第五卷乾隆朝[M].上海:大学出版社,2006.
[7]上海书店出版社.清代档案史料选编第四册[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2010.
[8]刘成纪,杨云香.中原文化与中华民族[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,2012.
[9]徐继畲.瀛环志略[M].徐春俊,译.北京:中共党史出版社,2014.
[10]魏源.海国图志[M].李巨澜,评注.郑州:中州古籍出版社,1999.
[11]王瑞成.从《海国图志》看“海国”与“中国”概念的生成——全球、海国和国际关系格局中的“中国”定位与新主体意识[J].社会科学战线,2013,(2).
[12]章鸣九.《瀛环志略》与《海国图志》比较研究[J].近代史研究,1992,(1).
[13]李圭.走向世界丛书:环游地球新录[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1985.
[14]熊月之.西学东渐与晚清社会[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
[15]刘成纪.中国社会早期海洋观念的演变[J].北京师范大学学报,2014,(5).
[16]盛邦和.海运、海商、海军、海权——魏源世界意识中的“海国”理念[J].福建论坛(人文版),2010,(6).
[17]龚耘,杨玉荣.国际化视域下的甲午海战失败根源探析[J].海军工程大学学报(综合版),2014,(4).
[18]蔡尔康,林乐知.走向世界丛书:李鸿章历聘欧美记[M].钟叔河,主编.长沙:岳麓书社,1986.
[19]梁启超.梁启超全集[M].北京出版社,1999.
[20]康有为.康南海正史文选[M].沈茂骏,主编.广州:中山大学出版社,1988.
[21]梁启超.新大陆游记[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社,1981.
[22]郑大华.嘉道经世思潮与晚清思想的近代转型[J].南京大学学报,2007,(6).
[23]王韬.走向世界丛书:漫游随录[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1985.
[24]唐小轩,栾兆鹏.李鸿章全集第二册奏稿[M].长春:时代文艺出版社,1998.
[25]陈独秀.敬告青年[A].简体典藏全本新青年(第一卷)[M].西宁:宁夏人民出版社,2011.
[2]杨文鹤,陈伯镛.海洋与近代中国[M].北京:海洋出版社,2014.
[3]马克垚.世界文明史(上册)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[4]郝延兵,杨志荣.海上力量与中华民族的伟大复兴[M].北京:国防大学出版社,2005.
[5]何伟亚.怀柔远人:马嘎尔尼使华的礼仪冲突[M].罗志田,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
[6]白新良.清史纪事本末第五卷乾隆朝[M].上海:大学出版社,2006.
[7]上海书店出版社.清代档案史料选编第四册[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2010.
[8]刘成纪,杨云香.中原文化与中华民族[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,2012.
[9]徐继畲.瀛环志略[M].徐春俊,译.北京:中共党史出版社,2014.
[10]魏源.海国图志[M].李巨澜,评注.郑州:中州古籍出版社,1999.
[11]王瑞成.从《海国图志》看“海国”与“中国”概念的生成——全球、海国和国际关系格局中的“中国”定位与新主体意识[J].社会科学战线,2013,(2).
[12]章鸣九.《瀛环志略》与《海国图志》比较研究[J].近代史研究,1992,(1).
[13]李圭.走向世界丛书:环游地球新录[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1985.
[14]熊月之.西学东渐与晚清社会[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
[15]刘成纪.中国社会早期海洋观念的演变[J].北京师范大学学报,2014,(5).
[16]盛邦和.海运、海商、海军、海权——魏源世界意识中的“海国”理念[J].福建论坛(人文版),2010,(6).
[17]龚耘,杨玉荣.国际化视域下的甲午海战失败根源探析[J].海军工程大学学报(综合版),2014,(4).
[18]蔡尔康,林乐知.走向世界丛书:李鸿章历聘欧美记[M].钟叔河,主编.长沙:岳麓书社,1986.
[19]梁启超.梁启超全集[M].北京出版社,1999.
[20]康有为.康南海正史文选[M].沈茂骏,主编.广州:中山大学出版社,1988.
[21]梁启超.新大陆游记[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社,1981.
[22]郑大华.嘉道经世思潮与晚清思想的近代转型[J].南京大学学报,2007,(6).
[23]王韬.走向世界丛书:漫游随录[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1985.
[24]唐小轩,栾兆鹏.李鸿章全集第二册奏稿[M].长春:时代文艺出版社,1998.
[25]陈独秀.敬告青年[A].简体典藏全本新青年(第一卷)[M].西宁:宁夏人民出版社,2011.