基于弹跳射线法的海面舰船目标三维散射中心快速建模方法
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摘要
海面舰船目标3维散射中心的快速建模对雷达目标信号快速仿真、特征提取与分类识别等应用具有重要意义。该文结合目标-海面耦合散射的"4路径"模型、随机海面散射修正Fresnel反射系数模型,以及基于射线管积分的快速3维成像等模型与方法,提出一种舰船-海面复合的快速3维成像方法,并通过CLEAN算法建立一种3维散射中心快速建模算法。该算法由于实现了单频、单视角条件下的目标3维成像,并且采用简化的海面模型避免了大量海面面元的构建,因而大大提高了3维散射中心建模的计算效率,从而满足实际工程应用的需求。典型海面舰船目标仿真实验结果表明,与传统基于FFT的3维成像算法相比,在典型计算条件下该算法的计算效率可提高4个数量级。不同海情下,3维散射中心重建的与直接仿真计算的1维距离像历程图和2维像的对比结果,也验证了算法的计算精度。
Fast construction of the 3-D scattering centers of ship targets on the sea surface is important for many radar applications, including the fast signature prediction, feature extraction, and automatic recognition of targets. Combining the "four-path" model for target-surface coupling scattering with modified Fresnel reflection coefficient model in the stochastic sea surface and ray tube integration method, we propose a 3-D image formation method for ship-surface compound targets. Using the CLEAN technique on 3-D image, we develop a fast algorithm for establishing 3-D scattering center model for ship targets on the sea surface. Because this algorithm realizes 3 D imaging of targets at a single frequency and single aspect angle, and adopts simplified surface model to avoid the need to construct a large number of surface elements, the computational efficiency of the proposed alogrithm is greatly increased to meet the needs of practical engineering applications. Simulation experiments of a typical ship target show that the proposed algorithm can increase the speed by four orders of magnitude under typical conditions, as compared with the traditional FFT-based 3 D imaging method. We validate the accuracy of this algorithm by comparing reconstructed 1-D range profiles and ISAR images obtain by the scattering center model with the ones that are directly simulated.
Fast construction of the 3-D scattering centers of ship targets on the sea surface is important for many radar applications, including the fast signature prediction, feature extraction, and automatic recognition of targets. Combining the "four-path" model for target-surface coupling scattering with modified Fresnel reflection coefficient model in the stochastic sea surface and ray tube integration method, we propose a 3-D image formation method for ship-surface compound targets. Using the CLEAN technique on 3-D image, we develop a fast algorithm for establishing 3-D scattering center model for ship targets on the sea surface. Because this algorithm realizes 3 D imaging of targets at a single frequency and single aspect angle, and adopts simplified surface model to avoid the need to construct a large number of surface elements, the computational efficiency of the proposed alogrithm is greatly increased to meet the needs of practical engineering applications. Simulation experiments of a typical ship target show that the proposed algorithm can increase the speed by four orders of magnitude under typical conditions, as compared with the traditional FFT-based 3 D imaging method. We validate the accuracy of this algorithm by comparing reconstructed 1-D range profiles and ISAR images obtain by the scattering center model with the ones that are directly simulated.
引文
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[18]王菁.光学区雷达目标散射中心提取及其应用研究[D].[博士论文],南京航空航天大学,2010:3-77.doi:10.7666/d.d167227.WANG Jing.A study on radar optical region target scattering center extraction and its applications[D].[Ph.D.dissertation],Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2010:3-77.doi:10.7666/d.d167227.
[19]李飞,纠博,刘宏伟,等.基于稀疏表示的SAR图像属性散射中心参数估计算法[J].电子与信息学报,2014,36(4):931-937.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2013.00576.LI Fei,JIU Bo,LIU Hong-wei,et al.Sparse representation based algorithm for estimation of attributed scattering center parameter on SAR imagery[J].Journal of Electronics&Information Technology,2014,36(4):931-937.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2013.00576.
[20]LI Z H,JIN K,XU B,et al.An improved attributed scattering model optimized by incremental sparse Bayesian learning[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2016,54(5):2973-2987.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2015.2509539.
[21]汪雄良,冉承其,王正明.基于紧致字典的基追踪方法在SAR图像超分辨中的应用[J].电子学报,2006,34(6):996-1001.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2006.06.005.WANG Xiong-liang,RAN Cheng-qi,and WANG Zhengming.Super-resolution processing of SAR images by basis pursuit method based on compacted dictionary[J].Acta Electronica Sinica,2006,34(6):996-1001.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2006.06.005.
[22]TSAO J and STEINBERG B D.Reduction of sidelobe and speckle artifacts in microwave imaging:The CLEANtechnique[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1988,36(4):543-556.doi:10.1109/8.1144.
[23]KOETS M A and MOSES R L.Image domain feature extraction from synthetic aperture imagery[C].Proceedings of 1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,Phoenix,USA,1999:2319-2322.doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1999.758402.
[24]KOETS M A and MOSES R L.Feature extraction using attributed scattering center models on SAR imagery[C].Proceedings of SPIE 3721,Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VI,Orlando,USA,1999:104-115.doi:10.1117/12.357628.
[25]BURKHOLDER R J,JANPUGDEE P,and COLAK D.Development of computational tools for predicting the radar scattering from targets on a rough sea surface[R].Ohio State:Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory,2001.
[26]CUI K and XU X J.EM scattering calculation for complex targets over sea surface[C].Proceedings of 2005 IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,Washington,DC,2005:101-104.doi:10.1109/APS.2005.1552186.
[27]DONG C Z,WANG C,WEI X,et al.EM scattering from complex targets above a slightly rough surface[C].Progress in Elec-tromagnetics Research Symposium 2007,Beijing,China,2007:1479-1482.
[28]董纯柱.典型环境中复杂目标的电磁散射建模与应用研究[D].[硕士论文],中国航天二院研究生院,2007:31-58,61-62.DONG Chun-zhu.EM scattering modeling and application research of complex targets in the typical environment[D].[Master dissertation],The Second Academy of China Aerospace,2007:31-58,61-62.
[29]JOHNSON J T.A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above a half space[J].Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,2001,30(2):130-134.doi:10.1002/mop.1242.
[30]JOHNSON J T.A numerical study of scattering from an object above a rough surface[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2002,50(10):1361-1367.doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.802152.
[31]MEISSNER T and WENTZ F J.The complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave satellite observations[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2004,42(9):1836-1849.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2004.831888.
[2]KELLER J B.Geometrical theory of diffraction[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America,1962,52(2):116-130.doi:10.1364/JOSA.52.000116.
[3]BHALLA R and LING H.A fast algorithm for signature prediction and image formation using the shooting and bouncing ray technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1995,43(7):727-731.doi:10.1109/8.391147.
[4]TSENG N.A very efficient RCS data compression and reconstruction technique[D].[Master dissertation],The Ohio State University,1992.
[5]CHANG L C.Removal of undesired scattering centers using a radar image technique[D].[Master dissertation],The Ohio State University,1993.
[6]HURST M and MITTRA R.Scattering center analysis via Prony’s method[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1987,35(8):986-988.doi:10.1109/TAP.1987.1144210.
[7]GARBER F D,CHAMBERLAIN N F,and SNORRASONO.Time-domain and frequency-domain feature selection for reliable radar target identification[C].Proceedings of the1988 IEEE National Radar Conference,Ann Arbor,USA,1988:79-84.doi:10.1109/NRC.1988.10934.
[8]DUDGEON D E and LACOSS R T.An overview of automatic target recognition[J].The Lincoln Laboratory Journal,1993,6(1):3-10.
[9]陈勇,董纯柱,王超,等.基于HPP/PO的舰船与海面耦合散射快速算法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2008,30(4):589-592.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-506X.2008.04.001.CHEN Yong,DONG Chun-zhu,WANG Chao,et al.Fast algorithm based on HPP/PO for calculating coupling EMscattering from ship over sea surface[J].Systems Engineering and Electronics,2008,30(4):589-592.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-506X.2008.04.001.
[10]朱炜,郭航.现代舰船隐身技术的若干方法研究[J].舰船电子工程,2014,34(12):22-26.doi:10.3969/j.issn1672-9730.2014.12.006.ZHU Wei and GUO Hang.Research on the methods of warship stealthy technology[J].Ship Electronic Engineering,2014,34(12):22-26.doi:10.3969/j.issn1672-9730.2014.12.006.
[11]王峰,徐丰,金亚秋.利用序列ISAR图像获取空间目标3-D信息的方法[J].遥感技术与应用,2016,31(5):900-906.doi:10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2016.5.0900.WANG Feng,XU Feng,and JIN Ya-qiu.3-D information reconstruction of a space target from 2-D ISAR image sequence[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2016,31(5):900-906.doi:10.11873/j.issn.1004-0323.2016.5.0900.
[12]ZHOU J X,SHI Z G,CHENG X,et al.Automatic target recognition of SAR images based on global scattering center model[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2011,49(10):3713-3729.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2162526.
[13]BHALLA R,LING H,MOORE J,et al.3D scattering center representation of complex targets using the shooting and bouncing ray technique:A review[J].IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,1998,40(5):30-39.doi:10.1109/74.735963.
[14]ZHOU J X,SHI Z G,and FU Q.Three-dimensional scattering center extraction based on wide aperture data at a single eleva-tion[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2015,53(3):1638-1655.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2346509.
[15]POTTER L C,CHIANG D M,CARRIERE R,et al.AGTD-based parametric model for radar scattering[J].IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,1995,43(10):1058-1067.doi:10.1109/8.467641.
[16]POTTER L C and MOSES R L.Attributed scattering centers for SAR ATR[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,1997,6(1):79-91.doi:10.1109/83.552098.
[17]JACKSON J A,RIGLING B D,and MOSES R L.Canonical scattering feature models for 3D and bistatic SAR[J].IEEE Transac-tions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2010,46(2):525-541.doi:10.1109/TAES.2010.5461639.
[18]王菁.光学区雷达目标散射中心提取及其应用研究[D].[博士论文],南京航空航天大学,2010:3-77.doi:10.7666/d.d167227.WANG Jing.A study on radar optical region target scattering center extraction and its applications[D].[Ph.D.dissertation],Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2010:3-77.doi:10.7666/d.d167227.
[19]李飞,纠博,刘宏伟,等.基于稀疏表示的SAR图像属性散射中心参数估计算法[J].电子与信息学报,2014,36(4):931-937.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2013.00576.LI Fei,JIU Bo,LIU Hong-wei,et al.Sparse representation based algorithm for estimation of attributed scattering center parameter on SAR imagery[J].Journal of Electronics&Information Technology,2014,36(4):931-937.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2013.00576.
[20]LI Z H,JIN K,XU B,et al.An improved attributed scattering model optimized by incremental sparse Bayesian learning[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2016,54(5):2973-2987.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2015.2509539.
[21]汪雄良,冉承其,王正明.基于紧致字典的基追踪方法在SAR图像超分辨中的应用[J].电子学报,2006,34(6):996-1001.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2006.06.005.WANG Xiong-liang,RAN Cheng-qi,and WANG Zhengming.Super-resolution processing of SAR images by basis pursuit method based on compacted dictionary[J].Acta Electronica Sinica,2006,34(6):996-1001.doi:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2006.06.005.
[22]TSAO J and STEINBERG B D.Reduction of sidelobe and speckle artifacts in microwave imaging:The CLEANtechnique[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1988,36(4):543-556.doi:10.1109/8.1144.
[23]KOETS M A and MOSES R L.Image domain feature extraction from synthetic aperture imagery[C].Proceedings of 1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing,Phoenix,USA,1999:2319-2322.doi:10.1109/ICASSP.1999.758402.
[24]KOETS M A and MOSES R L.Feature extraction using attributed scattering center models on SAR imagery[C].Proceedings of SPIE 3721,Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery VI,Orlando,USA,1999:104-115.doi:10.1117/12.357628.
[25]BURKHOLDER R J,JANPUGDEE P,and COLAK D.Development of computational tools for predicting the radar scattering from targets on a rough sea surface[R].Ohio State:Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory,2001.
[26]CUI K and XU X J.EM scattering calculation for complex targets over sea surface[C].Proceedings of 2005 IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,Washington,DC,2005:101-104.doi:10.1109/APS.2005.1552186.
[27]DONG C Z,WANG C,WEI X,et al.EM scattering from complex targets above a slightly rough surface[C].Progress in Elec-tromagnetics Research Symposium 2007,Beijing,China,2007:1479-1482.
[28]董纯柱.典型环境中复杂目标的电磁散射建模与应用研究[D].[硕士论文],中国航天二院研究生院,2007:31-58,61-62.DONG Chun-zhu.EM scattering modeling and application research of complex targets in the typical environment[D].[Master dissertation],The Second Academy of China Aerospace,2007:31-58,61-62.
[29]JOHNSON J T.A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above a half space[J].Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,2001,30(2):130-134.doi:10.1002/mop.1242.
[30]JOHNSON J T.A numerical study of scattering from an object above a rough surface[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2002,50(10):1361-1367.doi:10.1109/TAP.2002.802152.
[31]MEISSNER T and WENTZ F J.The complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave satellite observations[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2004,42(9):1836-1849.doi:10.1109/TGRS.2004.831888.