三峡重庆库区施氮水平对塔罗科血橙树体养分、产量品质及土壤理化性质的影响
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摘要
【目的】通过在三峡重庆库区典型代表性柑橘园研究不同施氮水平对晚熟柑橘塔罗科血橙树体养分吸收、果实产量品质及土壤理化性质的影响,为三峡重庆库区晚熟柑橘优质丰产提供理论依据。【方法】以7年生枳橙砧塔罗科血橙为试材,研究在0(N0)、1(N1)、1.5(N2)、2(N3)、2.5(N4)和3 kg/株(N5)6个施氮水平处理下树体枝梢干物质积累量、枝叶与果实养分吸收、果实产量和品质以及土壤理化性质的差异。【结果】本试验结果表明,不同施氮水平处理后,血橙各时期叶片和枝条干物质量变化趋势相似,均表现为随着施氮量的增加显著增加,但春梢叶片干物质量在N3—N5处理差异不显著。不同时期的枝叶干物质量均表现为春梢大于秋梢,叶片干物质量要远大于枝条。春梢的氮、磷、钾养分吸收量在N0处理下均为最低,随着氮肥施入,吸收量显著增加,其中叶片的氮吸收量在N2处理达到峰值,磷、钾吸收量在N3处理达到峰值,随后有所下降,但差异不显著,枝条的养分吸收量一直在增加,N3—N5处理差异不显著。秋梢叶片和枝条的氮吸收量随着施氮量增加显著增加,在N5处理达到最大值,磷和钾吸收量在N0处理时略高于低氮处理(N1、N2),而高氮(N3—N5)处理显著增加。果实氮和钾含量随施氮量增加呈先增后降趋势,在N2处理达到最大值,各处理的果实磷含量差异不显著。果肉中氮和钾含量远高于果皮,而果皮中的磷含量高于果肉。不同施氮处理的果实养分带走量差异显著,随着施氮量的增加,果实氮、磷、钾养分带走量以N2处理最高,显著高于其他各处理;果实养分带走量顺序为钾>氮>磷。随着氮肥投入增加,土壤有机质含量显著下降,碱解氮和有效磷含量显著增加,速效钾含量在N3处理达到最大值后开始降低。土壤硝态氮淋溶作用随着施氮量增加而增大,0—20 cm土层内以N2处理硝态氮含量最高,显著高于N5处理;铵态氮含量比较稳定,与施氮量呈正相关;20—40 cm土层内各处理间的硝态氮、铵态氮含量差异均不显著;40—60 cm土层内高氮处理下硝态氮含量显著增加,而铵态氮含量变化不明显。果皮厚度与施氮量呈正相关,果实纵径、横径、单果重和产量均随着施氮量增加先增加后降低,N3处理纵、横径显著高于其他处理,而N2处理的单果重和产量最高。可溶性固形物含量随施氮量增加呈先增后降趋势,各处理间差异不显著;随施氮量的增加,可滴定酸含量增加,固酸比下降;维生素C和花色苷含量变化趋势相似,在N2处理达到最大值,随后显著降低。果实着色在N3处理下相对较好。相关性分析表明,叶片氮含量与果实可滴定酸含量和果皮厚度呈正相关,与固酸比呈负相关,土壤碱解氮含量与可滴定酸含量和果皮厚度呈极显著正相关,与固酸比呈极显著负相关。【结论】综合考虑,在三峡重庆库区柑橘园中,纯氮推荐用量为0.63—0.86 kg/plant,可保证果园较高的产量和果实品质水平,有利于血橙树体的养分吸收利用,同时果园土壤环境污染风险相对较小。
【Objective】 This study investigated effects of different nitrogen application levels on nutrient uptake, fruit yield and quality, soil physical and chemical properties of late ripening citrus Tarocco blood orange in typical citrus orchards to provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yield of late-maturing citrus in the Three Gorges area of Chongqing city. 【Method】Six different nitrogen treatments(N0(0), N1(1 kg/plant), N2(1.5 kg/plant), N3(2 kg/plant), N4(2.5 kg/plant) and N5(3 kg/plant))were performed to study its effects on nutrient absorption of branches and leaves and fruit, fruit quality and yield and soil physicochemical properties using 7-year-old Tarocco blood orange grafted on Poncirus trifoliata(L.). 【Result】 Results showed that the increased nitrogen levels except N2 group significantly increased the dry matter amount of leaves and branches in different periods of blood orange with higher level in spring shoots than autumn shoots as well as higher level in leaves than branches. The nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in spring shoots was the lowest under N0 treatment, and the absorption of nitrogen in leaves was significantly increased by the added nitrogen fertilizer with a peak level under N2 treatment while the absorption of phosphorus and potassium with a peak level under N3 treatment. Nitrogen application significantly increased the amount of nitrogen uptake of leaves and branches of autumn shoots with a maximum level under N5 treatment. High nitrogen treatments(N3-N5) significantly increased the amounts of phosphorus and potassium uptake of leaves and branches. Nitrogen first increased then decreased the nitrogen and potassium content of fruit with the maximum level under N2 treatment. The content of nitrogen and potassium in pulp was much higher than that of peel, while the phosphorus content was opposite. The maximum nutrient removal amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was found under N2 treatment with a significant increase, and the amount of nutrient removal was potassium>nitrogen>phosphorus. The p H value and content of organic matter of soil decreased significantly by adding nitrogen fertilizer while the content of available nitrogen and phosphorus of soil increased significantly with the maximum available potassium content under N3 treatment. Nitrogen increased the leaching of nitrate nitrogen in soil within 0-20 cm with the highest level under N2 treatment. Ammonium nitrogen was positively correlated with the nitrogen application rate. There was no significant difference among the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen under all treatments within 20-40 cm soil layer. The content of nitrate nitrogen in 40-60 cm soil layer increased significantly under high nitrogen treatments, while the ammonium nitrogen content did not change. Nitrogen application first enhanced the thickness of pericarp, the longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter, average weight and yield, and then decreased with the highest level of the longitudinal and transverse diameter under N3 treatment and the highest weight and yield under N2 treatment. Nitrogen application first increased then decreased the total soluble solid(TSS) content without significant difference. Nitrogen input increased titratable acid(TA) content and but decreased TSS/TA ratio. N2 group had the highest vitamin C and anthocyanin content. Fruit coloration was relatively good between N2 and N3 treatments. Correlation analysis showed that the nitrogen content in leaves was positively corrected with the TA content of fruit and the thickness of pericarp, and negatively correlated with the ratio of TSS/TA, and the content of available N in soil was positively correlated with TA content and pericarp thickness, which was significantly negatively correlated with TSS/TA ratio of fruit.【Conclusion】Considering and analyzing, in the citrus orchard of the Three Gorges area of Chongqing, the recommended pure nitrogen application rate was ranged from 0.63 to 0.86 kg/plant which can guarantee a high level of yield and fruit quality, and is beneficial to the nutrient absorption and utilization of blood orange tree, while the risk of orchards' soil environmental pollution was relatively low.
【Objective】 This study investigated effects of different nitrogen application levels on nutrient uptake, fruit yield and quality, soil physical and chemical properties of late ripening citrus Tarocco blood orange in typical citrus orchards to provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yield of late-maturing citrus in the Three Gorges area of Chongqing city. 【Method】Six different nitrogen treatments(N0(0), N1(1 kg/plant), N2(1.5 kg/plant), N3(2 kg/plant), N4(2.5 kg/plant) and N5(3 kg/plant))were performed to study its effects on nutrient absorption of branches and leaves and fruit, fruit quality and yield and soil physicochemical properties using 7-year-old Tarocco blood orange grafted on Poncirus trifoliata(L.). 【Result】 Results showed that the increased nitrogen levels except N2 group significantly increased the dry matter amount of leaves and branches in different periods of blood orange with higher level in spring shoots than autumn shoots as well as higher level in leaves than branches. The nutrient absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in spring shoots was the lowest under N0 treatment, and the absorption of nitrogen in leaves was significantly increased by the added nitrogen fertilizer with a peak level under N2 treatment while the absorption of phosphorus and potassium with a peak level under N3 treatment. Nitrogen application significantly increased the amount of nitrogen uptake of leaves and branches of autumn shoots with a maximum level under N5 treatment. High nitrogen treatments(N3-N5) significantly increased the amounts of phosphorus and potassium uptake of leaves and branches. Nitrogen first increased then decreased the nitrogen and potassium content of fruit with the maximum level under N2 treatment. The content of nitrogen and potassium in pulp was much higher than that of peel, while the phosphorus content was opposite. The maximum nutrient removal amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was found under N2 treatment with a significant increase, and the amount of nutrient removal was potassium>nitrogen>phosphorus. The p H value and content of organic matter of soil decreased significantly by adding nitrogen fertilizer while the content of available nitrogen and phosphorus of soil increased significantly with the maximum available potassium content under N3 treatment. Nitrogen increased the leaching of nitrate nitrogen in soil within 0-20 cm with the highest level under N2 treatment. Ammonium nitrogen was positively correlated with the nitrogen application rate. There was no significant difference among the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen under all treatments within 20-40 cm soil layer. The content of nitrate nitrogen in 40-60 cm soil layer increased significantly under high nitrogen treatments, while the ammonium nitrogen content did not change. Nitrogen application first enhanced the thickness of pericarp, the longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter, average weight and yield, and then decreased with the highest level of the longitudinal and transverse diameter under N3 treatment and the highest weight and yield under N2 treatment. Nitrogen application first increased then decreased the total soluble solid(TSS) content without significant difference. Nitrogen input increased titratable acid(TA) content and but decreased TSS/TA ratio. N2 group had the highest vitamin C and anthocyanin content. Fruit coloration was relatively good between N2 and N3 treatments. Correlation analysis showed that the nitrogen content in leaves was positively corrected with the TA content of fruit and the thickness of pericarp, and negatively correlated with the ratio of TSS/TA, and the content of available N in soil was positively correlated with TA content and pericarp thickness, which was significantly negatively correlated with TSS/TA ratio of fruit.【Conclusion】Considering and analyzing, in the citrus orchard of the Three Gorges area of Chongqing, the recommended pure nitrogen application rate was ranged from 0.63 to 0.86 kg/plant which can guarantee a high level of yield and fruit quality, and is beneficial to the nutrient absorption and utilization of blood orange tree, while the risk of orchards' soil environmental pollution was relatively low.
引文
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