煤基喷气燃料研究现状及展望
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摘要
为促进我国喷气燃料的发展,介绍了JP-900、煤基全合成喷气燃料和煤直接液化喷气燃料3种煤基喷气燃料的研究历程和制备方法,对比分析了煤基喷气燃料和传统石油基喷气燃料的理化性能和使用性能,最后对煤基喷气燃料的发展提出了相关建议。JP-900的氮含量和硫含量都很少,具有较高的闪点和较低的冰点,密度高,极性化合物含量很少,其热稳定性和燃烧性能均优于石油基的航空燃料。煤基全合成喷气燃料的热稳定性、润滑性、材料相容性等指标相似或更优于传统石油基喷气燃料Jet A-1。煤直接液化油的组成特点与JP-900相似,具有高密度、高闪点、低冰点和富含环烷烃等特点,但其中的杂原子化合物会显著影响其燃料性能。除煤基全合成喷气燃料外,其他2种煤基喷气燃料还没有投入商业应用。未来应进一步增加煤液化产能,建立健全煤基喷气燃料的试验方法,建立煤基喷气燃料的产品标准,以实现煤基喷气燃料的大规模工业化生产和商业应用。
In order to promote the development of Jet fuels in China,three coal- based Jet fuels that are JP- 900,coal- based full synthetic Jet fuel and Jet fuel from direct coal liquefaction were reviewed in this paper. For these three coal- based Jet fuels,the research history and preparation methods were systematically reviewed. Furthermore,by comparing performance testing data of the coal- based Jet fuels and petroleum- based Jet fuels,the physicochemical properties and service performance of the coal- based Jet fuels were discussed. Finally,the development strategies of coal- based Jet fuel were proposed. The JP- 900 was essentially free of surfur and nitrogen,significantly more dense than typical Jet fuels,and had a high flash point,low freeze point and low polar compound. Furthermore,the thermal stability and combustion property of JP- 900 were superior to that of the petroleum- based Jet fuels. Compared with the characteristics of typical Jet A- 1,the coal- based full synthetic Jet fuel achieved the same or better thermal stability,lubricity and elastomer compatibility. The Jet fuel from direct coal liquefaction had the same hydrocarbon type as that in JP- 900 which was high density,high flash point,low freezing point and rich in cyclanes. However,the heteroatomic compound significantly effected its performance. The coal- based jet fuels were not used in business application except coal- based full synthetic jet fuel. In order to achieve commercial production and business application of the coal- based Jet fuels,the production capacity of coal liquefaction should be improved,the testing methods and product standard for coal- based Jet fuels should be regulated.
In order to promote the development of Jet fuels in China,three coal- based Jet fuels that are JP- 900,coal- based full synthetic Jet fuel and Jet fuel from direct coal liquefaction were reviewed in this paper. For these three coal- based Jet fuels,the research history and preparation methods were systematically reviewed. Furthermore,by comparing performance testing data of the coal- based Jet fuels and petroleum- based Jet fuels,the physicochemical properties and service performance of the coal- based Jet fuels were discussed. Finally,the development strategies of coal- based Jet fuel were proposed. The JP- 900 was essentially free of surfur and nitrogen,significantly more dense than typical Jet fuels,and had a high flash point,low freeze point and low polar compound. Furthermore,the thermal stability and combustion property of JP- 900 were superior to that of the petroleum- based Jet fuels. Compared with the characteristics of typical Jet A- 1,the coal- based full synthetic Jet fuel achieved the same or better thermal stability,lubricity and elastomer compatibility. The Jet fuel from direct coal liquefaction had the same hydrocarbon type as that in JP- 900 which was high density,high flash point,low freezing point and rich in cyclanes. However,the heteroatomic compound significantly effected its performance. The coal- based jet fuels were not used in business application except coal- based full synthetic jet fuel. In order to achieve commercial production and business application of the coal- based Jet fuels,the production capacity of coal liquefaction should be improved,the testing methods and product standard for coal- based Jet fuels should be regulated.
引文
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[14]Sobkowiak Maria,Burgess Clifford Caroline,Beaver Bruce.High heat sink jet fuels.2:stabilization of a JP-8 with model refined chemical oil/light cycle oil(RCO/LCO)-derived stabilizers[J].Energy and Fuels,2007,21(2):982-986.
[15]Barrientos Eduardo J,Boehman AndreéL.Examination of the sooting tendency of three-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and their saturated counterparts[J].Energy and Fuels,2010,24(6):3479-3487.
[16]Lemi Turker,Serhat Varis.JP-900 hydroperoxidation and decomposition[J].Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics,2014,39(2):211-216.
[17]Moses Clifford A,Roets Petrus N.Properties,characteristics,and combustion performance of sasol fully synthetic jet fuel[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2009,131(4):041502(1)-041502(17).
[18]Sivakumar Vasireddy,Bryan Morreale,Anthony Cugini,et al.Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction:chemistry,catalysis,technological status and challenges[J].Energy and Environmental Science,2011,4(2):311-345.
[19]Isao Mochida,Osamu Okuma Seong-Ho Yoon.Chemicals from direct coal liquefaction[J].Chemical Reviews,2013,114(3):1637-1672.
[20]李军芳,赵学社,李文博,等.煤直接液化油航空煤油馏分的性质与组分分析[J].煤炭转化,2013,36(4):29-31.
[21]吴秀章,石玉林,马辉.煤炭直接液化油品加氢稳定和加氢氢改质的试验研究[J].石油炼制与化工,2009,40(5):1-5.
[22]李克健,吴秀章,舒歌平.煤直接液化技术在中国的发展[J].洁净煤技术,2014,20(2):39-43.
[2]Bruce D Beaver,Caroline Burgess Clifford,Mitchel G Fedak,et al.High heat sink jet fuels.part 1:development of potential oxidative and pyrolytic additives for jp-8[J].Energy and Fuels,2006,20(4):1639-1646.
[3]焦燕,冯利利,朱岳麟,等.美国军用喷气燃料发展综述[J].火箭推进,2008,34(2):30-35.
[4]Burgess Caroline E,Schobert Harold H.Direct liquefaction for production of high yields of feedstocks for specialty chemicals or thermally stable jet fuels[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2000,64(1/3):57-72.
[5]Lamprecht Delanie.Fischer-tropsch fuel for use by the U.S.Military as battlefield-use fuel of the future[J].Energy and Fuels,2007,21(3):1448-1453.
[6]薛艳,王树雷,刘婕.煤直接液化制取喷气燃料原料油的组成分析[J].石油学报(石油加工),2010,1(1):264-267.
[7]王德岩.高热安定性喷气燃料JP900制备及性能[J].能源研究与信息,2006,22(4):232-236.
[8]刘婕,曹文杰,薛艳,等.煤基喷气燃料发展动态[J].化学推进剂与高分子材料,2008,6(2):24-26.
[9]Melissa A Roan,AndréL Boehman.The effect of fuel composition and dissolved oxygen on deposit formation from potential JP-900basestocks[J].Energy and Fuels,2004,18(3):835-843.
[10]Gül Omer,Rudnick.Leslie R,Schobert Harold H.The effect of chemical composition of coal-based jet fuels on the deposit tendency and morphology[J].Energy and Fuels,2006,20(6):2478-2485.
[11]Gül Omer,Rudnick Leslie R,Schobert Harold H.Effect of the reaction temperature and fuel treatment on the deposit formation of jet fuels[J].Energy and Fuels,2007,22(1):433-439.
[12]Lori M Balster,Edwin Corporan,Matthew J De Witt,et al.Development of an advanced,thermally stable,coal-based jet fuel[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2008,89(4):364-378.
[13]Edwin Corporan,Tim Edwards,Linda Shafer,et al.Chemical,thermal stability,seal swell,and emissions studies of alternative jet fuels[J].Energy and Fuels,2011,25(3):955-966.
[14]Sobkowiak Maria,Burgess Clifford Caroline,Beaver Bruce.High heat sink jet fuels.2:stabilization of a JP-8 with model refined chemical oil/light cycle oil(RCO/LCO)-derived stabilizers[J].Energy and Fuels,2007,21(2):982-986.
[15]Barrientos Eduardo J,Boehman AndreéL.Examination of the sooting tendency of three-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and their saturated counterparts[J].Energy and Fuels,2010,24(6):3479-3487.
[16]Lemi Turker,Serhat Varis.JP-900 hydroperoxidation and decomposition[J].Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics,2014,39(2):211-216.
[17]Moses Clifford A,Roets Petrus N.Properties,characteristics,and combustion performance of sasol fully synthetic jet fuel[J].Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2009,131(4):041502(1)-041502(17).
[18]Sivakumar Vasireddy,Bryan Morreale,Anthony Cugini,et al.Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction:chemistry,catalysis,technological status and challenges[J].Energy and Environmental Science,2011,4(2):311-345.
[19]Isao Mochida,Osamu Okuma Seong-Ho Yoon.Chemicals from direct coal liquefaction[J].Chemical Reviews,2013,114(3):1637-1672.
[20]李军芳,赵学社,李文博,等.煤直接液化油航空煤油馏分的性质与组分分析[J].煤炭转化,2013,36(4):29-31.
[21]吴秀章,石玉林,马辉.煤炭直接液化油品加氢稳定和加氢氢改质的试验研究[J].石油炼制与化工,2009,40(5):1-5.
[22]李克健,吴秀章,舒歌平.煤直接液化技术在中国的发展[J].洁净煤技术,2014,20(2):39-43.