试论国土空间整体保护、系统修复与综合治理
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摘要
研究目的:基于"山水林田湖草生命共同体"理念,分析国土空间"整体保护、系统修复与综合治理"的缘由、案例、内涵与实现途径,为美丽国土建设提供理论依据和指导。研究方法:文献资料综合分析法、系统回顾法、实证分析法、类比分析法和趋势外推法等。研究结果:(1)中国地理结构的先天脆弱性、人类经济活动对地球表层的剧烈扰动、城镇化与乡村振兴战略目标等国情,倒逼中国必须进行国土空间"整体保护、系统修复与综合治理";(2)举证反思了以往国土空间黑土地、盐碱地、河漫滩、工矿用地、荒漠、河流湖泊、流域开发利用与保护等工程实践中存在的问题;(3)提出了国土空间"整体保护、系统修复和综合治理"要素层面、认知层面、原理层面、修复层面、管理层面的逻辑关系与思想内涵,以及科学技术有所突破、管理机制形成合力、专业学科内涵得以拓展的实现途径。研究结论:生态系统管理是解决发展与保护之间问题的重要方法论,是破解国土空间"整体保护、系统修复与综合治理"过程中生态要素的综合性与管理事权的部门化、生态空间的连续性与区域的政区化、生态工程的长期性与行政管理的届次化三大矛盾的重要方法。
The purpose of the paper is to analyze the causes, cases, connotations and realizing ways of" overall protection, systematic restoration and comprehensive management" of land space based on the concept of" ecological symbiosis of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes and grassland", and to provide theoretical basis and guidance for the construction of beautiful land. The methods of this research include comprehensive literature analysis, systematic review, empirical analysis, scenario simulation, analogy analysis and trend extrapolation. The results showed that: 1)the inherent vulnerability of China's geographical structure, the severe disturbance of human economic activities on the surface of the earth, and the strategic goals of urbanization and rural revitalization require China to carry out" overall protection, systematic restoration and comprehensive management" of its land space. 2)The problems existed in the past engineering projects of exploitation, utilization and protection of black soil, saline-alkali land, floodplain, land of mining and project construction, desert, river and lake, drainage basin and so on were listed and reflected. 3)The logical relationship and ideological connotation of the elements, cognition, principle, restoration, and management of the" overall protection, systematic restoration, and comprehensive management" of land space, as well as the achieving ways to scientific and technological breakthroughs, management mechanisms of synergies formation, professional disciplines of connotation expansion were raised and discussed. In conclusion, ecosystem management is the important method to solve the problems between development and protection, and to solve the three contradictions in the process of" overall protection, systematic restoration, and comprehensive management" of land space, namely, the integration of ecological elements and division of administrative authority, the continuity of ecological space and the regionalization of administration areas, the long-term nature of ecological engineering and the session nature of administrative management.
The purpose of the paper is to analyze the causes, cases, connotations and realizing ways of" overall protection, systematic restoration and comprehensive management" of land space based on the concept of" ecological symbiosis of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes and grassland", and to provide theoretical basis and guidance for the construction of beautiful land. The methods of this research include comprehensive literature analysis, systematic review, empirical analysis, scenario simulation, analogy analysis and trend extrapolation. The results showed that: 1)the inherent vulnerability of China's geographical structure, the severe disturbance of human economic activities on the surface of the earth, and the strategic goals of urbanization and rural revitalization require China to carry out" overall protection, systematic restoration and comprehensive management" of its land space. 2)The problems existed in the past engineering projects of exploitation, utilization and protection of black soil, saline-alkali land, floodplain, land of mining and project construction, desert, river and lake, drainage basin and so on were listed and reflected. 3)The logical relationship and ideological connotation of the elements, cognition, principle, restoration, and management of the" overall protection, systematic restoration, and comprehensive management" of land space, as well as the achieving ways to scientific and technological breakthroughs, management mechanisms of synergies formation, professional disciplines of connotation expansion were raised and discussed. In conclusion, ecosystem management is the important method to solve the problems between development and protection, and to solve the three contradictions in the process of" overall protection, systematic restoration, and comprehensive management" of land space, namely, the integration of ecological elements and division of administrative authority, the continuity of ecological space and the regionalization of administration areas, the long-term nature of ecological engineering and the session nature of administrative management.
引文
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[2]国务院.全国主体功能区规划[Z].2010.
[3]王浩,李文华,李百炼,等.绿水青山的国家战略、生态技术及经济学[M].南京:江苏凤凰科学技术出版社,2019:1-22.
[4]任美锷.国土整治和中国地理学[J].地理研究,1983,2(4):41-46.
[5]中国自然资源研究会筹备组,中国地理学会,中国环境科学学会,等.中国国土整治战略问题探讨[M].北京:科学出版社,1983:1-204.
[6]周立三.我国国土整治方针与任务的探讨[J].经济地理,1982(4):243-246.
[7]吴传钧.国土开发整治区划和生产布局[J].经济地理,1984(4):243-246.
[8]马世俊,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
[9]陆大道.关于国土(整治)规划的类型及基本职能[J].经济地理,1984(1):3-9.
[10]陈传康.国土整治的理论和政策研究[J].自然资源,1985(1):1-7.
[11]吴传钧.国土整治和区域开发[J].地理学与国土研究,1994(3):1-12.
[12]关君蔚.中国的绿色革命--试论生态控制系统工程[J].生态农业研究,1996,4(2):5-10.
[13]夏方舟,杨雨濛,严金明.中国国土综合整治近40年内涵研究综述:阶段演进与发展变化[J].中国土地科学,2018,32(5):78-85.
[14]郧文聚,高璐璐,张超,等.从生态文明视角看我国土地利用的变化及影响[J].环境保护,2018(20):31-35.
[15]樊杰,王亚飞.40年来中国经济地理格局变化及新时代区域协调发展[J/OL].经济地理,(2019-01-06)[2019-01-30].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/43.1126.k.20190114.1717.006.html.
[16]郭仁忠.“五位一体”布局下的土地科技创新[J].中国土地,2019(2):4-7.
[17]中国科学院可持续发展研究组.2000中国可持续发展战略报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:5-6.
[18]中国科学院可持续发展研究组.2002中国可持续发展战略报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:250-251.
[19]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2016年国际统计年鉴[DB/OL].(2018-11-15)[2019-01-06].http://data.stats.gov.cn/files/lastestpub/gjnj/2016/indexch.htm.
[20]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[DB/OL].(2018-11-15)[2019-01-06].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/.
[21]白中科.关于整体推进土地整治的若干思考[J].中国土地,2017(9):48-51.
[22]白中科,周伟,王金满,等.再论矿区生态系统恢复重建[J].中国土地科学,2018,32(11):1-9.
[23]方创琳.新区建设与土地集约利用[J].土地科学动态,2013(3):19-21.
[24]中央农村工作领导小组办公室.国家乡村振兴战略规划(2018-2022年)[Z].2018.
[25]杨文斌,王涛,冯伟,等.低覆盖度治沙理论及其在干旱半干旱区的应用[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(1):1-5.
[26]杨文斌,王涛,冯伟,等.低覆盖度治沙理论与沙漠科技进步[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(1):1-6.
[27]李如忠,刘科峰,钱靖,等.合肥市区典型景观水体氮磷污染特征及富营养化评价[J].环境科学,2014(5):1718-1726.
[28]李秀芬,朱金兆,顾晓君,等.农业面源污染现状与防治进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(4):81-84.
[29]陈小锋,揣小明,杨柳燕.中国典型湖区湖泊富营养化现状、历史演变趋势及成因分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(4):438-443.
[30]伍业钢.海绵城市设计:理念、技术、案例[M].南京:江苏凤凰科学技术出版社,2016:93-143.
[31]伍业钢,[美]斯慧明.生态城市设计:中国新型城镇化的生态学解读[M].南京:江苏凤凰科学技术出版社,2018:56-66.
[32]沈国舫.生态修复:土地整治不可缺位[N].中国国土资源报,2016-01-15(3).
[33]郧文聚.以创新引领土地管理制度持续完善向前[N].中国自然资源报,2019-01-22(3).
[34]高世昌.国土空间生态修复理论与方法探讨[J].中国土地,2018(12):40-43.
[35]周妍,周旭,翟紫含.多元化的生态保护修复资金筹措[J].中国土地,2019(1):40-42.
[36]MCCALLEN EMILY,KNOTT JONATHAN,NUNEZ-MIRGABRIELA,et al.Trends in ecology:shifts in ecological research themes over the past four decades[J/OL].(2019-01-03)[2019-01-16].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330119902.
[37]习近平.绿水青山就是金山银山[R/OL].(2015-11-10)[2019-01-16].http://www.theory.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0608/c40531-29327210.html.
[38]习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会,夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利--在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告[R/OL].(2017-10-27)[2019-01-06].http://www.xinhuanet.com//2017-10/27/c_1121867529.htm.
[39]习近平.中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会关于《中国共产党章程(修正案)》的决议[R].(2017-10-24)[2019-01-06].http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/19cpcnc/2017-10/24/c_1121850042.htm.