社会压力与决策角色对不同人际敏感性个体助人决策的影响
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摘要
本研究基于人格的交互作用理论,通过时间与金钱两种助人决策情景,设计两个实验考察了人际敏感性特质对个体助人决策的影响及其助人行为动机,以及决策角色与社会压力两种情境因素在其中的作用。结果发现:(1)相比低人际敏感性,高人际敏感性个体更容易做出助人决策;(2)相比低社会压力,高社会压力下,高人际敏感性比低人际敏感性个体捐助的金钱更多;(3)在高社会压力下,相比低人际敏感性个体,高人际敏感性个体为朋友与陌生人决策时会捐助更多的金钱。
Previous research has identified several factors that may affect individuals' helping decisions, including personality traits, character traits and situational factors. In recent years, the most important and fascinating goal in psychology is to understand and explain human helping behaviors.Some research has found that individuals are driven to help others by egoistic motivation so as to attract their attention and receive high praise.This motivation may be reflected by one important personality trait: interpersonal sensitivity which refers to individuals' levels of sensitivity to the behavior and feelings of others, particularly to perceived or actual situations of criticism or rejection. However, the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and helping decisions has not been studied yet. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in helping decision-making among individuals with different interpersonal sensitivity. Meanwhile, two situational factors(decision maker's role and social pressure) are introduced into the experiment to explore the impact of the interaction between personality trait(interpersonal sensitivity) and situational factors on helping decisionmaking.The present study included 2 experiments. The first experiment employed 2(interpersonal sensitivity: high/low)×3(decision maker's role: self/friend/stranger) mixed design with interpersonal sensitivity as a between-subjects variable. Participants were divided into two groups by interpersonal sensitivity scores, and asked to make helping decision about time for different roles. The second experiment employed 2(interpersonal sensitivity:high/low)×3(decision maker's role: self/friend/stranger)×2(social pressure: high/low) mixed design with interpersonal sensitivity and social pressure as a between-subjects variable. Participants were divided into four groups by interpersonal sensitivity and social pressure scores, and asked to make helping decision about money for different roles.Based on two experiments, we found that:(1) Compared to low interpersonal sensitivity, participants with high interpersonal sensitivity were more likely to help others.(2) When individuals made helping decisions for themselves, friends and strangers, their willingness of helping decreased in turn, and the difference between the three of them was significant.(3) Under high social pressure condition, compared to individuals with low interpersonal sensitivity, individuals with high interpersonal sensitivity were more willing to help others, whereas the difference between the two groups was not significant under low social pressure condition.(4) Under high social pressure conditions, compared to individuals with low interpersonal sensitivity, individuals with high interpersonal sensitivity were more willing to help others when making decisions for friends or strangers.These results suggested that the interactions between personality traits and situational factors affected individuals' helping decision-making.Interpersonal sensitivity appeared to be an important personality trait which had important effect on helping decisions, and the effect varied depending on situational factors, such as decision maker' role and social pressures. These findings also proved that the interpersonal sensitivity could be a personality trait that was linked with some egoistic motivations of helping.
Previous research has identified several factors that may affect individuals' helping decisions, including personality traits, character traits and situational factors. In recent years, the most important and fascinating goal in psychology is to understand and explain human helping behaviors.Some research has found that individuals are driven to help others by egoistic motivation so as to attract their attention and receive high praise.This motivation may be reflected by one important personality trait: interpersonal sensitivity which refers to individuals' levels of sensitivity to the behavior and feelings of others, particularly to perceived or actual situations of criticism or rejection. However, the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and helping decisions has not been studied yet. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in helping decision-making among individuals with different interpersonal sensitivity. Meanwhile, two situational factors(decision maker's role and social pressure) are introduced into the experiment to explore the impact of the interaction between personality trait(interpersonal sensitivity) and situational factors on helping decisionmaking.The present study included 2 experiments. The first experiment employed 2(interpersonal sensitivity: high/low)×3(decision maker's role: self/friend/stranger) mixed design with interpersonal sensitivity as a between-subjects variable. Participants were divided into two groups by interpersonal sensitivity scores, and asked to make helping decision about time for different roles. The second experiment employed 2(interpersonal sensitivity:high/low)×3(decision maker's role: self/friend/stranger)×2(social pressure: high/low) mixed design with interpersonal sensitivity and social pressure as a between-subjects variable. Participants were divided into four groups by interpersonal sensitivity and social pressure scores, and asked to make helping decision about money for different roles.Based on two experiments, we found that:(1) Compared to low interpersonal sensitivity, participants with high interpersonal sensitivity were more likely to help others.(2) When individuals made helping decisions for themselves, friends and strangers, their willingness of helping decreased in turn, and the difference between the three of them was significant.(3) Under high social pressure condition, compared to individuals with low interpersonal sensitivity, individuals with high interpersonal sensitivity were more willing to help others, whereas the difference between the two groups was not significant under low social pressure condition.(4) Under high social pressure conditions, compared to individuals with low interpersonal sensitivity, individuals with high interpersonal sensitivity were more willing to help others when making decisions for friends or strangers.These results suggested that the interactions between personality traits and situational factors affected individuals' helping decision-making.Interpersonal sensitivity appeared to be an important personality trait which had important effect on helping decisions, and the effect varied depending on situational factors, such as decision maker' role and social pressures. These findings also proved that the interpersonal sensitivity could be a personality trait that was linked with some egoistic motivations of helping.
引文
李继波,黄希庭.(2014).时间定价对亲社会行为的影响.心理科学,37(4),925-929.
Angie,A.D.,Connelly,S.,Waples,E.P.,&Kligyte,V.(2011).The influence of discrete emotions on judgement and decision-making:A meta-analytic review.Cognition and Emotion,25(8),1393-1422.
Batson,C.D.,Dyck,J.L.,Brandt,J.R.,Batson,J.G.,Powell,A.L.,McMaster,M.R.,&Griffitt,C.(1988).Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy altruism hypothesis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,55(1),52-77.
Batson,C.D.,Oleson,K.C.,Weeks,J.L.,Healy,S.P.,Reeves,P.J.,Jennings,P.,&Brown,T.(1989).Religious prosocial motivation:Is it altruistic or egoistic.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(5),873-884.
Bell,V.,&Freeman,D.(2014).A pilot trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for interpersonal sensitivity in individuals with persecutory delusions.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,45(4),441-446.
Bianchi,R.,Schonfeld,I.S.,&Laurent,E.(2015).Interpersonal rejection sensitivity predicts burnout:A prospective study.Personality and Individual Differences,75,216-219.
Boyce,P.,&Parker,G.(1989).Development of a scale to measure interpersonal sensitivity.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,23(3),341-351.
Camerer,C.F.(2003).Behavioural studies of strategic thinking in games.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(5),225-231.
Corradi-Dell’Acqua,C.,Civai,C.,Rumiati,R.I.,&Fink,G.R.(2013).Disentangling self-and fairness-related neural mechanisms involved in the ultimatum game:An fMRI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,8,424-431.
Cuadrado,E.,Tabernero,C.,&Steinel,W.(2015).Motivational determinants of prosocial behavior:What do included,hopeful excluded,and hopeless excluded individuals need to behave prosocially?Motivation and Emotion,39(3),344-358.
Eisenberg,N.,VanSchyndel,S.K.,&Spinrad,T.L.(2016).Prosocial motivation:Inferences from an opaque body of work.Child Development,87(6),1668-1678.
Harb,G.C.,Heimberg,R.G.,Fresco,D.M.,Schneier,F.R.,&Liebowitz,M.R.(2002).The psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure in social anxiety disorder.Behaviour Research and Therapy,40(8),961-979.
Iltis,A.S.(2015).Risk-taking:Individual and family interests.Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,40(4),437-450.
Konrath,S.,Ho,M.H.,&Zarins,S.(2016).The strategic helper:Narcissism and prosocial motives and behaviors.Current Psychology,35(2),182-194.
La Bouff,J.P.,Rowatt,W.C.,Johnson,M.K.,Tsang,J.A.,&Willerton,G.M.(2012).Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons:Evidence from three studies.The Journal of Positive Psychology,7(1),16-29.
Losecaat Vermeer,A.B.,Heerema,R.L.,&Sanfey,A.G.(2016).Third-party cooperation:How reducing material involvement enhances contributions to the public good.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(3),337-349.
Magnusson,D.,&Stattin,H.(1998).Person-context interaction theories.In R.M.Lerner(Ed.),Handbook of child psychology(pp.685-759).New York:Wiley.
Nelson,L.D.,&Norton,M.I.(2005).From student to superhero:Situational primes shape future helping.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,41(4),423-430.
Nook,E.C.,Ong,D.C.,Morelli,S.A.,Mitchell,J.P.,&Zaki,J.(2016).Prosocial conformity:Prosocial norms generalize across behavior and empathy.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(8),1045-1062.
Oarga,C.,Stavrova,O.,&Fetchenhauer,D.(2015).When and why is helping others good for well-being?The role of belief in reciprocity and conformity to society’s expectations.European Journal of Social Psychology,45(2),242-254.
Penner,L.A.,Dovidio,J.F.,Piliavin,J.A.,&Schroeder,D.A.(2005).Prosocial behavior:Multilevel perspectives.Annual Review of Psychology,56,365-392.
Pulles,N.J.,&Hartman,P.(2017).Likeability and its effect on outcomes of interpersonal interaction.Industrial Marketing Management,66,56-63.
Purdie,V.,&Downey,G.(2000).Rejection sensitivity and adolescent girls’vulnerability to relationship-centered difficulties.Child Maltreatment,5,338-349.
Schroeder,D.A.,&Graziano,W.G.(2015).The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Small,D.A.,&Lerner,J.S.(2008).Emotional policy:Personal sadness and anger shape judgments about a welfare case.Political Psychology,29(2),149-168.
Ziegler,F.V.,&Tunney,R.J.(2012).Decisions for others become less impulsive the further away they are on the family tree.PLo S ONE,7(11),e49479.
Angie,A.D.,Connelly,S.,Waples,E.P.,&Kligyte,V.(2011).The influence of discrete emotions on judgement and decision-making:A meta-analytic review.Cognition and Emotion,25(8),1393-1422.
Batson,C.D.,Dyck,J.L.,Brandt,J.R.,Batson,J.G.,Powell,A.L.,McMaster,M.R.,&Griffitt,C.(1988).Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy altruism hypothesis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,55(1),52-77.
Batson,C.D.,Oleson,K.C.,Weeks,J.L.,Healy,S.P.,Reeves,P.J.,Jennings,P.,&Brown,T.(1989).Religious prosocial motivation:Is it altruistic or egoistic.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(5),873-884.
Bell,V.,&Freeman,D.(2014).A pilot trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for interpersonal sensitivity in individuals with persecutory delusions.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,45(4),441-446.
Bianchi,R.,Schonfeld,I.S.,&Laurent,E.(2015).Interpersonal rejection sensitivity predicts burnout:A prospective study.Personality and Individual Differences,75,216-219.
Boyce,P.,&Parker,G.(1989).Development of a scale to measure interpersonal sensitivity.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,23(3),341-351.
Camerer,C.F.(2003).Behavioural studies of strategic thinking in games.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(5),225-231.
Corradi-Dell’Acqua,C.,Civai,C.,Rumiati,R.I.,&Fink,G.R.(2013).Disentangling self-and fairness-related neural mechanisms involved in the ultimatum game:An fMRI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,8,424-431.
Cuadrado,E.,Tabernero,C.,&Steinel,W.(2015).Motivational determinants of prosocial behavior:What do included,hopeful excluded,and hopeless excluded individuals need to behave prosocially?Motivation and Emotion,39(3),344-358.
Eisenberg,N.,VanSchyndel,S.K.,&Spinrad,T.L.(2016).Prosocial motivation:Inferences from an opaque body of work.Child Development,87(6),1668-1678.
Harb,G.C.,Heimberg,R.G.,Fresco,D.M.,Schneier,F.R.,&Liebowitz,M.R.(2002).The psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure in social anxiety disorder.Behaviour Research and Therapy,40(8),961-979.
Iltis,A.S.(2015).Risk-taking:Individual and family interests.Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,40(4),437-450.
Konrath,S.,Ho,M.H.,&Zarins,S.(2016).The strategic helper:Narcissism and prosocial motives and behaviors.Current Psychology,35(2),182-194.
La Bouff,J.P.,Rowatt,W.C.,Johnson,M.K.,Tsang,J.A.,&Willerton,G.M.(2012).Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons:Evidence from three studies.The Journal of Positive Psychology,7(1),16-29.
Losecaat Vermeer,A.B.,Heerema,R.L.,&Sanfey,A.G.(2016).Third-party cooperation:How reducing material involvement enhances contributions to the public good.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(3),337-349.
Magnusson,D.,&Stattin,H.(1998).Person-context interaction theories.In R.M.Lerner(Ed.),Handbook of child psychology(pp.685-759).New York:Wiley.
Nelson,L.D.,&Norton,M.I.(2005).From student to superhero:Situational primes shape future helping.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,41(4),423-430.
Nook,E.C.,Ong,D.C.,Morelli,S.A.,Mitchell,J.P.,&Zaki,J.(2016).Prosocial conformity:Prosocial norms generalize across behavior and empathy.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(8),1045-1062.
Oarga,C.,Stavrova,O.,&Fetchenhauer,D.(2015).When and why is helping others good for well-being?The role of belief in reciprocity and conformity to society’s expectations.European Journal of Social Psychology,45(2),242-254.
Penner,L.A.,Dovidio,J.F.,Piliavin,J.A.,&Schroeder,D.A.(2005).Prosocial behavior:Multilevel perspectives.Annual Review of Psychology,56,365-392.
Pulles,N.J.,&Hartman,P.(2017).Likeability and its effect on outcomes of interpersonal interaction.Industrial Marketing Management,66,56-63.
Purdie,V.,&Downey,G.(2000).Rejection sensitivity and adolescent girls’vulnerability to relationship-centered difficulties.Child Maltreatment,5,338-349.
Schroeder,D.A.,&Graziano,W.G.(2015).The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Small,D.A.,&Lerner,J.S.(2008).Emotional policy:Personal sadness and anger shape judgments about a welfare case.Political Psychology,29(2),149-168.
Ziegler,F.V.,&Tunney,R.J.(2012).Decisions for others become less impulsive the further away they are on the family tree.PLo S ONE,7(11),e49479.