事故再现复合形优化算法及其应用
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摘要
为了适应交通事故鉴定与分析工程实践中对基于计算机事故仿真的事故再现人工调整优化方法论的需求,提出了一种新的事故再现优化算法。首先,在对交通事故再现优化问题进行数学描述的基础上,提出了基于隐式仿真的事故再现优化问题的特征,包括:很难对事故仿真模型进行求导、事故仿真"正向迭代"流程与事故再现"反向推导"的要求之间存在矛盾、事故再现对优化效率有较高的要求;其次,阐述了复合形法的基本原理,提出了复合形优化算法的迭代步骤和流程,其基本方式是通过构建简单几何图形(n维空间中具有n+1个以上的顶点组合而成的多面体)并比较各顶点的目标函数值,以目标函数值较小的顶点取代目标函数值最大的顶点,以此反复迭代直至满足收敛指标后得出最优解;最后,基于一起发生在四川成都某快速路上的车辆碰撞行人事故案例,结合多刚体碰撞建模系统PC-Crash软件进行事故仿真建模,利用复合形算法经6步迭代实现车辆碰撞速度和附着系数修正值两个参数的优化求解,并用事故现场监控视频解析数据进行了验证。研究表明:复合形优化算法构思较为直观、收敛较快,不需要对事故仿真模型进行求导,对事故类型也没有限制,适用于优化变量较少的、基于计算机事故仿真的事故再现人工调整优化。
In order to fit with the needs of methodology of manual optimization in computer simulation-based accident reconstruction in the actual application of traffic accident analysis,a new optimization algorithm for accident reconstruction is proposed. First, based on the mathematical description of traffic accident reconstruction optimization, the characteristics of implicit simulation-based accident reconstruction optimization are put forward,including: it is difficult to take the derivative of accident simulation model,there is the contradiction between the "backward derivation"requirement of accident reconstruction and the"forward iterative"process of accident simulation,accident reconstruction has a high requirement for the efficiency of optimization. Second,the basic principle of complex method is elaborated,and the iterative steps and the process of the algorithm are also developed. The basic means of complex method is to construct simple geometry( a polyhedron with more than n + 1 vertexes in n-dimensional space) and compare the values of objective function at every vertex,and then the vertex with the largest value will be replaced by thevertex with smaller value,the final optimal solution will be obtained by repeated iterating until satisfying the convergence conditions. Third,a real-world vehicle-pedestrian accident on an expressway in Chengdu,Sichuan,is selected to be simulated and modeled based on PC-Crash software which is a multi-body system for impact modeling,the newly-developed complex algorithm is applied to conduct the optimization,the final optimal solution of vehicle impact speed and corrected adhesion coefficient are obtained via 6 iterations,and the result is also verified by data of surveillance video which captured from the accident. It shows that complex algorithm has intuitive conception with fast convergence,it has no need to take the derivative of accident simulation model,it also has no restriction of accident types,and it is applicable for manual optimization of computer simulation-based accident reconstruction which has less number of optimization variables.
In order to fit with the needs of methodology of manual optimization in computer simulation-based accident reconstruction in the actual application of traffic accident analysis,a new optimization algorithm for accident reconstruction is proposed. First, based on the mathematical description of traffic accident reconstruction optimization, the characteristics of implicit simulation-based accident reconstruction optimization are put forward,including: it is difficult to take the derivative of accident simulation model,there is the contradiction between the "backward derivation"requirement of accident reconstruction and the"forward iterative"process of accident simulation,accident reconstruction has a high requirement for the efficiency of optimization. Second,the basic principle of complex method is elaborated,and the iterative steps and the process of the algorithm are also developed. The basic means of complex method is to construct simple geometry( a polyhedron with more than n + 1 vertexes in n-dimensional space) and compare the values of objective function at every vertex,and then the vertex with the largest value will be replaced by thevertex with smaller value,the final optimal solution will be obtained by repeated iterating until satisfying the convergence conditions. Third,a real-world vehicle-pedestrian accident on an expressway in Chengdu,Sichuan,is selected to be simulated and modeled based on PC-Crash software which is a multi-body system for impact modeling,the newly-developed complex algorithm is applied to conduct the optimization,the final optimal solution of vehicle impact speed and corrected adhesion coefficient are obtained via 6 iterations,and the result is also verified by data of surveillance video which captured from the accident. It shows that complex algorithm has intuitive conception with fast convergence,it has no need to take the derivative of accident simulation model,it also has no restriction of accident types,and it is applicable for manual optimization of computer simulation-based accident reconstruction which has less number of optimization variables.
引文
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[15]申杰,金先龙,张晓云,等.汽车-行人碰撞事故再现自动优化方法[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(10):266-271.SHEN Jie,JIN Xian-long,ZHANG Xiao-yun,et al.Automatic Optimization Method for Vehicle-pedestrian Collision Accident Reconstruction[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(10):266-271.
[16]陈强,赵航,姚春德,等.一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法[J].中国安全科学学报,2012,22(5):31-36.CHEN Qiang,ZHAO Hang,YAO Chun-de,et al.An Improved Accident Reconstruction Optimization Algorithm Based on Monte Carlo Simulation[J].China Safety Science Journal,2012,22(5):31-36.
[17]张雷,梅冰松,来剑戈,等.基于神经网络的冗余信息交通事故再现可靠性分析[J].公路交通科技,2011,28(2):121-126.ZHANG Lei,MEI Bing-song,LAI Jian-ge,et al.Reliability Analysis of Traffic Accident Reconstruction with Redundant Information Based on Neural Network[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2011,28(2):121-126.
[18]郭科,陈聆,魏友华.最优化方法及其应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.GUO Ke,CHEN Ling,WEI You-hua.Optimization Method and Its Application[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007.
[2]MOSER A,STEFFAN H,SPEK A,et al.Application of the Monte Carlo Methods for Stability Analysis within the Accident Reconstruction Software PC-CRASH,No.2003-01-0488[R].Warrendale:SAE International,2003.
[3]DIMA D S,COVACIU D,CHIRU A.Validation of Simulation and Optimization Reconstruction in PC Crash with Video Recorded Sample[J].Applied Mechanics&Materials,2016,822:497-502.
[4]MARTINS G N,NETO M S.Optimization Techniques Applied to the Problem of Ground Vehicles Accidents Reconstruction,No.2005-04-4063[R].Warrendale:SAE International,2005.
[5]UNTAROIU C D,MEISSNER M U,CRANDALL J R,et al.Crash Reconstruction of Pedestrian Accidents Using Optimization Techniques[J].International Journal of Impact Engineering,2009,36(2):210-219.
[6]GUAN F J,BELWADI A,HAN X,et al.Application of Optimization Methodology on Vehicular Crash Reconstruction[C]//Proceedings of the ASMEInternational Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition 2009.New York:American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME),2010:567-573.
[7]BRACH R M,MINK R A.Nonlinear Optimization in Vehicular Crash Reconstruction[J].SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety,2015,3(1):17-27.
[8]HASIJA V,TAKHOUNTS E G,RIDELLA S A.Computerized Crash Reconstruction of Real World Crashes Using Optimization Methodology[C]//Proceedings of the 21st(ESV)International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles.Washington,D.C.:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,2009.
[9]FRANCISCO P.Simulation and Multi-objective Optimization of Road Traffic Accidents[D].Lisbon:University of Lisbon,2013.
[10]黄靖,金先龙,亓文果,等.轨迹优化方法在道路交通事故再现中的应用[J].农业机械学报,2005,36(10):38-41.HUANG Jing,JIN Xian-long,QI Wen-guo,et al.Application of Trajectories Optimization Method in Accident Reconstruction[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2005,36(10):38-41.
[11]孙杰,王涛,李正东,等.基于3D激光扫描、多刚体重建和遗传算法优化的车-人碰撞事故再现模拟与损伤分析[J].法医学杂志,2017,33(6):575-580.SUN Jie,WANG Tao,LI Zheng-dong,et al.Reconstruction of Vehicle-human Crash Accident and Injury Analysis Based on 3D Laser Scanning,Multi-rigidbody Reconstruction and Optimized Genetic Algorithm[J].Journal of Forensic Medicine,2017,33(6):575-580.
[12]李一兵,裴剑平,袁泉.基于优化思想的事故再现碰撞模型研究[J].汽车工程,2002,24(4):279-282.LI Yi-bing,PEI Jian-ping,YUAN Quan.A Study on Impact Models in Accident Reconstruction Based on Optimization[J].Automotive Engineering,2002,24(4):279-282.
[13]李江,张大强,吴建平,等.事故再现中对速度计算结果的调整[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(2):104-107.LI Jiang,ZHANG Da-qiang,WU Jian-ping,et al.Optimization of the Result of Velocity Calculation in Traffic Accident Reconstruction[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2003,20(2):104-107.
[14]柴象海,金先龙,张晓云,等.基于摩擦系数优化的车人碰撞事故再现研究[J].摩擦学学报,2009,29(2):168-173.CHAI Xiang-hai,JIN Xian-long,ZHANG Xiao-yun,et al.The Friction Biomechanics Characteristic Analysis for the Car-pedestrian Collision Traffic Accident[J].Tribology,2009,29(2):168-173.
[15]申杰,金先龙,张晓云,等.汽车-行人碰撞事故再现自动优化方法[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(10):266-271.SHEN Jie,JIN Xian-long,ZHANG Xiao-yun,et al.Automatic Optimization Method for Vehicle-pedestrian Collision Accident Reconstruction[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(10):266-271.
[16]陈强,赵航,姚春德,等.一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法[J].中国安全科学学报,2012,22(5):31-36.CHEN Qiang,ZHAO Hang,YAO Chun-de,et al.An Improved Accident Reconstruction Optimization Algorithm Based on Monte Carlo Simulation[J].China Safety Science Journal,2012,22(5):31-36.
[17]张雷,梅冰松,来剑戈,等.基于神经网络的冗余信息交通事故再现可靠性分析[J].公路交通科技,2011,28(2):121-126.ZHANG Lei,MEI Bing-song,LAI Jian-ge,et al.Reliability Analysis of Traffic Accident Reconstruction with Redundant Information Based on Neural Network[J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2011,28(2):121-126.
[18]郭科,陈聆,魏友华.最优化方法及其应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.GUO Ke,CHEN Ling,WEI You-hua.Optimization Method and Its Application[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007.