两种典型农村生活垃圾处理处置模式的生命周期评价
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摘要
为评价国内现有农村生活垃圾处理处置模式的环境影响并为其改进和发展提供决策依据,以山东农村地区两种典型的生活垃圾处理处置模式——集中转运处置模式(模式1)和分类就地处理模式(模式2)为评价对象,从垃圾收集运输到最终处理处置进行生命周期评价。结果表明,模式2的环境影响总负荷较模式1降低36.55%,其中最终处理处置环节影响最大,运输过程影响小。对模式1的改进建议是,增加填埋场排放的CH_4的回收利用,减少对全球变暖的影响。对模式2的改进建议是收集堆肥渗滤液及控制H_2S等恶臭气体的释放,减少富营养化影响和恶臭气体对周围居民人体健康影响。
For evaluating the environment impact of domestic existing disposal modes of rural living waste and offering the decision-making basis for the improvement and development of them,this study compares two typical domestic centralized waste treatment modes in the rural areas in the eastern part of the Shandong-unified collecting,transporting and landfill(Mode 1),and a combining mode of classification in situ and centralized treatment(Mode 2)to assess.The life cycle of the waste is divided into parts of collection,transportation,compression and final disposal and treatment,whose life cycle assessment of environmental emission is carried on in the study.Results show that through classification in situ compost processing,environmental impact load of Mode 2 can be 36.55%lower than Mode 1,and the greatest effect exists in the final disposal and treatment unit,but the waste transportation accounts for a small proportion of the overall environmental pollution.The advice for Mode 1 is to recycle the landfill methane and carbon dioxide emissions,to reduce global warming potential is the key to ease the environmental load,and the advice for Mode 2 is to collect the composting leachate and control the orders emissions,to decrease the impact of eutrophication and the affect of people's health nearby.
For evaluating the environment impact of domestic existing disposal modes of rural living waste and offering the decision-making basis for the improvement and development of them,this study compares two typical domestic centralized waste treatment modes in the rural areas in the eastern part of the Shandong-unified collecting,transporting and landfill(Mode 1),and a combining mode of classification in situ and centralized treatment(Mode 2)to assess.The life cycle of the waste is divided into parts of collection,transportation,compression and final disposal and treatment,whose life cycle assessment of environmental emission is carried on in the study.Results show that through classification in situ compost processing,environmental impact load of Mode 2 can be 36.55%lower than Mode 1,and the greatest effect exists in the final disposal and treatment unit,but the waste transportation accounts for a small proportion of the overall environmental pollution.The advice for Mode 1 is to recycle the landfill methane and carbon dioxide emissions,to reduce global warming potential is the key to ease the environmental load,and the advice for Mode 2 is to collect the composting leachate and control the orders emissions,to decrease the impact of eutrophication and the affect of people's health nearby.
引文
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[3]王希超,丁世刚,吕艳菲.基于全生命周期对垃圾焚烧技术的评价[J].能源与环境,2016(1):76-78.Wang X C,Ding S G,Lv Y F.Evaluation of waste incineration technology based on the full life cycle[J].Energy and Environment,2015,94:284-293.
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[9]B7hme M H,Le H A.Sustainable technology for using bio-waste in rural and urban regions in South-and South-East-Asia[J].Procedia Cirp,2016,40:547-550.
[10]Abduli M A,Naghib A,Yonesi M,et al.Life cycle assessment(LCA)of solid waste management strategies in Tehran:landfill and composting plus landfill[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2011,178(1-4):487-498.
[11]Damgaard A,Manfredi S,Merrild H,et al.LCA and economic evaluation of landfill leachate and gas technologies[J].Waste Management,2011,31(7):1532-1541.
[12]Mihai F C,Ingrao C.Assessment of biowaste losses through unsound waste management practices in rural areas and the role of home composting[J].Mpra Paper,2016,107(10):1-8.
[13]Gentil E C,Damgaard A,Hauschild M,et al.Models for waste life cycle assessment:review of technical assumptions[J].Waste Management,2010,30(12):2636-2648.
[14]Laurent A,Bakas I,Clavreul J,et al.Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems--part I:lessons learned and perspectives[J].Waste Management,2014,34(3):573-588.
[15]鞠昌华,朱琳,朱洪标,等.我国农村生活垃圾处置存在的问题及对策[J].安全与环境工程,2015,22(4):99-103.Ju C H,Zhu L,Zhu H B,etc.Problems and countermeasures for the disposal of rural domestic wastes in China[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2015,22(4):99-103.
[16]车纯滨.山东省农村保护现状调查与对策研究[M].济南:山东省环境保护厅,2012.Che C B.The Investigation and Countermeasures of Rural Protection in Shandong Province[M].Jinan:Shandong Environmental Protection Agency,2012.
[17]International Orgnization for Standardization 14040:2006.Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Framework[S].Switzerlancl:International Organization for Standardization,2006.
[18]Lubetsky J,Steiner AB A,Lanza R.IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[R].Washingdon:International Institude for Standardization,2006.
[19]陈艾伦,陈婵,陶夏秋,等.长沙市生活垃圾卫生填埋生命周期评价[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(12):390-395.Chen A L,Chen C,Tao X Q,et al.Life cycle assessment of sanitary landfill of domestic garbage in Changsha[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,36(12):390-395.
[20]黄涛,刘辉,张西华.温度对垃圾渗滤液污染特性影响试验研究[J].水处理技术,2010,36(3):70-73.Huang T,Liu H,Zhang X H.Experimental study on pollution character of landfill leachate[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2010,36(3):70-73.
[21]柴晓利,张华,赵由才.固体废物堆肥原理与技术[C].北京:化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心,2005.Chai X L,Zhang H,Zhao Y C.Principles and Techniques of Solid Waste Composting[C].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press Center for Environmental Science and Engineering,2005.
[22]曲旭朝.青岛市生活垃圾处理系统生命周期评价研究[D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2011.Qu X Z.Study on Life Cycle Assessment of Urban Solid Waste Processing System in Qingdao[D].Qingdao:Technologial University,2011.
[23]杜欣,陈婷,李欢,等.2种典型餐厨垃圾资源化处理工艺的环境影响分析[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(1):189-194.Du X,Chen T,Li H,et al.Environmental impact analysis of two typical restaurant garbage regeneration technologies[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(1):189-194.
[24]胡志远,谭丕强,楼狄明,等.柴油及其替代燃料生命周期排放评价[J].内燃机工程,2007,28(3):81-84.Hu Z Y,Tan P Q,Lou D M,et al.Life cycle emission assessment of diesel and its alternative fuels[J].Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(3):81-84.
[25]刘意立,刘建国,蔡博峰.生命周期评价方法在生活垃圾填埋中的应用与问题分析[J].环境工程,2016,34(2):19-22.Liu Y L,Liu J G,Cai B F.Application and discussion of life cycle assessment method in municipal solid waste landfill[J].Environmental Engineering,2016,34(2):19-22.
[26]Koroneos C J,Nanaki E A.Integrated solid waste management and energy production-a life cycle assessment approach:the case study of the city of Thessaloniki[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2012,27(7):141-150.
[27]Vahidi H,Nematollahi H,Padash A,et al.Comparison of rural solid waste management in two central provinces of Iran[J].Environmental Energy and Economics International Research,2016,1(3):209-220.
[28]熊骏生,魏姣皎,陆倩,等.垃圾堆肥过程恶臭污染及其控制技术研究进展[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,14(4):405-411.Xiong J S,Wei J J,Lu Q,et al.Oder pollution from waste composting and its control technology:A review[J].Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,14(4):405-411.
[29]Saer A,Lansing S,Davitt N H,et al.Life cycle assessment of a food waste composting system:environmental impact hotspots[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2013,52(4):234-244.
[30]籍春蕾,丁美,王彬鑫,等.基于生命周期分析方法的化肥与有机肥对比评价[J].土壤通报,2012,43(2):413-417.Ji C L,Ding M,Wang B X,et al.Comparative evaluation of chemical and organic fertilizer on the base of life cycle analysis methods[J].Chinese Journal of Solid Science,2012,43(2):413-417.
[31]新疆市政建筑设计研究院有限公司.福海新区生活垃圾处理工程可行性研究报告[R].新疆:新疆市政建筑设计研究院有限公司,2010.Xinjiang Municipal Design and Research Institute Co.,LTD.Report on the Feasibility Study of Living Waste Disposal in Fuzhou[R].Xinjiang:Xinjiang Municipal Design and Research Institute Co.,LTD,2010.
[32]Cao Y,Staszewska E.Role of landfill cover in reducing methane emission[J].Archives of Environmental Protection,2013,39(3):115-126.
[33]Abushammala M F M,Basri N E A,Elfithri R.Assessment of methane emission and oxidation at Air Hitam Landfill site cover soil in wet tropical climate[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2013,185(12):9967-9978.
[34]Bueno G,Latasa I,Lozano P J.Comparative LCA of two approaches with different emphasis on energy or material recovery for a municipal solid waste management system in Gipuzkoa[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,51:449-459.
[35]李赟,袁京,李国学,等.辅料添加对厨余垃圾快速堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):1031-1039.Li Y,Yuan J,Li G X,et al.Use of additive to control odors and promote maturity of municipal kitchen waste during aerobic composting[J].Cnina Environmental Science,2017,37(3):1031-1039.
[2]Yay A S E.Application of life cycle assessment(LCA)for municipal solid waste management:a case study of Sakarya[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,94:284-293.
[3]王希超,丁世刚,吕艳菲.基于全生命周期对垃圾焚烧技术的评价[J].能源与环境,2016(1):76-78.Wang X C,Ding S G,Lv Y F.Evaluation of waste incineration technology based on the full life cycle[J].Energy and Environment,2015,94:284-293.
[4]陈冰,刘晶昊,邸达.生活垃圾综合处理模式生命周期评价[J].环境工程,2011,29(1):102-106.Chen B,Liu J H,Di D.Life cycle assessment of comprehensive treatment of domestic wastes[J].Environmental Engineering,2011,29(1):102-106.
[5]何品晶,章骅,吕凡,等.村镇生活垃圾处理模式及技术路线探讨[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):409-414.He P J,Zhang H,Lv F,et al.Pattern classification of methods and feasible technology route for household waste management in village and towns[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(3):409-414.
[6]Manfredi S,Christensen T H.Environmental assessment of solid waste landfilling technologies by means of LCA-modeling[J].Waste Management,2009,29(1):32-43.
[7]Christensen T H,Bhander G,Lindvall H,et al.Experience with the use of LCA-modelling(EASEWASTE)in waste management[J].Waste Management&Research the Journal of the International Solid Wastes&Public Cleansing Association Iswa,2007,25(3):257-62.
[8]Damgaard A,Manfredi S,Merrild H,et al.LCA and economic evaluation of landfill leachate and gas technologies[J].Waste Management,2011,31(7):1532-1541.
[9]B7hme M H,Le H A.Sustainable technology for using bio-waste in rural and urban regions in South-and South-East-Asia[J].Procedia Cirp,2016,40:547-550.
[10]Abduli M A,Naghib A,Yonesi M,et al.Life cycle assessment(LCA)of solid waste management strategies in Tehran:landfill and composting plus landfill[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2011,178(1-4):487-498.
[11]Damgaard A,Manfredi S,Merrild H,et al.LCA and economic evaluation of landfill leachate and gas technologies[J].Waste Management,2011,31(7):1532-1541.
[12]Mihai F C,Ingrao C.Assessment of biowaste losses through unsound waste management practices in rural areas and the role of home composting[J].Mpra Paper,2016,107(10):1-8.
[13]Gentil E C,Damgaard A,Hauschild M,et al.Models for waste life cycle assessment:review of technical assumptions[J].Waste Management,2010,30(12):2636-2648.
[14]Laurent A,Bakas I,Clavreul J,et al.Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems--part I:lessons learned and perspectives[J].Waste Management,2014,34(3):573-588.
[15]鞠昌华,朱琳,朱洪标,等.我国农村生活垃圾处置存在的问题及对策[J].安全与环境工程,2015,22(4):99-103.Ju C H,Zhu L,Zhu H B,etc.Problems and countermeasures for the disposal of rural domestic wastes in China[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2015,22(4):99-103.
[16]车纯滨.山东省农村保护现状调查与对策研究[M].济南:山东省环境保护厅,2012.Che C B.The Investigation and Countermeasures of Rural Protection in Shandong Province[M].Jinan:Shandong Environmental Protection Agency,2012.
[17]International Orgnization for Standardization 14040:2006.Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Principles and Framework[S].Switzerlancl:International Organization for Standardization,2006.
[18]Lubetsky J,Steiner AB A,Lanza R.IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[R].Washingdon:International Institude for Standardization,2006.
[19]陈艾伦,陈婵,陶夏秋,等.长沙市生活垃圾卫生填埋生命周期评价[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(12):390-395.Chen A L,Chen C,Tao X Q,et al.Life cycle assessment of sanitary landfill of domestic garbage in Changsha[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,36(12):390-395.
[20]黄涛,刘辉,张西华.温度对垃圾渗滤液污染特性影响试验研究[J].水处理技术,2010,36(3):70-73.Huang T,Liu H,Zhang X H.Experimental study on pollution character of landfill leachate[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2010,36(3):70-73.
[21]柴晓利,张华,赵由才.固体废物堆肥原理与技术[C].北京:化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心,2005.Chai X L,Zhang H,Zhao Y C.Principles and Techniques of Solid Waste Composting[C].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press Center for Environmental Science and Engineering,2005.
[22]曲旭朝.青岛市生活垃圾处理系统生命周期评价研究[D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2011.Qu X Z.Study on Life Cycle Assessment of Urban Solid Waste Processing System in Qingdao[D].Qingdao:Technologial University,2011.
[23]杜欣,陈婷,李欢,等.2种典型餐厨垃圾资源化处理工艺的环境影响分析[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(1):189-194.Du X,Chen T,Li H,et al.Environmental impact analysis of two typical restaurant garbage regeneration technologies[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(1):189-194.
[24]胡志远,谭丕强,楼狄明,等.柴油及其替代燃料生命周期排放评价[J].内燃机工程,2007,28(3):81-84.Hu Z Y,Tan P Q,Lou D M,et al.Life cycle emission assessment of diesel and its alternative fuels[J].Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(3):81-84.
[25]刘意立,刘建国,蔡博峰.生命周期评价方法在生活垃圾填埋中的应用与问题分析[J].环境工程,2016,34(2):19-22.Liu Y L,Liu J G,Cai B F.Application and discussion of life cycle assessment method in municipal solid waste landfill[J].Environmental Engineering,2016,34(2):19-22.
[26]Koroneos C J,Nanaki E A.Integrated solid waste management and energy production-a life cycle assessment approach:the case study of the city of Thessaloniki[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2012,27(7):141-150.
[27]Vahidi H,Nematollahi H,Padash A,et al.Comparison of rural solid waste management in two central provinces of Iran[J].Environmental Energy and Economics International Research,2016,1(3):209-220.
[28]熊骏生,魏姣皎,陆倩,等.垃圾堆肥过程恶臭污染及其控制技术研究进展[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,14(4):405-411.Xiong J S,Wei J J,Lu Q,et al.Oder pollution from waste composting and its control technology:A review[J].Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,14(4):405-411.
[29]Saer A,Lansing S,Davitt N H,et al.Life cycle assessment of a food waste composting system:environmental impact hotspots[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2013,52(4):234-244.
[30]籍春蕾,丁美,王彬鑫,等.基于生命周期分析方法的化肥与有机肥对比评价[J].土壤通报,2012,43(2):413-417.Ji C L,Ding M,Wang B X,et al.Comparative evaluation of chemical and organic fertilizer on the base of life cycle analysis methods[J].Chinese Journal of Solid Science,2012,43(2):413-417.
[31]新疆市政建筑设计研究院有限公司.福海新区生活垃圾处理工程可行性研究报告[R].新疆:新疆市政建筑设计研究院有限公司,2010.Xinjiang Municipal Design and Research Institute Co.,LTD.Report on the Feasibility Study of Living Waste Disposal in Fuzhou[R].Xinjiang:Xinjiang Municipal Design and Research Institute Co.,LTD,2010.
[32]Cao Y,Staszewska E.Role of landfill cover in reducing methane emission[J].Archives of Environmental Protection,2013,39(3):115-126.
[33]Abushammala M F M,Basri N E A,Elfithri R.Assessment of methane emission and oxidation at Air Hitam Landfill site cover soil in wet tropical climate[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2013,185(12):9967-9978.
[34]Bueno G,Latasa I,Lozano P J.Comparative LCA of two approaches with different emphasis on energy or material recovery for a municipal solid waste management system in Gipuzkoa[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,51:449-459.
[35]李赟,袁京,李国学,等.辅料添加对厨余垃圾快速堆肥腐熟度和臭气排放的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):1031-1039.Li Y,Yuan J,Li G X,et al.Use of additive to control odors and promote maturity of municipal kitchen waste during aerobic composting[J].Cnina Environmental Science,2017,37(3):1031-1039.