辊式马铃薯分级机设计与试验
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摘要
针对我国现有马铃薯分级机普遍存在的分级等级少、分级效率差等问题,设计了一种新型辊式马铃薯分级机。对该机器的工作原理进行了阐述。通过理论计算对其关键部件进行设计,确定了分选装置的结构参数;对马铃薯运动过程进行分析,确定出影响马铃薯分级机分级效率和分级精度的因素,利用ADAMS仿真软件对马铃薯分级机分级性能进行仿真试验,得出马铃薯运动位移曲线,与结构理论相吻合。以马铃薯的上料量、辊子转速、提升装置的提升角为试验因素,以马铃薯分级机的分级精度和分级效率为试验指标进行样机试验,试验结果表明:马铃薯的上料量为55 t/h、辊子转速为120 r/min、提升角为24°时,其分级精度为96%,分级效率为53. 7 t/h,满足马铃薯分级机的作业要求。
With the implementation of the "Thirteenth Five-Year"development plan of potato processing industry and the promotion of "main food"strategy of potato,the planting area of Chinese potato is getting larger and larger; the shape difference of potato or seed potato before potato planting is different for potato production. It has important influences,and it needs to be accurately screened by grading equipment to classify seed potatoes and potatoes of similar size for the same number of cuts; and quality grading of potatoes is also a necessary step before processing exports. However,most of the potato grading methods in China use traditional manual grading,which not only has high labor intensity,but also has low work efficiency. At present,potato grading machinery in China mostly uses the general equipment of fruit and vegetable products,and the grading equipment for potato is less,which can not meet demand for potato processing and export in China. Aiming at the problems of low grades and poor classification efficiency of the existing potato grading machines in China,a new roller potato grading machine was designed. The working principle of the machine was explained. The key components were designed by theoretical calculation,and the structural parameters of the grading device were determined. The force analysis of the potato movement process was carried out to determine the factors affecting the classification efficiency and classification accuracy of the potato grading machine. The potato grading machine was analyzed by Adams simulation software. The performance was simulated and the displacement curve of the potato was obtained,which was consistent with the structural theory. Taking the feeding amount of potato,the rotation speed of the roller and the lifting angle of the lifting device as the test factors,the bench test was carried out with the classification accuracy and classification efficiency of potato classifier.The test results showed that the potato feeding amount was 55 t/h. When the roller advance speed was120 r/min and the lifting angle was 24°,the classification accuracy was 96%,and the extension efficiency was 53. 7 t/h,which met the operation requirements of potato grading machine. It provided a good foundation for the design and optimization of potato grading devices.
With the implementation of the "Thirteenth Five-Year"development plan of potato processing industry and the promotion of "main food"strategy of potato,the planting area of Chinese potato is getting larger and larger; the shape difference of potato or seed potato before potato planting is different for potato production. It has important influences,and it needs to be accurately screened by grading equipment to classify seed potatoes and potatoes of similar size for the same number of cuts; and quality grading of potatoes is also a necessary step before processing exports. However,most of the potato grading methods in China use traditional manual grading,which not only has high labor intensity,but also has low work efficiency. At present,potato grading machinery in China mostly uses the general equipment of fruit and vegetable products,and the grading equipment for potato is less,which can not meet demand for potato processing and export in China. Aiming at the problems of low grades and poor classification efficiency of the existing potato grading machines in China,a new roller potato grading machine was designed. The working principle of the machine was explained. The key components were designed by theoretical calculation,and the structural parameters of the grading device were determined. The force analysis of the potato movement process was carried out to determine the factors affecting the classification efficiency and classification accuracy of the potato grading machine. The potato grading machine was analyzed by Adams simulation software. The performance was simulated and the displacement curve of the potato was obtained,which was consistent with the structural theory. Taking the feeding amount of potato,the rotation speed of the roller and the lifting angle of the lifting device as the test factors,the bench test was carried out with the classification accuracy and classification efficiency of potato classifier.The test results showed that the potato feeding amount was 55 t/h. When the roller advance speed was120 r/min and the lifting angle was 24°,the classification accuracy was 96%,and the extension efficiency was 53. 7 t/h,which met the operation requirements of potato grading machine. It provided a good foundation for the design and optimization of potato grading devices.
引文
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[4] ZHOU K,JENSEN A L,BOCHTIS D D. Simulation model for the sequential in-field machinery operations in a potato productionsystem[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,116(8):173-186.
[5] KANG Wenqin,FAN Mingshou,MA Zhong,et al. Luxury absorption of potassium by potato plants[J]. American Journal ofPotato Research,2014,91(5):573-578.
[6]王相友,孙景彬,许英超,等.拨辊推送式马铃薯清选分选机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(10):316-322.WANG Xiangyou,SUN Jingbin,XU Yingchao,et al. Design and experiment of potato cleaning and sorting machine[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(10):316-322. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20171040&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 10. 040.(in Chinese)
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[8]申屠留芳,韦奇,巩尊国,等.马铃薯分选机的设计[J].农机化研究,2014,36(8):114-117.SHENTU Liufang,WEI Qi,GONG Zunguo,et al. Design of potato sorter[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(8):114-117.(in Chinese)
[9] BENTINI M,CAPRARA C,MARTELLI R. Harvesting damage to potato tubers by analysis of impacts recorded with aninstrumented sphere[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2006,94(1):75-85.
[10]常超,魏宏安.基于马铃薯联合收获机的分级装置研究与设计[J].农业与技术,2014,34(2):43-44.CHANG Chao,WEI Hongan. Research and design of grading device based on potato combine harvester[J]. Agriculture andTechnology,2014,34(2):43-44.(in Chinese)
[11]吕金庆,魏国静,范志安,等. 4U-2B型马铃薯收获机的设计[J].农机化研究,2007,29(9):87-88.LJinqing,WEI Guojing,FAN Zhian,et al. Design of 4U-2B potato harvester[J]. Journal of Agricultural MechanizationResearch,2007,29(9):87-88.(in Chinese)
[12]程鹏飞,于文强,李学强,等.马铃薯输送线动堆积角与输运效率优化分析计算[J].农机化研究,2016,38(7):95-99.CHENG Pengfei,YU Wenqiang,LI Xueqiang,et al. The analysis between dynamic pile angle and transportation speed on thetransportation equipment of potatoes[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016,38(7):95-99.(in Chinese)
[13]杨然兵,杨红光,尚书旗,等.拨辊推送式马铃薯收获机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):119-126.YANG Ranbing,YANG Hongguang,SHANG Shuqi,et al. Design and test of poking roller shoving type potato harvester[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):119-126. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160717&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2016. 07.017.(in Chinese)
[14]孙军,于文强,李学强,等.马铃薯分选输送线静力学分析与计算方法[J].食品与机械,2015,31(5):89-92.SUN Jun,YU Wenqiang,LI Xueqiang,et al. Analysis and calculation method of potato sorting conveyor line statics[J]. Food&Machinery,2015,31(5):89-92.(in Chinese)
[15]刘少达,李壮哲,蔡晓玲,等.一种南方马铃薯分级装置的力学分析[J].农机化研究,2015,37(4):48-50.LIU Shaoda,LI Zhuangzhe,CAI Xiaoling,et al. Mechanics analysis of south potatoes classification device[J]. Journal ofAgricultural Mechanization Research,2015,37(4):48-50.(in Chinese)
[16]桑永英,张东兴,张梅梅.马铃薯碰撞损伤试验研究及有限元分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2008,13(1):81-84.SANG Yongying,ZHANG Dongxing,ZHANG Meimei. Study on bruising damage experiment of potato and finite elementanalysis[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University,2008,13(1):81-84.(in Chinese)
[17]吕金庆,田忠恩,杨颖,等. 4U2A型双行马铃薯挖掘机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):17-24.LJinqing,TIAN Zhongen,YANG Ying,et al. Design and experimental analysis of 4U2A type double-row potato digger[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(6):17-24.(in Chinese)
[18] LETTIERI P,BRANDANI S,YATES J G,et al. A generalization of the Foscolo and Gibilaro particle-bed model to predict thefluid bed stability of some fresh FCC catalysts at elevated temperatures[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2001,56(18):5401-5412.
[19] ZHAO Y,JIANG M,LIU Y,et al. Particle-scale simulation of the flow and heat transfer behaviors in fluidized bed withimmersed tube[J]. AICh E Journal,2009,55(12):3109-3124.
[20]刘海超,王春光,顾丽霞.马铃薯在摆动分离筛上的动力学试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2013,34(1):70-72.LIU Haichao,WANG Chunguang,GU Lixia. Experimental study on dynamics of potatoes on the separation of potato harvester[J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2013,34(1):70-72.(in Chinese)
[21]刘海超.马铃薯在摆动分离筛上的动力学试验研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.LIU Haichao. The experimental study on dynamics of potatoes on the separation of potato digger[D]. Huhhot:Inner MongoliaAgricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)
[22]吴建民,李辉,孙伟,等.拨指轮式马铃薯挖掘机设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(12):76-79.WU Jianmin,LI Hui,SUN Wei,et al. Design of potato digger in poke finger's wheel type[J]. Transactions of the ChineseSociety for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(12):76-79.(in Chinese)
[23]王俊发,马浏轩,邵东伟,等.玉米根茬收获机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(6):68-72.WANG Junfa,MA Liuxuan,SHAO Dongwei,et al. Design and experiment of maize root stubble harvester[J/OL]. Transactionsof the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(6):68-72. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20120613&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2012. 06. 013.(inChinese)
[24]桑永英,张东兴,贾晶霞,等.马铃薯联合收获机输送臂系统的运动防碰仿真[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(11):52-55.SANG Yongying,ZHANG Dongxing,JIA Jingxia,et al. Development of virtual prototype of potato harvester elevato[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(11):52-55.(in Chinese)
[25] GB/T 6242—2006马铃薯种植机械[S]. 2006.
[26]郑建荣. ADAMS-虚拟样机技术入门与提高[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[27]葛正浩. ADAMS2007虚拟样机技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2010:147-148.
[28]刘宝,张东兴,李晶. MZPH-820型单行马铃薯收获机设计[J].农业机械学报,2009,40(5):81-86.LIU Bao,ZHANG Dongxing,LI Jing. Design on MZPH-820 single-row potato harvester[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Societyfor Agricultural Machinery,2009,40(5):81-86.(in Chinese)
[29]葛宜元.试验设计方法与Design-Expert软件应用[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2014:155-164.
[30]何为,薛卫东,唐斌.优化试验设计方法与数据处理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2012.
[2]吕金庆,田忠恩,杨颖,等.马铃薯机械发展现状、存在问题及发展趋势[J].农机化研究,2015,37(12):258-263.LJinqing,TIAN Zhongen,YANG Ying,et al. The development situation,existing problems and development trend of potatomachinery[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2015,37(12):258-263.(in Chinese)
[3]柳俊.我国马铃薯产业技术研究现状及展望[J].中国农业科技导报,2011,13(5):13-18.LIU Jun. Research status and prospects of potato industry in China[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2011,13(5):13-18.(in Chinese)
[4] ZHOU K,JENSEN A L,BOCHTIS D D. Simulation model for the sequential in-field machinery operations in a potato productionsystem[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015,116(8):173-186.
[5] KANG Wenqin,FAN Mingshou,MA Zhong,et al. Luxury absorption of potassium by potato plants[J]. American Journal ofPotato Research,2014,91(5):573-578.
[6]王相友,孙景彬,许英超,等.拨辊推送式马铃薯清选分选机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(10):316-322.WANG Xiangyou,SUN Jingbin,XU Yingchao,et al. Design and experiment of potato cleaning and sorting machine[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(10):316-322. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20171040&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 10. 040.(in Chinese)
[7]刘洪义,朱晓民,谭海林,等.马铃薯分级生产线及其关键设备的设计[J].农机化研究,2010,32(4):84-86.LIU Hongyi,ZHU Xiaomin,TAN Hailin,et al. The design of potato grading production line and its key equipment[J]. Journalof Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(4):84-86.(in Chinese)
[8]申屠留芳,韦奇,巩尊国,等.马铃薯分选机的设计[J].农机化研究,2014,36(8):114-117.SHENTU Liufang,WEI Qi,GONG Zunguo,et al. Design of potato sorter[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(8):114-117.(in Chinese)
[9] BENTINI M,CAPRARA C,MARTELLI R. Harvesting damage to potato tubers by analysis of impacts recorded with aninstrumented sphere[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2006,94(1):75-85.
[10]常超,魏宏安.基于马铃薯联合收获机的分级装置研究与设计[J].农业与技术,2014,34(2):43-44.CHANG Chao,WEI Hongan. Research and design of grading device based on potato combine harvester[J]. Agriculture andTechnology,2014,34(2):43-44.(in Chinese)
[11]吕金庆,魏国静,范志安,等. 4U-2B型马铃薯收获机的设计[J].农机化研究,2007,29(9):87-88.LJinqing,WEI Guojing,FAN Zhian,et al. Design of 4U-2B potato harvester[J]. Journal of Agricultural MechanizationResearch,2007,29(9):87-88.(in Chinese)
[12]程鹏飞,于文强,李学强,等.马铃薯输送线动堆积角与输运效率优化分析计算[J].农机化研究,2016,38(7):95-99.CHENG Pengfei,YU Wenqiang,LI Xueqiang,et al. The analysis between dynamic pile angle and transportation speed on thetransportation equipment of potatoes[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016,38(7):95-99.(in Chinese)
[13]杨然兵,杨红光,尚书旗,等.拨辊推送式马铃薯收获机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):119-126.YANG Ranbing,YANG Hongguang,SHANG Shuqi,et al. Design and test of poking roller shoving type potato harvester[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):119-126. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160717&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2016. 07.017.(in Chinese)
[14]孙军,于文强,李学强,等.马铃薯分选输送线静力学分析与计算方法[J].食品与机械,2015,31(5):89-92.SUN Jun,YU Wenqiang,LI Xueqiang,et al. Analysis and calculation method of potato sorting conveyor line statics[J]. Food&Machinery,2015,31(5):89-92.(in Chinese)
[15]刘少达,李壮哲,蔡晓玲,等.一种南方马铃薯分级装置的力学分析[J].农机化研究,2015,37(4):48-50.LIU Shaoda,LI Zhuangzhe,CAI Xiaoling,et al. Mechanics analysis of south potatoes classification device[J]. Journal ofAgricultural Mechanization Research,2015,37(4):48-50.(in Chinese)
[16]桑永英,张东兴,张梅梅.马铃薯碰撞损伤试验研究及有限元分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2008,13(1):81-84.SANG Yongying,ZHANG Dongxing,ZHANG Meimei. Study on bruising damage experiment of potato and finite elementanalysis[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University,2008,13(1):81-84.(in Chinese)
[17]吕金庆,田忠恩,杨颖,等. 4U2A型双行马铃薯挖掘机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):17-24.LJinqing,TIAN Zhongen,YANG Ying,et al. Design and experimental analysis of 4U2A type double-row potato digger[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(6):17-24.(in Chinese)
[18] LETTIERI P,BRANDANI S,YATES J G,et al. A generalization of the Foscolo and Gibilaro particle-bed model to predict thefluid bed stability of some fresh FCC catalysts at elevated temperatures[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2001,56(18):5401-5412.
[19] ZHAO Y,JIANG M,LIU Y,et al. Particle-scale simulation of the flow and heat transfer behaviors in fluidized bed withimmersed tube[J]. AICh E Journal,2009,55(12):3109-3124.
[20]刘海超,王春光,顾丽霞.马铃薯在摆动分离筛上的动力学试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2013,34(1):70-72.LIU Haichao,WANG Chunguang,GU Lixia. Experimental study on dynamics of potatoes on the separation of potato harvester[J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2013,34(1):70-72.(in Chinese)
[21]刘海超.马铃薯在摆动分离筛上的动力学试验研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.LIU Haichao. The experimental study on dynamics of potatoes on the separation of potato digger[D]. Huhhot:Inner MongoliaAgricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)
[22]吴建民,李辉,孙伟,等.拨指轮式马铃薯挖掘机设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(12):76-79.WU Jianmin,LI Hui,SUN Wei,et al. Design of potato digger in poke finger's wheel type[J]. Transactions of the ChineseSociety for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(12):76-79.(in Chinese)
[23]王俊发,马浏轩,邵东伟,等.玉米根茬收获机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(6):68-72.WANG Junfa,MA Liuxuan,SHAO Dongwei,et al. Design and experiment of maize root stubble harvester[J/OL]. Transactionsof the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(6):68-72. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20120613&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2012. 06. 013.(inChinese)
[24]桑永英,张东兴,贾晶霞,等.马铃薯联合收获机输送臂系统的运动防碰仿真[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(11):52-55.SANG Yongying,ZHANG Dongxing,JIA Jingxia,et al. Development of virtual prototype of potato harvester elevato[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(11):52-55.(in Chinese)
[25] GB/T 6242—2006马铃薯种植机械[S]. 2006.
[26]郑建荣. ADAMS-虚拟样机技术入门与提高[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[27]葛正浩. ADAMS2007虚拟样机技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2010:147-148.
[28]刘宝,张东兴,李晶. MZPH-820型单行马铃薯收获机设计[J].农业机械学报,2009,40(5):81-86.LIU Bao,ZHANG Dongxing,LI Jing. Design on MZPH-820 single-row potato harvester[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Societyfor Agricultural Machinery,2009,40(5):81-86.(in Chinese)
[29]葛宜元.试验设计方法与Design-Expert软件应用[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2014:155-164.
[30]何为,薛卫东,唐斌.优化试验设计方法与数据处理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2012.