卧床垫料中牛粪与稻壳比例对奶牛趴卧行为、消化性能和泌乳性能的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究舍饲散栏奶牛舍卧床垫料中牛粪与稻壳比例对奶牛趴卧行为、消化性能和泌乳性能的影响。选择体重、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的健康奶牛200头,随机分为4组,即全牛粪组(TM组,卧床垫料为全牛粪)、6牛粪∶4稻壳组(6M∶4RH组,卧床垫料中牛粪与稻壳比例为6∶4)、4牛粪∶6稻壳组(4M∶6RH组,卧床垫料中牛粪与稻壳比例为4∶6)和全稻壳组(TRH组,卧床垫料为全稻壳),每组50头,各组奶牛采食相同的全混合日粮(TMR),饲养期为42 d。结果显示:1) TRH组的奶牛趴卧比率、卧床垫料中细菌数量和乳体细胞数均高于其他各组,其中卧床垫料中细菌数量与TM组的差异达到显著水平,乳体细胞数(第42天)与TM组和6M∶4RH组的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。2)第42天时,6M∶4RH组的产奶量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。3)各组干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、磷表观消化率以及乳蛋白率、乳脂率均未表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。综合所测的各项指标,建议奶牛场选择牛粪与稻壳比例为6∶4的卧床垫料。
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of manure/rice husk ratio in beddings on lying behavior,digestive performance and milk performance of dairy cows under stall-feeding condition. Two hundred healthy dairy cows with similar body weight,lactation days and milk yield were selected and randomly allocated to4 groups with each group had 50 dairy cows. The 4 groups were total manure group( TM group,total manure),6 manure ∶4 rice husk group( 6 M ∶ 4 RH group,the manure/rice husk ratio was 6 ∶ 4),4 manure ∶ 6 rice husk group( 4 M ∶ 6 RH group,manure/rice husk ratio was 4 ∶ 6) and total rice husk group( TRH group,total rice husk). The trial period was 42 days,and all dairy cows fed the same total mixed ration( TMR). The results showed as follows: 1) the lying ratio and the counts of bacteria in beddings and milk somatic cell count in TRH group were higher than those in other three groups,and the count in beddings reached significant level compared with TM group,and the milk somatic cell count on the 42 nd day reached significant level compared with TM and6 M ∶4 RH groups( P<0.05). 2) Compared with other 3 groups,the milk yield on the 42 nd day of 6 M ∶ 4 RH group was significantly increased( P<0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of dry matter( DM),crude protein( CP),ether extract( EE),neutral detergent fiber( NDF),acid neutral detergent( ADF),calcium( Ca),phosphorus( P),and milk protein percentage,milk fat among percentage among all groups( P>0.05). It is suggested that the 6 manure ∶4 rice husk is the best choose for dairy farms base on the indexes being synthesized.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of manure/rice husk ratio in beddings on lying behavior,digestive performance and milk performance of dairy cows under stall-feeding condition. Two hundred healthy dairy cows with similar body weight,lactation days and milk yield were selected and randomly allocated to4 groups with each group had 50 dairy cows. The 4 groups were total manure group( TM group,total manure),6 manure ∶4 rice husk group( 6 M ∶ 4 RH group,the manure/rice husk ratio was 6 ∶ 4),4 manure ∶ 6 rice husk group( 4 M ∶ 6 RH group,manure/rice husk ratio was 4 ∶ 6) and total rice husk group( TRH group,total rice husk). The trial period was 42 days,and all dairy cows fed the same total mixed ration( TMR). The results showed as follows: 1) the lying ratio and the counts of bacteria in beddings and milk somatic cell count in TRH group were higher than those in other three groups,and the count in beddings reached significant level compared with TM group,and the milk somatic cell count on the 42 nd day reached significant level compared with TM and6 M ∶4 RH groups( P<0.05). 2) Compared with other 3 groups,the milk yield on the 42 nd day of 6 M ∶ 4 RH group was significantly increased( P<0.05). 3) There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of dry matter( DM),crude protein( CP),ether extract( EE),neutral detergent fiber( NDF),acid neutral detergent( ADF),calcium( Ca),phosphorus( P),and milk protein percentage,milk fat among percentage among all groups( P>0.05). It is suggested that the 6 manure ∶4 rice husk is the best choose for dairy farms base on the indexes being synthesized.
引文
[1]师宏伟,李国林,杨杜录,等.不同卧床垫料对奶牛产奶性能的影响[J].中国奶牛,2012(16):26-27.
[2]张成喜,孙国强.牛床对奶牛健康及泌乳性能的影响[J].饲料博览,2016(8):21-24.
[3]金晓东,邱殿锐,王丽丽,等.不同卧床垫料对奶牛生产性能的影响[J].当代畜牧,2015(10):4-7.
[4]HALEY D B,DE PASSILLA M,RUSHEN J.Assessing cow comfort:effects of two floor types and two tie stall designs on the behaviour of lactating dairy cows[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2001,71(2):105-107.
[5]林见复.牛床垫在奶牛饲养管理中的应用[J].中国乳业,2010(11):18-19.
[6]王晓鹏,斯琴巴特,吐日跟白乙拉.奶牛躺卧行为的研究进展[J].当代畜禽养殖业,2017(5):3-5.
[7]陈倩倩,刘波,王阶平,等.养猪微生物发酵床垫料细菌多样性分析[J/OL].环境科学学报,2018:1-9.[2018-10-19].https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2018.0300.
[8]郑雪芳,刘波,朱育菁,等.磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法分析养猪发酵床微生物群落结构的空间分布[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(4):804-812.
[9]宦海琳,白建勇,闫俊书,等.日粮添加地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪发酵床垫料理化性质及微生物群落的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(10):2114-2120.
[10]李宏双,杨岚,单春花,等.发酵牛粪作为奶牛卧床垫料的微生物消长规律研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2017,40(2):88-92.
[11]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6435-2014饲料中水分的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.
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[13]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436-2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6437-2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[15]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 20806-2006饲料中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[16]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 1459-2007饲料中酸性洗涤纤维的测定[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.
[17]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432-1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[18]李欣,孟妍君,栾冬梅.牛粪垫料的安全性及对泌乳牛趴卧行为的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2015(17):113-116.
[19]丛慧敏,沙里金,王爽,等.奶牛场立砖面运动场与干牛粪铺垫运动场的饲养效果对比[J].中国奶牛,2012(15):41-43.
[20]VAN GASTELEN S,WESTERLAAN B,HOUWERS DJ,et al.A study on cow comfort and risk for lameness and mastitis in relation to different types of bedding materials[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(10):4878-4888.
[21]黄雷,王丽丽,李彦猛,等.不同卧床垫料对奶牛趴卧行为的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2016,48(1):67-70.
[22]JENSEN M B,PEDERSEN L J,MUNKSGAARD L.The effect of reward duration on demand functions for rest in dairy heifers and lying requirements as measured by demand functions[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2005,90(3/4):207-217.
[23]RULQUIN H,CAUDAL J P.Effects of lying or standing on mammary blood flow and heart rate of dairy cows[J].Ann Zootech,1992,41(1):101-101.
[24]NORRING M,MANNINEN E,DE PASSILLA M,et al.Preferences of dairy cows for three stall surface materials with small amounts of bedding[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(1):70-74.
[25]JABOREK J R,LOWE G D,FLUHARTY F L.Effects of pen flooring type and bedding on lamb growth and carcass characteristics[J].Small Ruminant Research,2016,144:28-34.
[26]CALAMARI L,CALEGARI F,STEFANINI L.Effect of different free stall surfaces on behavioural,productive and metabolic parameters in dairy cows[J].Applied Animal Behavior Science,2009,120(1/2):9-17.
[27]HOGAN J S,BOGACZ V L,THOMPSON M,et al.Bacterial counts associated with sawdust and recycled manure bedding treated with commercial conditioners[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(8):1690-1695.
[28]崔琳.奶牛对不同牛床垫料喜好选择影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.
[29]彭英霞,李俊卫,王浚峰,等.奶牛场固体牛粪用作卧床垫料的工艺分析[J].中国奶牛,2015(2):47-51.
[30]郭彤,田锦,郭秀山.食用菌下脚料作为发酵床垫料对生长肥育猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和小肠黏膜形态的影响[J].猪业科学,2018,35(2):101-104.
[31]SANCHEZ W K,MCGUIRE M A,BEEDE D K.Macromineral Nutrition by heat stress interactions in dairy cattle:review and original research[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1994,77(7):2051-2019.
[32]ERNABUCCI U,BANI P,RONCHI B,et al.Influence of short-and long-term exposure to a hot environment on rumen passage rate and diet digestibility by Friesian heifers[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(5):967-973.
[2]张成喜,孙国强.牛床对奶牛健康及泌乳性能的影响[J].饲料博览,2016(8):21-24.
[3]金晓东,邱殿锐,王丽丽,等.不同卧床垫料对奶牛生产性能的影响[J].当代畜牧,2015(10):4-7.
[4]HALEY D B,DE PASSILLA M,RUSHEN J.Assessing cow comfort:effects of two floor types and two tie stall designs on the behaviour of lactating dairy cows[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2001,71(2):105-107.
[5]林见复.牛床垫在奶牛饲养管理中的应用[J].中国乳业,2010(11):18-19.
[6]王晓鹏,斯琴巴特,吐日跟白乙拉.奶牛躺卧行为的研究进展[J].当代畜禽养殖业,2017(5):3-5.
[7]陈倩倩,刘波,王阶平,等.养猪微生物发酵床垫料细菌多样性分析[J/OL].环境科学学报,2018:1-9.[2018-10-19].https://doi.org/10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2018.0300.
[8]郑雪芳,刘波,朱育菁,等.磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法分析养猪发酵床微生物群落结构的空间分布[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(4):804-812.
[9]宦海琳,白建勇,闫俊书,等.日粮添加地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪发酵床垫料理化性质及微生物群落的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(10):2114-2120.
[10]李宏双,杨岚,单春花,等.发酵牛粪作为奶牛卧床垫料的微生物消长规律研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2017,40(2):88-92.
[11]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6435-2014饲料中水分的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.
[12]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6433-2006饲料中粗脂肪的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[13]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436-2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6437-2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[15]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 20806-2006饲料中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[16]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 1459-2007饲料中酸性洗涤纤维的测定[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.
[17]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432-1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[18]李欣,孟妍君,栾冬梅.牛粪垫料的安全性及对泌乳牛趴卧行为的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2015(17):113-116.
[19]丛慧敏,沙里金,王爽,等.奶牛场立砖面运动场与干牛粪铺垫运动场的饲养效果对比[J].中国奶牛,2012(15):41-43.
[20]VAN GASTELEN S,WESTERLAAN B,HOUWERS DJ,et al.A study on cow comfort and risk for lameness and mastitis in relation to different types of bedding materials[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(10):4878-4888.
[21]黄雷,王丽丽,李彦猛,等.不同卧床垫料对奶牛趴卧行为的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2016,48(1):67-70.
[22]JENSEN M B,PEDERSEN L J,MUNKSGAARD L.The effect of reward duration on demand functions for rest in dairy heifers and lying requirements as measured by demand functions[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2005,90(3/4):207-217.
[23]RULQUIN H,CAUDAL J P.Effects of lying or standing on mammary blood flow and heart rate of dairy cows[J].Ann Zootech,1992,41(1):101-101.
[24]NORRING M,MANNINEN E,DE PASSILLA M,et al.Preferences of dairy cows for three stall surface materials with small amounts of bedding[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(1):70-74.
[25]JABOREK J R,LOWE G D,FLUHARTY F L.Effects of pen flooring type and bedding on lamb growth and carcass characteristics[J].Small Ruminant Research,2016,144:28-34.
[26]CALAMARI L,CALEGARI F,STEFANINI L.Effect of different free stall surfaces on behavioural,productive and metabolic parameters in dairy cows[J].Applied Animal Behavior Science,2009,120(1/2):9-17.
[27]HOGAN J S,BOGACZ V L,THOMPSON M,et al.Bacterial counts associated with sawdust and recycled manure bedding treated with commercial conditioners[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(8):1690-1695.
[28]崔琳.奶牛对不同牛床垫料喜好选择影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2010.
[29]彭英霞,李俊卫,王浚峰,等.奶牛场固体牛粪用作卧床垫料的工艺分析[J].中国奶牛,2015(2):47-51.
[30]郭彤,田锦,郭秀山.食用菌下脚料作为发酵床垫料对生长肥育猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和小肠黏膜形态的影响[J].猪业科学,2018,35(2):101-104.
[31]SANCHEZ W K,MCGUIRE M A,BEEDE D K.Macromineral Nutrition by heat stress interactions in dairy cattle:review and original research[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1994,77(7):2051-2019.
[32]ERNABUCCI U,BANI P,RONCHI B,et al.Influence of short-and long-term exposure to a hot environment on rumen passage rate and diet digestibility by Friesian heifers[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(5):967-973.