未来城市研究范式探讨——数据驱动亦或人本驱动
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摘要
回顾传统城市研究范式,指出其"重宏观社会经济发展研究、而轻微观居民个体需求分析"这一问题,在此基础上,综述了城市研究领域的大数据热潮,进而抛出"数据亦或人本驱动?"的争论;从大数据自身的缺陷、智慧社会的到来及未来城市发展维度3个方面分析未来城市研究数据和人本之间的关系,提出应遵循"人本驱动、数据支撑"的研究范式,扩展了"人本驱动"的内涵。最后,从城市居民生活(生活圈打造、社会网络构建、满足生命周期需求)、企业生产(人才流动网络构建、产业链打造、营销模式转变)、政府管治(数据共享与融合、社会服务供应、公众参与机制创新)3个方面提出了未来城市研究的新框架。
Technological innovation is constantly changing the process of urban development, and the emergence of big data has attracted great attention of urban researchers. Some people believe that data will become the main driving force of future urban research. However, the development stage of human society and the historical transformation of urban research indicate the humanistic trend of future urban development. So, are future urban studies data driven or human-oriented driven? What is the relationship between them and the direction of future urban research? Firstly, this article reviews the traditional urban research and points out the limitations of methodological and data usage, which paid more attention on social-economic development instead of individuals' needs. Secondly, it summarizes the big data booming in urban research field, and then put forward the argument of"data driven or human-oriented driven?". Thirdly, the relationship between data and human-oriented in future urban research is analyzed from 3 aspects: the limitations of big data, the arrival of smart society and the trend of future urban development. Fourthly, the research paradigm of"human-oriented driven and data supported"is proposed. Finally, it also builds a new framework of future urban research from three aspects of residents' life, enterprise production and government governance.
Technological innovation is constantly changing the process of urban development, and the emergence of big data has attracted great attention of urban researchers. Some people believe that data will become the main driving force of future urban research. However, the development stage of human society and the historical transformation of urban research indicate the humanistic trend of future urban development. So, are future urban studies data driven or human-oriented driven? What is the relationship between them and the direction of future urban research? Firstly, this article reviews the traditional urban research and points out the limitations of methodological and data usage, which paid more attention on social-economic development instead of individuals' needs. Secondly, it summarizes the big data booming in urban research field, and then put forward the argument of"data driven or human-oriented driven?". Thirdly, the relationship between data and human-oriented in future urban research is analyzed from 3 aspects: the limitations of big data, the arrival of smart society and the trend of future urban development. Fourthly, the research paradigm of"human-oriented driven and data supported"is proposed. Finally, it also builds a new framework of future urban research from three aspects of residents' life, enterprise production and government governance.
引文
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[32]龙瀛,张宇,崔承印.利用公交刷卡数据分析北京职住关系和通勤出行[J].地理学报, 2012, 67(10):1339-1352.[Long Ying,Zhang Yu, Cui Chengyin. Identifying commuting pattern of Beijing using bus smart card data. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(10):1339-1352.]
[33] Liu Y, Wang F, Xiao Y et al. Urban land uses and traffic‘source-sink areas’:Evidence from GPS-enabled taxi data in Shanghai[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2012, 106(1):73-87.
[34] Nilles J M. Telecommunications-transportation tradeoff:Options for tomorrow[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.,1976.
[35] Mokhtarian P L. A typology of relationships between telecommunications and transportation[J]. Transportation Research,1990, 24A(3):231-242.
[36]柴彦威,申悦,肖作鹏,等.时空间行为研究动态及其实践应用前景[J].地理科学进展, 2012, 31(6):667-675.[Chai Yanwei, Shen Yue, Xiao Zhuopeng et al. Review for Space-time Behavior Research:Theory frontiers and application in the future.Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(6):667-675.]
[37]甄峰,王波,秦萧,等.基于大数据的城市研究与规划方法创新[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2015.[Zhen Feng, Wang Bo, Qin Xiao et al. Urban studies and innovation in urban planning methods based on big data. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press, 2015.]
[38]甄峰,王波.“大数据”热潮下人文地理学研究的思考[J].地理研究, 2015, 34(5):803-811.[Zhen Feng, Wang Bo. Rethinking human geography in the age of big data. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(5):803-811.]
[39]宋小冬,丁亮,钮心毅.“大数据”对城市规划的影响:观察与展望[J].城市规划, 2015, 39(4):15-18.[Song Xiaodong, Ding Liang, Niu Xinyi. Influence of big data on urban planning:review and progress. City Planning Review, 2015, 39(4):15-18.]
[40] Calabrese F, Diao M, Di L G. Understanding individual mobility patterns from urban sensing data:A mobile phone trace example[J]. Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies, 2013, 26(1):301-313.
[41]城市规划学刊编辑部.“大数据热背后的冷思考”学术笔谈[J].城市规划学刊, 2015(3):1-8.[Editorial Office of Urban Planning Forum. Academic writing of “rethinking of big data wave”. Urban Planning Forum, 2015(3):1-8.]
[42]吴志峰,柴彦威,党安荣,等.地理学碰上“大数据”:热反应与冷思考[J].地理研究, 2015, 34(12):2207-2221.[Wu Zhifeng,Chai Yanwei, Dang Anrong et al. Geography interact with big data:Dialogue and reflection. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(12):2207-2221.]
[43]丁亮,钮心毅,宋小冬.基于移动定位大数据的城市空间研究进展[J].国际城市规划, 2015, 30(4):53-58.[Ding Liang, Niu Xinyi, Song Xiaodong. Urban spatial studies with big data of mobile location:A progress review. Urban Planning International, 2015, 30(4):53-58.]
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[2] Conzen M R G. Aluwick:a study of town plan analysis[J].Transaction, Institute of British Geographers, 1960, 27:12-122.
[3] Smailes A E. The geography:A welfare approach[M]. London:Edward Arnold, 1966.
[4]唐子来.西方城市空间结构研究的理论和方法[J].城市规划汇刊, 1997(6):1-11.[Tang Zilai. Descriptions and explanations of urban spatial structure:A review of research development.Urban Planning Forum, 1997(6):1-11.]
[5] Soja E W.第三空间——去往洛杉矶和其他真实和想象的地方旅程[M].陆杨译.上海:上海教育出版社, 2005.[Soja E W.Third space:Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Translator:Lu Yang. Shanghai:Shanghai Educational Press, 2005.]
[6]孙施文.城市规划方法论初探[J].城市规划, 1991, 15(4):7-10.[Sun Shiwen. Methodology exploration of urban planning.City Planning Review, 1991, 15(4):7-10.]
[7]段进.城市形态研究与空间战略规划[J].城市规划, 2003, 27(2):45-48.[Duan Jin. Urban morphologic study and spatial strategic planning. City Planning Review, 2003, 27(2):45-48.]
[8]何子张.我国城市空间规划的理论与研究进展[J].规划师,2006, 22(7):87-90.[He Zizhang. Progress in theory and research on urban spatial planning in China. Planners, 2006, 22(7):87-90.]
[9]胡天新,李平.批判实在论在城市空间研究中的应用[J].地理研究, 2006, 25(5):775-784.[Hu Tianxin, Li Ping. Critical realism in urban space study. Geographical Research, 2006, 25(5):775-784.]
[10] Bhaskar R. A realist theory of science[M]. Leeds:Leeds Books, 1975.
[11] Sayer A. Method in social science:A realist approach, 2nd edition[M]. London:Routledge, 1992.
[12]甄峰,秦萧,席广亮.信息时代的地理学与人文地理学创新[J].地理科学, 2015, 35(1):11-18.[Zhen Feng, Qin Xiao, Xi Guangliang. The innovation of geography and Human Geography in the information era. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015,35(1):11-18.]
[13] Mateos P. Mobile phones:The new cellular geography[M]//MSc in geography information science and human geography.Leicester:University of Leicester, 2004.
[14] Ettema D, Timmermans H, Van Veghel L. Effects of data collection methods in travel and activity research[J]. Eindhoven:European Institute o f Retailing and Services Studies, 1996.
[15]陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社, 2000.[Chen Xiangming. Qualitative research in social science. Beijing:Educational Science Publishing House, 2000.]
[16] Hagerstrand T. Survival and arena[M]//Carlstein T et al. Human activity and time geography. London:Edward Arnold Ltd,1978:122-145.
[17] Hey T. The fourth paradigm—Data-intensive scientific discovery[M]//E-Science and Information Management. Berlin:Springer, 2012:1-1.
[18] Mayer-Sch?nberger V, Cukier K. Big data:A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think[M]. Houghton:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013.
[19]甄峰,王波,陈映雪.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征——以新浪微博为例[J].地理学报, 2012, 67(8):1031-1043.[Zhen Feng, Wang Bo, Chen Yingxue. China's city network characteristics based on social network space:An empirical analysis of Sina Micro-blog. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(8):1031-1043.]
[20] Krings G, Calabrese F, Ratti C et al. Urban gravity:A model for inter-city telecommunication flows[J]. Journal of Statistical Mechanics:Theory and Experiment, 2009(7):1-8.
[21] Becker R A, Caceres R, Hanson K et al. A tale of one city:Using cellular network data for urban planning[J]. Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2011, 10(4):18-26.
[22]包婷,章志刚,金澈清.基于手机大数据的城市人口流动分析系统[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2015(5):162-171.[Bao Ting, Zhang Zhigang, Jin Cheqing. An urban population flow analysis system based on mobile big data. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2015(5):162-171.]
[23]秦萧,甄峰,朱寿佳,等.基于网络口碑度的南京城区餐饮业空间分布格局研究[J].地理科学, 2014, 34(7):810-817.[Qin Xiao, Zhen Feng, Zhu Shoujia. Spatial pattern of catering industry in Nanjing urban area based on the degree of public praise from Internet:A case study of Dianping. com. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(7):810-817.]
[24]王德,钟炜菁,谢栋灿,等.手机信令数据在城市建成环境评价中的应用——以上海市宝山区为例[J].城市规划学刊,2015(5):82-90.[Wang De, Zhong Weijing, Xie Dongcan et al.The application of cell phone signaling data in the assessment of urban built environment:A case study of Baoshan District in Shanghai. Urban Planning Forum, 2015(5):82-90.]
[25]王波,甄峰,张浩.基于签到数据的城市活动时空间动态变化及区划研究[J].地理科学, 2015, 35(2):151-160.[Wang Bo,Zhen Feng, Zhang Hao. The dynamic changes of urban spacetime activityand activity zoning based on check-in data in SinaWeb. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(2):151-160.]
[26]钮心毅,丁亮,宋小冬.基于手机数据识别上海中心城的城市空间结构[J].城市规划学刊, 2014(6):61-67.[Niu xinyi, Ding Liang, Song Xiaodong. Understanding urban spatial structure of Shanghai central city based on mobile phone data. Urban Planning Forum, 2014(6):61-67.]
[27] Hollenstein L, Purves R. Exploring place through user-generated content:Using Flickr tags to describe city cores[J]. Journal of Spatial Information Science, 2013(1):21-48.
[28] Toole J L, Ulm M, González M C et al. Inferring land use from mobile phone activity[C]//Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD international workshop on urban computing. ACM, 2012:1-8.
[29]池娇,焦利民,董婷,等.基于POI数据的城市功能区定量识别及其可视化[J].测绘地理信息, 2016, 41(2):68-73.[Chi Jiao,Jiao Limin, Dong Ting et al. Quantitative identification and visualization of urban functional area based on POI data. Journal of Geomatics, 2016,41(2):68-73.]
[30] Liu L, Biderman A, Ratti C. Urban mobility landscape:Real time monitoring of urban mobility patterns[C]//Proceedings of the 11th international conference on computers in urban planning and urban management,2009:1-16.
[31] Sagl G, Resch B, Hawelka B et al. From social sensor data to collective human behaviour patterns:Analysing and visualising spatio-temporal dynamics in urban environments[M]//Berlin:Proceedings of the GI-Forum 2012:Geovisualization, Society and Learning, 2012:54-63.
[32]龙瀛,张宇,崔承印.利用公交刷卡数据分析北京职住关系和通勤出行[J].地理学报, 2012, 67(10):1339-1352.[Long Ying,Zhang Yu, Cui Chengyin. Identifying commuting pattern of Beijing using bus smart card data. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(10):1339-1352.]
[33] Liu Y, Wang F, Xiao Y et al. Urban land uses and traffic‘source-sink areas’:Evidence from GPS-enabled taxi data in Shanghai[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2012, 106(1):73-87.
[34] Nilles J M. Telecommunications-transportation tradeoff:Options for tomorrow[M]. New York:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.,1976.
[35] Mokhtarian P L. A typology of relationships between telecommunications and transportation[J]. Transportation Research,1990, 24A(3):231-242.
[36]柴彦威,申悦,肖作鹏,等.时空间行为研究动态及其实践应用前景[J].地理科学进展, 2012, 31(6):667-675.[Chai Yanwei, Shen Yue, Xiao Zhuopeng et al. Review for Space-time Behavior Research:Theory frontiers and application in the future.Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(6):667-675.]
[37]甄峰,王波,秦萧,等.基于大数据的城市研究与规划方法创新[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2015.[Zhen Feng, Wang Bo, Qin Xiao et al. Urban studies and innovation in urban planning methods based on big data. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press, 2015.]
[38]甄峰,王波.“大数据”热潮下人文地理学研究的思考[J].地理研究, 2015, 34(5):803-811.[Zhen Feng, Wang Bo. Rethinking human geography in the age of big data. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(5):803-811.]
[39]宋小冬,丁亮,钮心毅.“大数据”对城市规划的影响:观察与展望[J].城市规划, 2015, 39(4):15-18.[Song Xiaodong, Ding Liang, Niu Xinyi. Influence of big data on urban planning:review and progress. City Planning Review, 2015, 39(4):15-18.]
[40] Calabrese F, Diao M, Di L G. Understanding individual mobility patterns from urban sensing data:A mobile phone trace example[J]. Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies, 2013, 26(1):301-313.
[41]城市规划学刊编辑部.“大数据热背后的冷思考”学术笔谈[J].城市规划学刊, 2015(3):1-8.[Editorial Office of Urban Planning Forum. Academic writing of “rethinking of big data wave”. Urban Planning Forum, 2015(3):1-8.]
[42]吴志峰,柴彦威,党安荣,等.地理学碰上“大数据”:热反应与冷思考[J].地理研究, 2015, 34(12):2207-2221.[Wu Zhifeng,Chai Yanwei, Dang Anrong et al. Geography interact with big data:Dialogue and reflection. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(12):2207-2221.]
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