水下盾构隧道接缝渗漏规律的模型试验研究
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摘要
为研究水下盾构隧道接缝处的渗漏规律,设计一套恒水压下盾构隧道渗漏的模型试验装置,对隧道拼装方式、漏缝宽度及漏缝位置不同时的漏水漏砂规律进行试验研究,揭示渗漏对漏缝周围土体受力与变形的影响。试验结果表明:临界缝宽几乎不受漏缝位置的影响,临界缝宽下漏水量不收敛且与渗漏方向有关,隧道拱腰处接缝的漏水速率约为拱顶处的2倍;而漏砂量在4min内均已收敛且与应力土拱的形成有关,隧道拱脚处漏缝旁的土压力增量最大,应力土拱最难稳定,其漏砂量约为拱顶处的3倍。漏砂的特征粒径从原始级配开始逐渐降低,最终更小的颗粒被吸附在大颗粒骨架周围不再漏出,漏缝旁的土压力增幅约60%,且土压力增量与渗漏砂–水质量比正相关。拱脚漏缝渗漏时土体表层沉降最显著,错缝拼装渗漏时表层沉降的平均影响范围更广。
In order to investigate the leakage law of underwater shield tunnel joints,a set of model test device was designed to observe the leakage process of shield tunnels under constant water pressure,and tests for the leakage law with different assembly patterns,leak widths and locations were carried out. The influence of the leakage on soil stress and deformation around the leak was also revealed. The experimental results show that the critical width of the leak is almost unaffected by the leak location. The water leakage under the critical width is non-convergent and related to the leakage direction. The leakage rate at the tunnel hance is about twice that at the tunnel vault.However,the sand leakage of all leaks is convergent within 4 min and is related to the formation of the soil stress arch. The increment of the soil pressure around the leak at the arch foot of the tunnel is the largest,the soil stress arch is the most difficult to stabilize,and the amount of sand leakage at the arch foot is about three times of that at the tunnel vault. The characteristic particle size of sand leakage decreases gradually from the original gradation,and eventually smaller particles are absorbed on the skeleton of large particles and no longer leak out. The soil pressure around all leaks increases by approximately 60%,and the increment of the soil pressure is positively related to the leaking sand-water mass ratio. The surface settlement is the most obvious when the tunnel arch foot is leaking,and the average influence range of the surface settlement is wider when the staggered pattern assembly tunnel is leaking.
In order to investigate the leakage law of underwater shield tunnel joints,a set of model test device was designed to observe the leakage process of shield tunnels under constant water pressure,and tests for the leakage law with different assembly patterns,leak widths and locations were carried out. The influence of the leakage on soil stress and deformation around the leak was also revealed. The experimental results show that the critical width of the leak is almost unaffected by the leak location. The water leakage under the critical width is non-convergent and related to the leakage direction. The leakage rate at the tunnel hance is about twice that at the tunnel vault.However,the sand leakage of all leaks is convergent within 4 min and is related to the formation of the soil stress arch. The increment of the soil pressure around the leak at the arch foot of the tunnel is the largest,the soil stress arch is the most difficult to stabilize,and the amount of sand leakage at the arch foot is about three times of that at the tunnel vault. The characteristic particle size of sand leakage decreases gradually from the original gradation,and eventually smaller particles are absorbed on the skeleton of large particles and no longer leak out. The soil pressure around all leaks increases by approximately 60%,and the increment of the soil pressure is positively related to the leaking sand-water mass ratio. The surface settlement is the most obvious when the tunnel arch foot is leaking,and the average influence range of the surface settlement is wider when the staggered pattern assembly tunnel is leaking.
引文
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[12]郑刚,戴轩,张晓双.地下工程漏水漏砂灾害发展过程的试验研究及数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2 458-2 471.(ZHENG Gang,DAI Xuan,ZHANG Xiaoshuang.Experimental study and numerical simulation of leaking process of sand and water in underground engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2 458-2 471.(in Chinese))
[13]ZHENG G,DAI X,DIAO Y.Parameter analysis of water flow during EPBS tunnelling and an evaluation method of spewing failure based on a simplified model[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2015,58:96-112.
[14]郑刚,姚杰,戴轩,等.不同管片张开量下隧道外水土流失规律试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2018,40(6):969-977.(ZHENGGang,YAO Jie,DAI Xuan,et al.Experimental study on sand inflow under different opening widths of shield tunnel segments[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(6):969-977.(in Chinese))
[15]张冬梅,高程鹏,尹振宇,等.隧道渗流侵蚀的颗粒流模拟[J].岩土力学,2017,38(增1):429-438.(ZHANG Dongmei,GAOChengpeng,YIN Zhenyu,et al.Particle flow simulation of seepage erosion around shield tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(Supp.1):429-438.(in Chinese))
[16]COSTA Y D.ZORNBERG J G,ASCE M,et al.Failure mechanisms in sand over a deep active trapdoor[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2009,135(11):1 741-1 753.
[17]MAIR R J.Centrifugal modelling of tunnel construction in soft clay[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Cambridge:Cambridge University,1979.
[18]CHAPMAN D N,AHN S K,HUNT D V L.Investigating ground movements caused by the construction of multiple tunnels in soft ground using laboratory model tests[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2007,44(6):631-643.
[19]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTG D70-2004公路隧道设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People?s Republic of China.JTG D70-2004Code for design of road tunnel[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[20]张成平,岳跃敬,蔡义.管线渗漏水范围对浅埋隧道围岩变形和破坏的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(2):392-400.(ZHANG Chengping,YUE Yuejing,CAI Yi.Influence of pipeline leakage range on ground deformation and failure during shallow tunnelling[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(2):392-400.(in Chinese))
[2]肖明清.水下隧道设计技术[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2016:11-22.(XIAO Mingqing.Design technology of underwater tunnels[M].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2016:11-22.(in Chinese))
[3]曾格华,夏才初.管片径向拼装偏差对盾构隧道管片环防水性能的影响分析[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(11):2 017-2 025.(ZENGGehua,XIA Caichu.Effect of radial erection error of segments on waterproofness of segment rings of shield tunnels[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2016,38(11):2 017-2 025.(in Chinese))
[4]叶飞,何川,王士民.盾构隧道施工期衬砌管片受力特性及其影响分析[J].岩土力学,2011,32(6):1 801-1 807.(YE Fei,HEChuan,WANG Shimin.Analysis of mechanical characteristic of shield tunnel segments lining and its influence during construction[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(6):1 801-1 807.(in Chinese))
[5]钟小春,秦建设,朱伟,等.盾构管片接缝防水材料防水耐久性实验及分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2011,7(2):281-285.(ZHONG Xiaochun,QIN Jianshe,ZHU Wei,et al.Durability tests and analysis on the waterproof material for joint seam of shield tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2011,7(2):281-285.(in Chinese))
[6]刘腾,袁大军,王安华,等.火灾对原型盾构管片接头防水性能损伤试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2016,49(7):116-122.(LIU Teng,YUAN Dajun,WANG Anhua,et al.Experimental study on watertight performance of prototype shield tunnel segment joint affected by fire[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2016,49(7):116-122.(in Chinese))
[7]拓勇飞,舒恒,郭小红,等.超高水压大直径盾构隧道管片接缝防水设计与试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(增1):227-231.(TUO Yongfei,SHU Heng,GUO Xiaohong,et al.Design and experimental study on waterproof gasket of large-diameter shield tunnel under ultra high water pressure[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(Supp.1):227-231.(in Chinese))
[8]李术才,王凯,李利平,等.海底隧道新型可拓展突水模型试验系统的研制及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2 409-2 418.(LI Shucai,WANG Kai,LI Liping,et al.Development and application of an extendable model test system for water inrush simulation in subsea tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2 409-2 418.(in Chinese))
[9]李术才,宋曙光,李利平,等.海底隧道流固耦合模型试验系统的研制及应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(5):883-890.(LIShucai,SONG Shuguang,LI Liping,et al.Development on subsea tunnel model test system for solid-fluid coupling and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(5):883-890.(in Chinese))
[10]谭忠盛,曾超,李健,等.海底隧道支护结构受力特征的模型试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2011,44(11):99-105.(TANZhongsheng,ZENG Chao,LI Jian,et al.Model test investigation on the mechanical characteristics of support structure of subsea tunnels[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2011,44(11):99-105.(in Chinese))
[11]刘强,谭忠盛,王秀英.水下隧道渗流场分布规律的模型试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2015,48(增1):388-392.(LIU Qiang,TANZhongsheng,WANG Xiuying.Model test study on the distribution law of underwater tunnel seepage field[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2015,48(Supp.1):388-392.(in Chinese))
[12]郑刚,戴轩,张晓双.地下工程漏水漏砂灾害发展过程的试验研究及数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2 458-2 471.(ZHENG Gang,DAI Xuan,ZHANG Xiaoshuang.Experimental study and numerical simulation of leaking process of sand and water in underground engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2 458-2 471.(in Chinese))
[13]ZHENG G,DAI X,DIAO Y.Parameter analysis of water flow during EPBS tunnelling and an evaluation method of spewing failure based on a simplified model[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2015,58:96-112.
[14]郑刚,姚杰,戴轩,等.不同管片张开量下隧道外水土流失规律试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2018,40(6):969-977.(ZHENGGang,YAO Jie,DAI Xuan,et al.Experimental study on sand inflow under different opening widths of shield tunnel segments[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(6):969-977.(in Chinese))
[15]张冬梅,高程鹏,尹振宇,等.隧道渗流侵蚀的颗粒流模拟[J].岩土力学,2017,38(增1):429-438.(ZHANG Dongmei,GAOChengpeng,YIN Zhenyu,et al.Particle flow simulation of seepage erosion around shield tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(Supp.1):429-438.(in Chinese))
[16]COSTA Y D.ZORNBERG J G,ASCE M,et al.Failure mechanisms in sand over a deep active trapdoor[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2009,135(11):1 741-1 753.
[17]MAIR R J.Centrifugal modelling of tunnel construction in soft clay[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Cambridge:Cambridge University,1979.
[18]CHAPMAN D N,AHN S K,HUNT D V L.Investigating ground movements caused by the construction of multiple tunnels in soft ground using laboratory model tests[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2007,44(6):631-643.
[19]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTG D70-2004公路隧道设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People?s Republic of China.JTG D70-2004Code for design of road tunnel[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[20]张成平,岳跃敬,蔡义.管线渗漏水范围对浅埋隧道围岩变形和破坏的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(2):392-400.(ZHANG Chengping,YUE Yuejing,CAI Yi.Influence of pipeline leakage range on ground deformation and failure during shallow tunnelling[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(2):392-400.(in Chinese))