Biventricular pacing for treating heart failure in children: A case report and review of the literature
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摘要
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT) can be used as an escalated therapy to improve heart function in patients with cardiac dysfunction due to long-term right ventricular pacing. However, guidelines are only targeted at adults. CRT is rarely used in children.CASE SUMMARY This case aimed to implement biventricular pacing in one child with heart failure who had a left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% at 4 years after implantation of an atrioventricular sequential pacemaker due to atrioventricular block.Postoperatively, echocardiography showed atrial sensing ventricular pacing and QRS wave duration of 120-130 ms, and cardiac function significantly improved after upgrading pacemaker.CONCLUSION Patients whose cardiac function is deteriorated to a level to upgrade to CRT should be upgraded to reverse myocardial remodeling as soon as possible.
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT) can be used as an escalated therapy to improve heart function in patients with cardiac dysfunction due to long-term right ventricular pacing. However, guidelines are only targeted at adults. CRT is rarely used in children.CASE SUMMARY This case aimed to implement biventricular pacing in one child with heart failure who had a left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% at 4 years after implantation of an atrioventricular sequential pacemaker due to atrioventricular block.Postoperatively, echocardiography showed atrial sensing ventricular pacing and QRS wave duration of 120-130 ms, and cardiac function significantly improved after upgrading pacemaker.CONCLUSION Patients whose cardiac function is deteriorated to a level to upgrade to CRT should be upgraded to reverse myocardial remodeling as soon as possible.
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT) can be used as an escalated therapy to improve heart function in patients with cardiac dysfunction due to long-term right ventricular pacing. However, guidelines are only targeted at adults. CRT is rarely used in children.CASE SUMMARY This case aimed to implement biventricular pacing in one child with heart failure who had a left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% at 4 years after implantation of an atrioventricular sequential pacemaker due to atrioventricular block.Postoperatively, echocardiography showed atrial sensing ventricular pacing and QRS wave duration of 120-130 ms, and cardiac function significantly improved after upgrading pacemaker.CONCLUSION Patients whose cardiac function is deteriorated to a level to upgrade to CRT should be upgraded to reverse myocardial remodeling as soon as possible.
引文
1 Friedman RA,Fenrich AL,Kertesz NJ.Congenital complete atrioventricular block.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001;24:1681-1688[PMID:11816640 DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01681.x]
2 Michaelsson M,Riesenfeld T,Jonzon A.Natural history of congenital complete atrioventricular block.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:2098-2101[PMID:9272517 DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1997.tb03636.x]
3 Jaeggi E,Laskin C,Hamilton R,Kingdom J,Silverman E.The importance of the level of maternal antiRo/SSA antibodies as a prognostic marker of the development of cardiac neonatal lupus erythematosus a prospective study of 186 antibody-exposed fetuses and infants.J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2778-2784[PMID:20538173 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.042]
4 Ho A,Gordon P,Rosenthal E,Simpson J,Miller O,Sharland G.Isolated Complete Heart Block in the Fetus.Am J Cardiol 2015;116:142-147[PMID:25937350 DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.03.051]
5 Jaeggi ET,Hamilton RM,Silverman ED,Zamora SA,Hornberger LK.Outcome of children with fetal,neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated congenital atrioventricular block.A single institution's experience of 30 years.J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:130-137[PMID:11755298 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01697-7]
6 Udink ten Cate FE,Breur JM,Cohen MI,Boramanand N,Kapusta L,Crosson JE,Brenner JI,Lubbers LJ,Friedman AH,Vetter VL,Meijboom EJ.Dilated cardiomyopathy in isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block:early and long-term risk in children.J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1129-1134[PMID:11263619 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01209-2]
7 Brignole M,Auricchio A,Baron-Esquivias G,Bordachar P,Boriani G,Breithardt OA,Cleland J,Deharo JC,Delgado V,Elliott PM,Gorenek B,Israel CW,Leclercq C,Linde C,Mont L,Padeletti L,Sutton R,Vardas PE;European Society of Cardiology(ESC);European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA).2013ESC guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy:the task force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC).Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA).Europace 2013;15:1070-1118[PMID:23801827DOI:10.1093/europace/eut206]
8 Yancy CW,Jessup M,Bozkurt B,Butler J,Casey DE,Drazner MH,Fonarow GC,Geraci SA,Horwich T,Januzzi JL,Johnson MR,Kasper EK,Levy WC,Masoudi FA,McBride PE,McMurray JJ,Mitchell JE,Peterson PN,Riegel B,Sam F,Stevenson LW,Tang WH,Tsai EJ,Wilkoff BL;American College of Cardiology Foundation;American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.2013ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol2013;62:e147-e239[PMID:23747642 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019]
9 Auger D,Hoke U,Marsan NA,Tops LF,Leong DP,Bertini M,Schalij MJ,Bax JJ,Delgado V.Effect of induced LV dyssynchrony by right ventricular apical pacing on all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization rates at long-term follow-up.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014;25:631-637[PMID:24575777 DOI:10.1111/jce.12397]
10 Zou C,Song J,Li H,Huang X,Liu Y,Zhao C,Shi X,Yang X.Right ventricular outflow tract septal pacing is superior to right ventricular apical pacing.J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4:e001777[PMID:25896891 DOI:10.1161/JAHA.115.001777]
11 Dubin AM,Collins KK,Hare GFV,Reddy VM,Hanisch D,Chiesa N,Rosenthal DN.Abstract 2974:Midterm Results Of Resynchronization Therapy In Pediatrics:Do We Need New Guidelines?Circulation2018;116:II(664)
12 Sweeney MO,Hellkamp AS,Ellenbogen KA,Greenspon AJ,Freedman RA,Lee KL,Lamas GA;MOde Selection Trial Investigators.Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction.Circulation 2003;107:2932-2937[PMID:12782566 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000072769.17295.B1]
13 Curtis AB,Worley SJ,Adamson PB,Chung ES,Niazi I,Sherfesee L,Shinn T,Sutton MS;Biventricular versus Right Ventricular Pacing in Heart Failure Patients with Atrioventricular Block(BLOCK HF)Trial Investigators.Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction.N Engl J Med 2013;368:1585-1593[PMID:23614585 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1210356]
14 Dickstein K,Vardas PE,Auricchio A,Daubert JC,Linde C,McMurray J,Ponikowski P,Priori SG,Sutton R,van Veldhuisen DJ;ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines.2010 Focused Update of ESC Guidelines on device therapy in heart failure:an update of the 2008 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure and the 2007 ESC Guidelines for cardiac and resynchronization therapy.Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association and the European Heart Rhythm Association.Europace 2010;12:1526-1536[PMID:20974767 DOI:10.1093/europace/euq392]
15 Tomaske M,Breithardt OA,Balmer C,Bauersfeld U.Successful cardiac resynchronization with singlesite left ventricular pacing in children.Int J Cardiol 2009;136:136-143[PMID:18620766 DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.04.048]
16 Berul CI,Cecchin F;American Heart Association;American College of Cardiology.Indications and techniques of pediatric cardiac pacing.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2003;1:165-176[PMID:15030277DOI:10.1586/14779072.1.2.165]
17 Ponikowski P,Voors AA,Anker SD,Bueno H,Cleland JGF,Coats AJS,Falk V,González-Juanatey JR,Harjola VP,Jankowska EA,Jessup M,Linde C,Nihoyannopoulos P,Parissis JT,Pieske B,Riley JP,Rosano GMC,Ruilope LM,Ruschitzka F,Rutten FH,van der Meer P;ESC Scientific Document Group.2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure:The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association(HFA)of the ESC.Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129-2200[PMID:27206819 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128]
18 Janou?ek J,van Geldorp IE,Krupi?kováS,Rosenthal E,Nugent K,Tomaske M,Früh A,Elders J,Hiippala A,Kerst G,Gebauer RA,Kubu?P,Frias P,Gabbarini F,Clur SA,Nagel B,Ganame J,Papagiannis J,Marek J,Tisma-Dupanovic S,Tsao S,Nürnberg JH,Wren C,Friedberg M,de Guillebon M,Volaufova J,Prinzen FW,Delhaas T;Working Group for Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Pediatric Cardiology.Permanent cardiac pacing in children:choosing the optimal pacing site:a multicenter study.Circulation 2013;127:613-623[PMID:23275383 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115428]
19 van Geldorp IE,Delhaas T,Gebauer RA,Frias P,Tomaske M,Friedberg MK,Tisma-Dupanovic S,Elders J,Früh A,Gabbarini F,Kubus P,Illikova V,Tsao S,Blank AC,Hiippala A,Sluysmans T,Karpawich P,Clur SA,Ganame X,Collins KK,Dann G,Thambo JB,Trigo C,Nagel B,Papagiannis J,Rackowitz A,Marek J,Nürnberg JH,Vanagt WY,Prinzen FW,Janousek J;Working Group for Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology.Impact of the permanent ventricular pacing site on left ventricular function in children:a retrospective multicentre survey.Heart 2011;97:2051-2055[PMID:21917655 DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300197]
20 Cleland JG,Daubert JC,Erdmann E,Freemantle N,Gras D,Kappenberger L,Tavazzi L;Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure(CARE-HF)Study Investigators.The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure.N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539-1549[PMID:15753115 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa050496]
21 Brignole M,Auricchio A,Baron-Esquivias G,Bordachar P,Boriani G,Breithardt OA,Cleland J,Deharo JC,Delgado V,Elliott PM,Gorenek B,Israel CW,Leclercq C,Linde C,Mont L,Padeletti L,Sutton R,Vardas PE,Zamorano JL,Achenbach S,Baumgartner H,Bax JJ,Bueno H,Dean V,Deaton C,Erol C,Fagard R,Ferrari R,Hasdai D,Hoes AW,Kirchhof P,Knuuti J,Kolh P,Lancellotti P,Linhart A,Nihoyannopoulos P,Piepoli MF,Ponikowski P,Sirnes PA,Tamargo JL,Tendera M,Torbicki A,Wijns W,Windecker S,Kirchhof P,Blomstrom-Lundqvist C,Badano LP,Aliyev F,B?nsch D,Baumgartner H,Bsata W,Buser P,Charron P,Daubert JC,Dobreanu D,Faerestrand S,Hasdai D,Hoes AW,Le Heuzey JY,Mavrakis H,McDonagh T,Merino JL,Nawar MM,Nielsen JC,Pieske B,Poposka L,Ruschitzka F,Tendera M,Van Gelder IC,Wilson CM;ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines(CPG);Document Reviewers.2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy:the Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC).Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA).Eur Heart J 2013;34:2281-2329[PMID:23801822 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/eht150]
22 Epstein AE,DiMarco JP,Ellenbogen KA,Estes NA,Freedman RA,Gettes LS,Gillinov AM,Gregoratos G,Hammill SC,Hayes DL,Hlatky MA,Newby LK,Page RL,Schoenfeld MH,Silka MJ,Stevenson LW,Sweeney MO,Tracy CM,Epstein AE,Darbar D,DiMarco JP,Dunbar SB,Estes NA,Ferguson TB,Hammill SC,Karasik PE,Link MS,Marine JE,Schoenfeld MH,Shanker AJ,Silka MJ,Stevenson LW,Stevenson WG,Varosy PD;American College of Cardiology Foundation;American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines;Heart Rhythm Society.2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society.J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:e6-75[PMID:23265327 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.007]
23 Stevenson WG,Hernandez AF,Carson PE,Fang JC,Katz SD,Spertus JA,Sweitzer NK,Tang WH,Albert NM,Butler J,Westlake Canary CA,Collins SP,Colvin-Adams M,Ezekowitz JA,Givertz MM,Hershberger RE,Rogers JG,Teerlink JR,Walsh MN,Stough WG,Starling RC;Heart Failure Society of America Guideline Committee.Indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy:2011 update from the Heart Failure Society of America Guideline Committee.J Card Fail 2012;18:94-106[PMID:22300776DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.12.004]
24 Ten Cate TJ,Van Hemel NM,Verzijlbergen JF.Myocardial perfusion defects in right ventricular apical pacing are caused by partial volume effects because of wall motion abnormalities:a new model to study gated myocardial SPECT with the pacemaker on and off.Nucl Med Commun 2009;30:480-484[PMID:19390465 DOI:10.1097/MNM.0b013e32832b9a45]
25 Thambo JB,Bordachar P,Garrigue S,Lafitte S,Sanders P,Reuter S,Girardot R,Crepin D,Reant P,Roudaut R,Ja?s P,Ha?ssaguerre M,Clementy J,Jimenez M.Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing.Circulation 2004;110:3766-3772[PMID:15583083 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000150336.86033.8D]
26 Gebauer RA,Tomek V,Salameh A,Marek J,ChaloupeckyV,Gebauer R,Matejka T,Vojtovic P,Janousek J.Predictors of left ventricular remodelling and failure in right ventricular pacing in the young.Eur Heart J 2009;30:1097-1104[PMID:19286675 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp060]
27 Ponikowski P,Voors AA,Anker SD,Bueno H,Cleland JG,Coats AJ,Falk V,González-Juanatey JR,Harjola VP,Jankowska EA,Jessup M,Linde C,Nihoyannopoulos P,Parissis JT,Pieske B,Riley JP,Rosano GM,Ruilope LM,Ruschitzka F,Rutten FH,van der Meer P;Authors/Task Force Members;Document Reviewers.2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure:The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC).Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association(HFA)of the ESC.Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:891-975[PMID:27207191 DOI:10.1002/ejhf.592]
28 Lee KH,Cho JG,Park HW,Yoon NS,Kim SS,Kim MR,Kim MC,Cho KH,Kim HK,Kim CH,Kim KH,Jun SJ,Kim WJ,Lee KJ,Jeong HC,Cho JY,Park KH,Sim Ds,Yoon HJ,Kim KH,Hong YJ,Kim JH,Ahn Y,Jeong MH,Park JC.QRS morphology and ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with chronic right ventricular pacing.Int J Cardiol 2014;176:962-968[PMID:25200850 DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.131]
29 Sohn J,Lee YS,Park HS,Han S,Kim YN.Predictors of an adverse clinical outcome in patients with long-term right ventricular apical pacing.J Cardiol 2017;70:420-424[PMID:28551356 DOI:10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.04.008]
30 Bryant AR,Wilton SB,Lai MP,Exner DV.Association between QRS duration and outcome with cardiac resynchronization therapy:a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Electrocardiol 2013;46:147-155[PMID:23394690 DOI:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2012.12.003]
2 Michaelsson M,Riesenfeld T,Jonzon A.Natural history of congenital complete atrioventricular block.Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:2098-2101[PMID:9272517 DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1997.tb03636.x]
3 Jaeggi E,Laskin C,Hamilton R,Kingdom J,Silverman E.The importance of the level of maternal antiRo/SSA antibodies as a prognostic marker of the development of cardiac neonatal lupus erythematosus a prospective study of 186 antibody-exposed fetuses and infants.J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2778-2784[PMID:20538173 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.042]
4 Ho A,Gordon P,Rosenthal E,Simpson J,Miller O,Sharland G.Isolated Complete Heart Block in the Fetus.Am J Cardiol 2015;116:142-147[PMID:25937350 DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.03.051]
5 Jaeggi ET,Hamilton RM,Silverman ED,Zamora SA,Hornberger LK.Outcome of children with fetal,neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated congenital atrioventricular block.A single institution's experience of 30 years.J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:130-137[PMID:11755298 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01697-7]
6 Udink ten Cate FE,Breur JM,Cohen MI,Boramanand N,Kapusta L,Crosson JE,Brenner JI,Lubbers LJ,Friedman AH,Vetter VL,Meijboom EJ.Dilated cardiomyopathy in isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block:early and long-term risk in children.J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1129-1134[PMID:11263619 DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01209-2]
7 Brignole M,Auricchio A,Baron-Esquivias G,Bordachar P,Boriani G,Breithardt OA,Cleland J,Deharo JC,Delgado V,Elliott PM,Gorenek B,Israel CW,Leclercq C,Linde C,Mont L,Padeletti L,Sutton R,Vardas PE;European Society of Cardiology(ESC);European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA).2013ESC guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy:the task force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC).Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA).Europace 2013;15:1070-1118[PMID:23801827DOI:10.1093/europace/eut206]
8 Yancy CW,Jessup M,Bozkurt B,Butler J,Casey DE,Drazner MH,Fonarow GC,Geraci SA,Horwich T,Januzzi JL,Johnson MR,Kasper EK,Levy WC,Masoudi FA,McBride PE,McMurray JJ,Mitchell JE,Peterson PN,Riegel B,Sam F,Stevenson LW,Tang WH,Tsai EJ,Wilkoff BL;American College of Cardiology Foundation;American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.2013ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol2013;62:e147-e239[PMID:23747642 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019]
9 Auger D,Hoke U,Marsan NA,Tops LF,Leong DP,Bertini M,Schalij MJ,Bax JJ,Delgado V.Effect of induced LV dyssynchrony by right ventricular apical pacing on all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization rates at long-term follow-up.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014;25:631-637[PMID:24575777 DOI:10.1111/jce.12397]
10 Zou C,Song J,Li H,Huang X,Liu Y,Zhao C,Shi X,Yang X.Right ventricular outflow tract septal pacing is superior to right ventricular apical pacing.J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4:e001777[PMID:25896891 DOI:10.1161/JAHA.115.001777]
11 Dubin AM,Collins KK,Hare GFV,Reddy VM,Hanisch D,Chiesa N,Rosenthal DN.Abstract 2974:Midterm Results Of Resynchronization Therapy In Pediatrics:Do We Need New Guidelines?Circulation2018;116:II(664)
12 Sweeney MO,Hellkamp AS,Ellenbogen KA,Greenspon AJ,Freedman RA,Lee KL,Lamas GA;MOde Selection Trial Investigators.Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction.Circulation 2003;107:2932-2937[PMID:12782566 DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000072769.17295.B1]
13 Curtis AB,Worley SJ,Adamson PB,Chung ES,Niazi I,Sherfesee L,Shinn T,Sutton MS;Biventricular versus Right Ventricular Pacing in Heart Failure Patients with Atrioventricular Block(BLOCK HF)Trial Investigators.Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction.N Engl J Med 2013;368:1585-1593[PMID:23614585 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1210356]
14 Dickstein K,Vardas PE,Auricchio A,Daubert JC,Linde C,McMurray J,Ponikowski P,Priori SG,Sutton R,van Veldhuisen DJ;ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines.2010 Focused Update of ESC Guidelines on device therapy in heart failure:an update of the 2008 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure and the 2007 ESC Guidelines for cardiac and resynchronization therapy.Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association and the European Heart Rhythm Association.Europace 2010;12:1526-1536[PMID:20974767 DOI:10.1093/europace/euq392]
15 Tomaske M,Breithardt OA,Balmer C,Bauersfeld U.Successful cardiac resynchronization with singlesite left ventricular pacing in children.Int J Cardiol 2009;136:136-143[PMID:18620766 DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.04.048]
16 Berul CI,Cecchin F;American Heart Association;American College of Cardiology.Indications and techniques of pediatric cardiac pacing.Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2003;1:165-176[PMID:15030277DOI:10.1586/14779072.1.2.165]
17 Ponikowski P,Voors AA,Anker SD,Bueno H,Cleland JGF,Coats AJS,Falk V,González-Juanatey JR,Harjola VP,Jankowska EA,Jessup M,Linde C,Nihoyannopoulos P,Parissis JT,Pieske B,Riley JP,Rosano GMC,Ruilope LM,Ruschitzka F,Rutten FH,van der Meer P;ESC Scientific Document Group.2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure:The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association(HFA)of the ESC.Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129-2200[PMID:27206819 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128]
18 Janou?ek J,van Geldorp IE,Krupi?kováS,Rosenthal E,Nugent K,Tomaske M,Früh A,Elders J,Hiippala A,Kerst G,Gebauer RA,Kubu?P,Frias P,Gabbarini F,Clur SA,Nagel B,Ganame J,Papagiannis J,Marek J,Tisma-Dupanovic S,Tsao S,Nürnberg JH,Wren C,Friedberg M,de Guillebon M,Volaufova J,Prinzen FW,Delhaas T;Working Group for Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Pediatric Cardiology.Permanent cardiac pacing in children:choosing the optimal pacing site:a multicenter study.Circulation 2013;127:613-623[PMID:23275383 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115428]
19 van Geldorp IE,Delhaas T,Gebauer RA,Frias P,Tomaske M,Friedberg MK,Tisma-Dupanovic S,Elders J,Früh A,Gabbarini F,Kubus P,Illikova V,Tsao S,Blank AC,Hiippala A,Sluysmans T,Karpawich P,Clur SA,Ganame X,Collins KK,Dann G,Thambo JB,Trigo C,Nagel B,Papagiannis J,Rackowitz A,Marek J,Nürnberg JH,Vanagt WY,Prinzen FW,Janousek J;Working Group for Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology.Impact of the permanent ventricular pacing site on left ventricular function in children:a retrospective multicentre survey.Heart 2011;97:2051-2055[PMID:21917655 DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300197]
20 Cleland JG,Daubert JC,Erdmann E,Freemantle N,Gras D,Kappenberger L,Tavazzi L;Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure(CARE-HF)Study Investigators.The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure.N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539-1549[PMID:15753115 DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa050496]
21 Brignole M,Auricchio A,Baron-Esquivias G,Bordachar P,Boriani G,Breithardt OA,Cleland J,Deharo JC,Delgado V,Elliott PM,Gorenek B,Israel CW,Leclercq C,Linde C,Mont L,Padeletti L,Sutton R,Vardas PE,Zamorano JL,Achenbach S,Baumgartner H,Bax JJ,Bueno H,Dean V,Deaton C,Erol C,Fagard R,Ferrari R,Hasdai D,Hoes AW,Kirchhof P,Knuuti J,Kolh P,Lancellotti P,Linhart A,Nihoyannopoulos P,Piepoli MF,Ponikowski P,Sirnes PA,Tamargo JL,Tendera M,Torbicki A,Wijns W,Windecker S,Kirchhof P,Blomstrom-Lundqvist C,Badano LP,Aliyev F,B?nsch D,Baumgartner H,Bsata W,Buser P,Charron P,Daubert JC,Dobreanu D,Faerestrand S,Hasdai D,Hoes AW,Le Heuzey JY,Mavrakis H,McDonagh T,Merino JL,Nawar MM,Nielsen JC,Pieske B,Poposka L,Ruschitzka F,Tendera M,Van Gelder IC,Wilson CM;ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines(CPG);Document Reviewers.2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy:the Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC).Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association(EHRA).Eur Heart J 2013;34:2281-2329[PMID:23801822 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/eht150]
22 Epstein AE,DiMarco JP,Ellenbogen KA,Estes NA,Freedman RA,Gettes LS,Gillinov AM,Gregoratos G,Hammill SC,Hayes DL,Hlatky MA,Newby LK,Page RL,Schoenfeld MH,Silka MJ,Stevenson LW,Sweeney MO,Tracy CM,Epstein AE,Darbar D,DiMarco JP,Dunbar SB,Estes NA,Ferguson TB,Hammill SC,Karasik PE,Link MS,Marine JE,Schoenfeld MH,Shanker AJ,Silka MJ,Stevenson LW,Stevenson WG,Varosy PD;American College of Cardiology Foundation;American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines;Heart Rhythm Society.2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society.J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:e6-75[PMID:23265327 DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.007]
23 Stevenson WG,Hernandez AF,Carson PE,Fang JC,Katz SD,Spertus JA,Sweitzer NK,Tang WH,Albert NM,Butler J,Westlake Canary CA,Collins SP,Colvin-Adams M,Ezekowitz JA,Givertz MM,Hershberger RE,Rogers JG,Teerlink JR,Walsh MN,Stough WG,Starling RC;Heart Failure Society of America Guideline Committee.Indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy:2011 update from the Heart Failure Society of America Guideline Committee.J Card Fail 2012;18:94-106[PMID:22300776DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.12.004]
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