GPM降水产品评估研究综述
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摘要
从IMERG、DPR和水文模拟3方面综述了GPM降水产品的评估工作。GPM降水产品在复杂地形和高海拔地区均表现不佳,甚至出现不可靠的情况,还存在明显的季节差异性,主要表现为夏秋两季的表现较好,春冬两季表现相对较差。指出GPM对微量降水、固态降水和极端降水的观测还需进一步的完善,未来的卫星降水评估工作应从传感器层面上展开。
This paper reviews the assessments on global precipitation measurement( GPM) precipitation products from three aspects of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement( IMERG),dual-frequency precipitation radar( DPR) and hydrologic simulation. The results show that the performance of GPM precipitation products is poor or even unreliable in complex terrain and high elevation areas,and there are significant seasonal differences that the performances of GPM precipitation products are good in summer and autumn,while relatively poor in spring and winter. The author of this paper believed that the observation to drizzle,heavy rainfall and solid precipitation by GPM should be improved,and the future assessment on satellite precipitation products should be carried out at sensor level.
This paper reviews the assessments on global precipitation measurement( GPM) precipitation products from three aspects of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement( IMERG),dual-frequency precipitation radar( DPR) and hydrologic simulation. The results show that the performance of GPM precipitation products is poor or even unreliable in complex terrain and high elevation areas,and there are significant seasonal differences that the performances of GPM precipitation products are good in summer and autumn,while relatively poor in spring and winter. The author of this paper believed that the observation to drizzle,heavy rainfall and solid precipitation by GPM should be improved,and the future assessment on satellite precipitation products should be carried out at sensor level.
引文
[1]HOU A Y,KAKAR R K,NEECK S,et al. The global precipitation measurement mission[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2013,95(5):701-722.
[2] SKOFRONICK-JACKSON G,PETERSEN W A,BERG W,et al. The global precipitation measurement(GPM)Mission for Science and Society[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2017,98(8):1679-1695.
[3]夏军,石卫,王强,等.海绵城市建设中若干水文学问题的研讨[J].水资源保护,2017,33(1):1-8.(XIA Jun,SHI Wei,WANG Qiang,et al. Discussion of several hydrological issues regarding sponge city construction[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(1):1-8.(in Chinese))
[4]刘培,吴凯,许怡,等.中国大陆TRMM降水多尺度精度评价[J].水利水电科技进展,2018,38(3):42-47.(LIU Pei,WU Kai,XU Yi,et al. Multi-scale accuracy evaluation of TRMM precipitation data in mainland China[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2018,38(3):42-47.(in Chinese))
[5]GROISMAN P Y,LEGATES D R. Documenting and detecting long-term precipitation trends:where we are and what should be done[J]. Climatic Change,1995,31(2/3/4):601-622.
[6]KIDD C,BECKERR A,HUFFMAN G J,et al. So,how much of the Earth’s surface is covered by rain gauges?[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2017,98(1):69-78.
[7]刘元波,傅巧妮,宋平,等.卫星遥感反演降水研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(11):1162-1172.(LIU Yuanbo,FU Qiaoni,SONG Ping,et al. Satellite retrieval of precipitation:an overview[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(11):1162-1172.(in Chinese)
[8]刘俊,尹洋洋,沙晓军,等.下垫面要素变化对径流影响的多元统计分析[J].水资源保护,2016,32(2):41-43.(LIU Jun,YIN Yangyang,SHA Xiaojun, et al.Multivariate statistical analysis of influence of underlying surface change on runoff[J]. Water Resources Protection,2016,32(2):41-43.(in Chinese))
[9]唐国强,万玮,曾子悦,等.全球降水测量(GPM)计划及其最新进展综述[J].遥感技术与应用,2015,30(4):607-615.(TANG Guoqiang,WAN Wei,ZENG Ziyue,et al. An overview of the global precipitation measurement(GPM)mission and it’s latest development[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2015,30(4):607-615.(in Chinese))
[10]MAGGIONI V,MEYERS P C,ROBINSON M D. A review of merged high-resolution satellite precipitation product accuracy during the tropical rainfall measuring mission(TRMM)era[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(4):1101-1117.
[11] HUFFMAN G J,BOLVIN D T,NELKIN E J,et al. The TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis(TMPA):quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2007,8(1):38-55.
[12]JOYCE R J,JANOWIAK J E,ARKIN P A,et al.CMORPH:a method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2004,5(3):487-503.
[13]HSU K,GAO X,SOROOSHIAN S,et al. Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,1997,36(9):1176-1190.
[14]USHIO T,KACHI M. Satellite rainfall applications for surface hydrology[M]. Dordrecht,Netherlands:Springer,2010:105-123.
[15]YONG B,REN L,HONG Y,et al. First evaluation of the climatological calibration algorithm in the real-time TMPA precipitation estimates over two basins at high and low latitudes[J]. Water Resources Research,2013,49(5):2461-2472.
[16]YONG B,REN L L,HONG Y,et al. Hydrologic evaluation of multi-satellite precipitation analysis standard precipitation products in basins beyond its inclined latitude band:a case study in Laohahe Basin,China[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(7):759-768.
[17]YONG B,HONG Y,REN L L,et al. Assessment of evolving TRMM-based multi-satellite real-time precipitation estimation methods and their impacts on hydrologic prediction in a high latitude basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2012,117:1-21.
[18]GOURLEY J J,HONG Y,FLAMIG Z L,et al. Hydrologic evaluation of rainfall estimates from radar,satellite,gauge,and combinations on Ft. Cobb Basin,Oklahoma[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2011,12(5):973-988.
[19]GAO Y C,LIU M F. Evaluation of high-resolution satellite precipitation products using rain gauge observations over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,2013,17(2):837-849.
[20]HIERRO R,LLAMEDO P,DE LA T A,et al.Spatiotemporal structures of rainfall over the Amazon basin derived from TRMM data[J]. International Journal of Climatology,2016,36(3):1565-1574.
[21]田苗,李卫国.基于TRMM遥感数据的旱涝时空特征分析[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(5):252-257.(TIAN Miao,LI Weiguo. Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of drought and flood based on TRMM remote sensing data[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(5):252-257.(in Chinese))
[22] ZHAO Y,XIE Q,LU Y,et al. Hydrologic evaluation of TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis for Nanliu River Basin in humid southwestern China[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):2470.
[23] LI J,HSU K L,AGHAKOUCHAK A,et al. Object-based assessment of satellite precipitation products[J]. Remote Sensing,2016,8(7):547.
[24]TAN J,PETERSEN W A,Tokay A. A novel approach to identify sources of errors in IMERG for GPM ground validation[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(9):2477-2491.
[25] LIU Z. Comparison of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for GPM(IMERG)and TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis(TMPA)monthly precipitation products:initial results[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(3):777-790.
[26]金晓龙,邵华,张弛,等. GPM卫星降水数据在天山山区的适用性分析[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(12):2074-2085.(JIN Xiaolong,SHAO Hua,ZHANG Chi,et al. The applicability evaluation of three satellite products in Tianshan Mountains[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(12):2074-2085.(in Chinese))
[27] MA Y,TANG G,LONG D,et al. Similarity and error intercomparison of the GPM and its predecessor-TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis using the best available hourly gauge network over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Remote Sensing,2016,8(7):569.
[28]TANG G,MA Y,LONG D,et al. Evaluation of GPM Day-1IMERG and TMPA Version-7 legacy products over Mainland China at multiple spatiotemporal scales[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,533:152-167.
[29]GUO H,CHEN S,BAO A,et al. Early assessment of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement over China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2016,176/177:121-133.
[30]CHEN F,LI X. Evaluation of IMERG and TRMM 3B43monthly precipitation products over Mainland China[J].Remote Sensing,2016,8(6):472.
[31]PRAKASH S,MITRA A K,PAI D S,et al. From TRMM to GPM:how well can heavy rainfall be detected from space?[J]. Advances in Water Resources,2015,88:1-7.
[32]PRAKASH S,MITRA A K,AGHAKOUCHAK A,et al. A preliminary assessment of GPM-based multi-satellite precipitation estimates over a monsoon dominated region[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,556:865-876.
[33]KIM K,PARK J,BAIK J,et al. Evaluation of topographical and seasonal feature using GPM IMERG and TRMM 3B42over Far-East Asia[J]. Atmospheric Research,2017,187:95-105.
[34]MANZ B,PAEZ-BIMOS S,HORNA N,et al. Comparative ground validation of IMERG and TMPA at variable spatiotemporal scales in the Tropical Andes[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(9):2469-2489.
[35]SHARIFI E, STEINACKER R, SAGHAFIAN B.Assessment of GPM-IMERG and other precipitation products against gauge data under different topographic and climatic conditions in Iran:Preliminary Results[J].Remote Sensing,2016,8(2):135.
[36]GAONA M F R,OVEREEM A,LEIJNSE H,et al. Firstyear evaluation of GPM rainfall over the Netherlands:IMERG Day 1 Final Run(V03D)[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(11):2799-2814.
[37]ASONG Z E,RAZAVI S,WHEATER H S,et al.Evaluation of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for GPM(IMERG)over Southern Canada against ground precipitation observations:a preliminary assessment[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(4):1033-1050.
[38]TAN J,PETERSEN W A,KIRSTETTER P E,et al.Performance of IMERG as a function of spatiotemporal scale[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,18(2):307-319.
[39]SIUKIS K,SAGHAFIAN B,MOAZAMI. Comprehensive evaluation of 3-hourly TRMM and half-hourly GPMIMERG satellite precipitation products[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2017,38(2):558-571.
[40]SHARIFI E,STEINACKER R,SAGHAFIAN B. Hourly comparison of GPM-IMERG-final-run and IMERG-realtime(V-03)over a dense surface network in Northeastern Austria[C]//General Assembly Conference Abstracts.Vienna:Copernicus,2017:1949.
[41]TANG G,ZENG Z,LONG D,et al. Statistical and hydrological comparisons between TRMM and GPM Level-3 products over a midlatitude basin:is Day-1 IMERG a good successor for TMPA 3B42 V7?[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(1):121-137.
[42]WANG Z,ZHONG R,LAI C,et al. Evaluation of the GPM IMERG satellite-based precipitation products and the hydrological utility[J]. Atmospheric Research,2017,196:151-163.
[43]魏志明,岳官印,李家,等. GPM与TRMM降水数据在海河流域的精度对比研究[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):171-176.(WEI Zhiming,YUE Guanyin,LI Jia,et al. Comparision study on accuracies of precipitation data using GPM and TRMM product in Haihe River Basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(2):171-176.(in Chinese))
[44]SAHLU D,NIKOLOPOULOS E I,MOGES S A,et al. First evaluation of the Day-1 IMERG over the upper Blue Nile Basin[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(11):2875-2882.
[45]HE Z,YANG L,TIAN F,et al. Intercomparisons of rainfall estimates from TRMM and GPM multi-satellite products over the Upper Mekong River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(2):413-430.
[46]SPEIRS P,GABELLA M,BERNE A. A comparison between the GPM dual-frequency precipitation radar and ground-based radar precipitation rate estimates in the Swiss Alps and Plateau[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(5):1247-1269.
[47]CASELLA D,PANEGROSSI G,SANO P,et al. Evaluation of the GPM-DPR snowfall detection capability:comparison with Cloud Sat-CPR[J]. Atmospheric Research,2017,197:64-75.
[48]吴琼,仰美霖,窦芳丽. GPM双频降水测量雷达对降雪的探测能力分析[J].气象,2017,43(3):348-353.(WU Qiong,YANG Meilin,DOU Fangli. Study of GPM dualfrequency radar in detecting snow[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2017,43(3):348-353.(in Chinese))
[49]SHARIF H,AL-ZAHRANI M,HASSAN A. Physically,fully-distributed hydrologic simulations driven by GPM satellite rainfall over an urbanizing arid catchment in Saudi Arabia[J]. Water,2017,9(3):163.
[50]TANG G,ZENG Z,MA M,et al. Can near-real-time satellite precipitation products capture rainstorms and guide flood warning for the 2016 summer in South China?[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2017,14(8):1208-1212.
[51]ZUBIETA R,GETIRANA A,CARLO ESPINOZA J,et al.Hydrological modeling of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian Amazon Basin using GPM-IMERG satellite-based precipitation dataset[J]. Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,2017,21(7):1-21.
[52]YUAN F,ZHANG L,WIN K,et al. Assessment of GPM and TRMM multi-satellite precipitation products in streamflow simulations in a data-sparse mountainous watershed in Myanmar[J]. Remote Sensing,2017,9(3):302.
[2] SKOFRONICK-JACKSON G,PETERSEN W A,BERG W,et al. The global precipitation measurement(GPM)Mission for Science and Society[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2017,98(8):1679-1695.
[3]夏军,石卫,王强,等.海绵城市建设中若干水文学问题的研讨[J].水资源保护,2017,33(1):1-8.(XIA Jun,SHI Wei,WANG Qiang,et al. Discussion of several hydrological issues regarding sponge city construction[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(1):1-8.(in Chinese))
[4]刘培,吴凯,许怡,等.中国大陆TRMM降水多尺度精度评价[J].水利水电科技进展,2018,38(3):42-47.(LIU Pei,WU Kai,XU Yi,et al. Multi-scale accuracy evaluation of TRMM precipitation data in mainland China[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2018,38(3):42-47.(in Chinese))
[5]GROISMAN P Y,LEGATES D R. Documenting and detecting long-term precipitation trends:where we are and what should be done[J]. Climatic Change,1995,31(2/3/4):601-622.
[6]KIDD C,BECKERR A,HUFFMAN G J,et al. So,how much of the Earth’s surface is covered by rain gauges?[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2017,98(1):69-78.
[7]刘元波,傅巧妮,宋平,等.卫星遥感反演降水研究综述[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(11):1162-1172.(LIU Yuanbo,FU Qiaoni,SONG Ping,et al. Satellite retrieval of precipitation:an overview[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(11):1162-1172.(in Chinese)
[8]刘俊,尹洋洋,沙晓军,等.下垫面要素变化对径流影响的多元统计分析[J].水资源保护,2016,32(2):41-43.(LIU Jun,YIN Yangyang,SHA Xiaojun, et al.Multivariate statistical analysis of influence of underlying surface change on runoff[J]. Water Resources Protection,2016,32(2):41-43.(in Chinese))
[9]唐国强,万玮,曾子悦,等.全球降水测量(GPM)计划及其最新进展综述[J].遥感技术与应用,2015,30(4):607-615.(TANG Guoqiang,WAN Wei,ZENG Ziyue,et al. An overview of the global precipitation measurement(GPM)mission and it’s latest development[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2015,30(4):607-615.(in Chinese))
[10]MAGGIONI V,MEYERS P C,ROBINSON M D. A review of merged high-resolution satellite precipitation product accuracy during the tropical rainfall measuring mission(TRMM)era[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(4):1101-1117.
[11] HUFFMAN G J,BOLVIN D T,NELKIN E J,et al. The TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis(TMPA):quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2007,8(1):38-55.
[12]JOYCE R J,JANOWIAK J E,ARKIN P A,et al.CMORPH:a method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2004,5(3):487-503.
[13]HSU K,GAO X,SOROOSHIAN S,et al. Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,1997,36(9):1176-1190.
[14]USHIO T,KACHI M. Satellite rainfall applications for surface hydrology[M]. Dordrecht,Netherlands:Springer,2010:105-123.
[15]YONG B,REN L,HONG Y,et al. First evaluation of the climatological calibration algorithm in the real-time TMPA precipitation estimates over two basins at high and low latitudes[J]. Water Resources Research,2013,49(5):2461-2472.
[16]YONG B,REN L L,HONG Y,et al. Hydrologic evaluation of multi-satellite precipitation analysis standard precipitation products in basins beyond its inclined latitude band:a case study in Laohahe Basin,China[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(7):759-768.
[17]YONG B,HONG Y,REN L L,et al. Assessment of evolving TRMM-based multi-satellite real-time precipitation estimation methods and their impacts on hydrologic prediction in a high latitude basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2012,117:1-21.
[18]GOURLEY J J,HONG Y,FLAMIG Z L,et al. Hydrologic evaluation of rainfall estimates from radar,satellite,gauge,and combinations on Ft. Cobb Basin,Oklahoma[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2011,12(5):973-988.
[19]GAO Y C,LIU M F. Evaluation of high-resolution satellite precipitation products using rain gauge observations over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,2013,17(2):837-849.
[20]HIERRO R,LLAMEDO P,DE LA T A,et al.Spatiotemporal structures of rainfall over the Amazon basin derived from TRMM data[J]. International Journal of Climatology,2016,36(3):1565-1574.
[21]田苗,李卫国.基于TRMM遥感数据的旱涝时空特征分析[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(5):252-257.(TIAN Miao,LI Weiguo. Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of drought and flood based on TRMM remote sensing data[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(5):252-257.(in Chinese))
[22] ZHAO Y,XIE Q,LU Y,et al. Hydrologic evaluation of TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis for Nanliu River Basin in humid southwestern China[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):2470.
[23] LI J,HSU K L,AGHAKOUCHAK A,et al. Object-based assessment of satellite precipitation products[J]. Remote Sensing,2016,8(7):547.
[24]TAN J,PETERSEN W A,Tokay A. A novel approach to identify sources of errors in IMERG for GPM ground validation[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(9):2477-2491.
[25] LIU Z. Comparison of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for GPM(IMERG)and TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis(TMPA)monthly precipitation products:initial results[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(3):777-790.
[26]金晓龙,邵华,张弛,等. GPM卫星降水数据在天山山区的适用性分析[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(12):2074-2085.(JIN Xiaolong,SHAO Hua,ZHANG Chi,et al. The applicability evaluation of three satellite products in Tianshan Mountains[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(12):2074-2085.(in Chinese))
[27] MA Y,TANG G,LONG D,et al. Similarity and error intercomparison of the GPM and its predecessor-TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis using the best available hourly gauge network over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Remote Sensing,2016,8(7):569.
[28]TANG G,MA Y,LONG D,et al. Evaluation of GPM Day-1IMERG and TMPA Version-7 legacy products over Mainland China at multiple spatiotemporal scales[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,533:152-167.
[29]GUO H,CHEN S,BAO A,et al. Early assessment of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement over China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2016,176/177:121-133.
[30]CHEN F,LI X. Evaluation of IMERG and TRMM 3B43monthly precipitation products over Mainland China[J].Remote Sensing,2016,8(6):472.
[31]PRAKASH S,MITRA A K,PAI D S,et al. From TRMM to GPM:how well can heavy rainfall be detected from space?[J]. Advances in Water Resources,2015,88:1-7.
[32]PRAKASH S,MITRA A K,AGHAKOUCHAK A,et al. A preliminary assessment of GPM-based multi-satellite precipitation estimates over a monsoon dominated region[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,556:865-876.
[33]KIM K,PARK J,BAIK J,et al. Evaluation of topographical and seasonal feature using GPM IMERG and TRMM 3B42over Far-East Asia[J]. Atmospheric Research,2017,187:95-105.
[34]MANZ B,PAEZ-BIMOS S,HORNA N,et al. Comparative ground validation of IMERG and TMPA at variable spatiotemporal scales in the Tropical Andes[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(9):2469-2489.
[35]SHARIFI E, STEINACKER R, SAGHAFIAN B.Assessment of GPM-IMERG and other precipitation products against gauge data under different topographic and climatic conditions in Iran:Preliminary Results[J].Remote Sensing,2016,8(2):135.
[36]GAONA M F R,OVEREEM A,LEIJNSE H,et al. Firstyear evaluation of GPM rainfall over the Netherlands:IMERG Day 1 Final Run(V03D)[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(11):2799-2814.
[37]ASONG Z E,RAZAVI S,WHEATER H S,et al.Evaluation of integrated multi-satellite retrievals for GPM(IMERG)over Southern Canada against ground precipitation observations:a preliminary assessment[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(4):1033-1050.
[38]TAN J,PETERSEN W A,KIRSTETTER P E,et al.Performance of IMERG as a function of spatiotemporal scale[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,18(2):307-319.
[39]SIUKIS K,SAGHAFIAN B,MOAZAMI. Comprehensive evaluation of 3-hourly TRMM and half-hourly GPMIMERG satellite precipitation products[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2017,38(2):558-571.
[40]SHARIFI E,STEINACKER R,SAGHAFIAN B. Hourly comparison of GPM-IMERG-final-run and IMERG-realtime(V-03)over a dense surface network in Northeastern Austria[C]//General Assembly Conference Abstracts.Vienna:Copernicus,2017:1949.
[41]TANG G,ZENG Z,LONG D,et al. Statistical and hydrological comparisons between TRMM and GPM Level-3 products over a midlatitude basin:is Day-1 IMERG a good successor for TMPA 3B42 V7?[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(1):121-137.
[42]WANG Z,ZHONG R,LAI C,et al. Evaluation of the GPM IMERG satellite-based precipitation products and the hydrological utility[J]. Atmospheric Research,2017,196:151-163.
[43]魏志明,岳官印,李家,等. GPM与TRMM降水数据在海河流域的精度对比研究[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):171-176.(WEI Zhiming,YUE Guanyin,LI Jia,et al. Comparision study on accuracies of precipitation data using GPM and TRMM product in Haihe River Basin[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(2):171-176.(in Chinese))
[44]SAHLU D,NIKOLOPOULOS E I,MOGES S A,et al. First evaluation of the Day-1 IMERG over the upper Blue Nile Basin[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2016,17(11):2875-2882.
[45]HE Z,YANG L,TIAN F,et al. Intercomparisons of rainfall estimates from TRMM and GPM multi-satellite products over the Upper Mekong River Basin[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(2):413-430.
[46]SPEIRS P,GABELLA M,BERNE A. A comparison between the GPM dual-frequency precipitation radar and ground-based radar precipitation rate estimates in the Swiss Alps and Plateau[J]. Journal of Hydrometeorology,2017,18(5):1247-1269.
[47]CASELLA D,PANEGROSSI G,SANO P,et al. Evaluation of the GPM-DPR snowfall detection capability:comparison with Cloud Sat-CPR[J]. Atmospheric Research,2017,197:64-75.
[48]吴琼,仰美霖,窦芳丽. GPM双频降水测量雷达对降雪的探测能力分析[J].气象,2017,43(3):348-353.(WU Qiong,YANG Meilin,DOU Fangli. Study of GPM dualfrequency radar in detecting snow[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2017,43(3):348-353.(in Chinese))
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