补体系统与早产发生的研究进展
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摘要
早产是新生儿死亡的首位原因,研究早产发生的相关因素对预防和控制其发生有着重要意义。尽管早产的病因、预防及治疗已取得长足的进步,但早产的发病率仍居高不下,早产的防治依然是围产医学的一个重要难题。感染和(或)过度的全身或局部炎症是公认的早产发生的病理生理途径。宫内感染作为早产致病因素之一,其往往是由阴道微生态上行感染引起。然而治疗各种感染在降低早产风险方面效果有限,这表明尚有其他复杂机制可能与早产的发生有关。研究显示,炎症反应的关键介质——补体系统是一种天然免疫防御机制,其不仅可保护机体免受感染,而且在协调正常发育中起重要作用,同时与早产密切相关。探究补体系统与早产、微生态与补体标志物之间的关系,可为抑制补体过度激活进而防治早产这一潜在的干预策略提供理论基础。
Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant death. Studying the related factors of preterm birth is of great significance for preventing and controlling its occurrence. Although great progress has been made in the causes, prevention and treatment of preterm birth, its morbidity is still high, and how to prevent and deal with it is still an important problem in perinatal medicine. Infection and/or exaggerated systemic or local in-flammation are recognized as a pathophysiological pathway to preterm birth. Intrauterine infection, as one of the pathogenic factors of preterm birth, is often caused by the bacteria ascending from the vaginal micro-biome. However, the treatment of various infections has limited efficacy in reducing the risk of preterm birth,suggesting that other complex mechanisms may be involved in its development. Studies have shown that the key mediator of inflammatory responses, the complement system, is an innate defense component that not only protects the body from infection but also plays an important role in coordinating normal development,and is closely related to preterm birth. Exploring the relationships between the complement system and preterm birth, and between microecology and complement markers, can provide a theoretical basis for the potential intervention strategy to inhibit the overactivation of complements and to prevent preterm birth.
Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant death. Studying the related factors of preterm birth is of great significance for preventing and controlling its occurrence. Although great progress has been made in the causes, prevention and treatment of preterm birth, its morbidity is still high, and how to prevent and deal with it is still an important problem in perinatal medicine. Infection and/or exaggerated systemic or local in-flammation are recognized as a pathophysiological pathway to preterm birth. Intrauterine infection, as one of the pathogenic factors of preterm birth, is often caused by the bacteria ascending from the vaginal micro-biome. However, the treatment of various infections has limited efficacy in reducing the risk of preterm birth,suggesting that other complex mechanisms may be involved in its development. Studies have shown that the key mediator of inflammatory responses, the complement system, is an innate defense component that not only protects the body from infection but also plays an important role in coordinating normal development,and is closely related to preterm birth. Exploring the relationships between the complement system and preterm birth, and between microecology and complement markers, can provide a theoretical basis for the potential intervention strategy to inhibit the overactivation of complements and to prevent preterm birth.
引文
[1]GOLDENBERG R L,CULHANE J F,IAMS J D,et al.Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth[J].Lancet,2008,371(9606):75-84.
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[3]DIGIULIO D B.Diversity of microbes in amniotic fluid[J].Seminars in Fetal&Neonatal Medicine,2012,17(1):2-11.
[4]ROMERO R,GOMEZ R,CHAIWORAPONGSA T,et al.The role of infection in preterm labour and delivery[J].Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology,2001,1(2):41-56.
[5]AAGAARD K,MA J,ANTONY K M,et al.The placenta harbors a unique microbiome[J].Science Translational Medicine,2014,6(237):237-265.
[6]GOEPFERT A R,JEFFCOAT M K,ANDREWS W W,et al.Periodontal disease and upper genital tract inflammation in early spontaneous preterm birth[J].Obstetrics&Gynecology,2004,104(4):777-783.
[7]LYNCH A M,WAGNER B D,GICLAS P C,et al.The relationship of longitudinal levels of complement Bb during pregnancy with preeclampsia[J].American Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2016,75(2):104-111.
[8]MARKIEWSKI M M,LAMBRIS J D.The role of complement in inflammatory diseases from behind the scenes into the spotlight[J].The American Journal of Pathology,2007,171(3):715-727.
[9]GIRARDI G,BULLA R,SALMON J E,et al.The complement system in the pathophysiology of pregnancy[J].Molecular Immunology,2006,43(1-2):68-77.
[10]HAJISHENGALLIS G,MAEKAWA T,ABE T,et al.Complement involvement in periodontitis:molecular mechanisms and rational therapeutic approaches[J].Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,2015,865:57-74.
[11]LU K,KNUTSON C G,WISHNOK J S,et al.Serum metabolomics in a helicobacter hepaticus mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease reveal important changes in the microbiome,serum peptides,and intermediary metabolism[J].Journal of Proteome Research,2012,11(10):4916-4926.
[12]CHEHOUD C,RAFAIL S,TYLDSLEY A S,et al.Complement modulates the cutaneous microbiome and inflammatory milieu[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,2013,110(37):15061-15066.
[13]DOMENECH M,RAMOS-SEVILLANO E,GARCIA E,et al.Biofilm formation avoids complement immunity and phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae[J].Infection and Immunity,2013,81(7):2606-2615.
[14]GONZALEZ J M,FRANZKE C W,YANG F,et al.Complement activation triggers metalloproteinases release inducing cervical remodeling and preterm birth in mice[J].The American Journal of Pathology,2011,179(2):838-849.
[15]ROMERO R,GOTSCH F,PINELES B,et al.Inflammation in pregnancy:its roles in reproductive physiology,obstetrical complications,and fetal injury[J].Nutrition Reviews,2007,65(12):S194-S202.
[16]MOGENSEN T H.Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses[J].Clinical Microbiology Reviews,2009,22(2):240-273.
[17]LAWRENCE T.The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation[J].Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology,2009,1(6):a001651.
[18]JANEWAY C A,MEDZHITOV R.Innate immune recognition[J].Annual Review of Immunology,2002,20:197-216.
[19]BRADLEY J R.TNF-mediated inflammatory disease[J].The Journal of Pathology,2008,214(2):149-160.
[20]BOYLE A K,RINALDI S F,NORMAN J E,et al.Preterm birth:inflammation,fetal injury and treatment strategies[J].Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2017,119:62-66.
[21]GOMEZ-LOPEZ N,HERNANDEZ-SANTIAGO S,LOBB A P,et al.Normal and premature rupture of fetal membranes at term delivery differ in regional chemotactic activity and related chemokine/cytokine production[J].Reproductive Sciences,2013,20(3):276-284.
[22]YOUNG A,THOMSON A J,LEDINGHAM M,et al.Immunolocalization of proinflammatory cytokines in myometrium,cervix,and fetal membranes during human parturition at term[J].Biology of Reproduction,2002,66(2):445-449.
[23]NADEAU-VALLEE M,OBARI D,OBARI D,et al.A critical role of interleukin-1 in preterm labor[J].Cytokine&Growth Factor Reviews,2016,28:37-51.
[24]SHYNLOVA O,DOROGIN A,LI Y,et al.Inhibition of infection-mediated preterm birth by administration of broad spectrum chemokine inhibitor in mice[J].Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,2014,18(9):1816-1829.
[25]NIH HMP WORKING GROUP,PETERSON J,GARGES S,et al.The NIH Human Microbiome Project[J].Genome Research,2009,19(12):2317-2323.
[26]KAEWSRICHAN J,PEEYANANJARASSRI K,KONGPRA-SERTKIT J.Selection and identification of anaerobic lactobacilli producing inhibitory compounds against vaginal pathogens[J].FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology,2006,48(1):75-83.
[27]MCMILLAN A,RULISA S,SUMARAH M,et al.A multiplatform metabolomics approach identifies highly specific biomarkers of bacterial diversity in the vagina of pregnant and non-pregnant women[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14174.
[28]BASTEK J A,GOMEZ L M,ELOVITZ M A.The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth[J].Clinics in Perinatology,2011,38(3):385-406.
[29]CHU H,MAZMANIAN S K.Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis[J].Nature Immunology,2013,14(7):668-675.
[30]CRIBBY S,TAYLOR M,REID G.Vaginal microbiota and the use of probiotics[J].Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases,2008,2008:256490.
[31]RAVEL J,GAJER P,ABDO Z,et al.Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,2011,108(1):4680-4687.
[32]DUNN A B,DUNLOP A L,HOGUE C J,et al.The microbiome and complement activation:a mechanistic model for preterm birth[J].Biological Research for Nursing,2017,19(3):295-307.
[33]AAGAARD K,RIEHLE K,MA J,et al.A metagenomic approach to characterization of the vaginal microbiome signature in pregnancy[J].PLo S One,2012,7(6):e36466.
[34]VITALI B,CRUCIANI F,BALDASSARRE M E,et al.Dietary supplementation with probiotics during late pregnancy:outcome on vaginal microbiota and cytokine secretion[J].Bio Med Central Microbiology,2012,12:236.
[35]REGAL J F,GILBERT J S,BURWICK R M.The complement system and adverse pregnancy outcomes[J].Molecular Immunology,2015,67(1):56-70.
[36]DENNY K J,WOODRUFF T M,TAYLOR S M,et al.Complement in pregnancy:a delicate balance[J].American Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2013,69(1):3-11.
[37]SARMA J V,WARD P A.The complement system[J].Cell and Tissue Research,2011,343(1):227-235.
[38]RICHANI K,SOTO E,ROMERO R,et al.Normal pregnancy is characterized by systemic activation of the complement system[J].Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine,2005,17(4):239-245.
[39]BULLA R,AGOSTINIS C,BOSSI F,et al.Decidual endothelial cells express surface-bound C1q as a molecular bridge between endovascular trophoblast and decidual endothelium[J].Molecular Immunology,2008,45(9):2629-2640.
[40]SINGH J,AHMED A,GIRARDI G.Role of complement component C1q in the onset of preeclampsia in mice[J].Hypertension,2011,58:716-724.
[41]LEE Y L,CHEONG A W,CHOW W N,et al.Regulation of complement-3 protein expression in human and mouse oviducts[J].Molecular Reproduction and Development,2009,76(3):301-308.
[42]MOHLIN F C,MERCIER E,FREMEAUX-BACCHI V.Analysis of genes coding for CD46,CD55,and C4b-binding protein in patients with idiopathic,recurrent,spontaneous pregnancy loss[J].European Journal of Immunology,2013,43:1617-1629.
[43]COHN A C,MACNEIL J R,CLARK T A,et al.Prevention and control of meningococcal disease:recommendations of the advisory committee onimmunization practices(ACIP)[J].MMWRRecommendations and Reports,2013,62(2):1-28.
[44]HALLSTENSEN R F,BERGSETH G,FOSS S,et al.Eculizumab treatment during pregnancy does not affect the complement system activity of the newborn[J].Immunobiology,2015,220(4):452-459.
[45]BURWICK R M,BURWICK N R,FEINBERG B B.Eculizumab fails to inhibit generation of C5a in vivo[J].Blood,2014,124:3502-3503.
[46]AGOSTINIS C,DURIGUTTO P,SBLATTERO D,et al.A noncomplement-fixing antibody to beta2 glycoprotein I as a novel therapy for antiphospholipid syndrome[J].Blood,2014,123:3478-3487.
[47]GONZALEZ J M,PEDRONI S M,GIRARDI G.Statins prevent cervical remodeling,myometrial contractions and preterm labor through a mechanism that involves hemoxygenase-1 and complement inhibition[J].Molecular Human Reproduction,2014,20(6):579-589.
[48]DENNY K J,COULTHARD L G,MANTOVANI S,et al.The role of C5a receptor signaling in endotoxin-induced miscarriage and preterm birth[J].American Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2015,74(2):148-155.
[49]GIRARDI G.Complement activation,a threat to pregnancy[J].Seminars in Immunopathology,2018,40(1):103-111.
[50]GIRARDI G,FRASER J,LENNEN R,et al.Imaging of activated complement using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles(USPIO)-conjugated vectors:an in vivo in utero non-invasive method to predict placental insufficiency and abnormal fetal brain development[J].Molecular Psychiatry,2015,20(8):1017-1026.
[51]LYNCH A M,GIBBS R S,MURPHY J R,et al.Complement activation fragment Bb in early pregnancy and spontaneous preterm birth[J].American Journal of Obstetrics&Gynecology,2008,199(4):351-358.
[52]MCELROY J J,GUTMAN C E,SHAFFER C M,et al.Maternal coding variants in complement receptor 1 and spontaneous idiopathic preterm birth[J].Human Genetics,2013,132:935-942.
[53]SOTO E,ROMERO R,RICHANI K,et al.Evidence for complement activation in the amniotic fluid of women with spontaneous preterm labor and intra-amniotic infection[J].The Journal of Maternal-Fetal&Neonatal Medicine,2009,22(11):983-992.
[54]PACHECO L D,HANKINS G D,COSTANTINE M M,et al.The role of human decay-accelerating factor in the pathogenesis of preterm labor[J].American Journal of Perinatology,2011,28:565-570.
[55]PRATAP S,BROWN L E,IZBAN M G,et al.Accurate preterm labor diagnosis using a CD55-TLR4 combination biomarker model[J].Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering,2013,6:253-257.
[2]GONCALVES L F,CHAIWORAPONGSA T,ROMERO R.Intrauterine infection and prematurity[J].Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,2002,8(1):3-13.
[3]DIGIULIO D B.Diversity of microbes in amniotic fluid[J].Seminars in Fetal&Neonatal Medicine,2012,17(1):2-11.
[4]ROMERO R,GOMEZ R,CHAIWORAPONGSA T,et al.The role of infection in preterm labour and delivery[J].Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology,2001,1(2):41-56.
[5]AAGAARD K,MA J,ANTONY K M,et al.The placenta harbors a unique microbiome[J].Science Translational Medicine,2014,6(237):237-265.
[6]GOEPFERT A R,JEFFCOAT M K,ANDREWS W W,et al.Periodontal disease and upper genital tract inflammation in early spontaneous preterm birth[J].Obstetrics&Gynecology,2004,104(4):777-783.
[7]LYNCH A M,WAGNER B D,GICLAS P C,et al.The relationship of longitudinal levels of complement Bb during pregnancy with preeclampsia[J].American Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2016,75(2):104-111.
[8]MARKIEWSKI M M,LAMBRIS J D.The role of complement in inflammatory diseases from behind the scenes into the spotlight[J].The American Journal of Pathology,2007,171(3):715-727.
[9]GIRARDI G,BULLA R,SALMON J E,et al.The complement system in the pathophysiology of pregnancy[J].Molecular Immunology,2006,43(1-2):68-77.
[10]HAJISHENGALLIS G,MAEKAWA T,ABE T,et al.Complement involvement in periodontitis:molecular mechanisms and rational therapeutic approaches[J].Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,2015,865:57-74.
[11]LU K,KNUTSON C G,WISHNOK J S,et al.Serum metabolomics in a helicobacter hepaticus mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease reveal important changes in the microbiome,serum peptides,and intermediary metabolism[J].Journal of Proteome Research,2012,11(10):4916-4926.
[12]CHEHOUD C,RAFAIL S,TYLDSLEY A S,et al.Complement modulates the cutaneous microbiome and inflammatory milieu[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,2013,110(37):15061-15066.
[13]DOMENECH M,RAMOS-SEVILLANO E,GARCIA E,et al.Biofilm formation avoids complement immunity and phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae[J].Infection and Immunity,2013,81(7):2606-2615.
[14]GONZALEZ J M,FRANZKE C W,YANG F,et al.Complement activation triggers metalloproteinases release inducing cervical remodeling and preterm birth in mice[J].The American Journal of Pathology,2011,179(2):838-849.
[15]ROMERO R,GOTSCH F,PINELES B,et al.Inflammation in pregnancy:its roles in reproductive physiology,obstetrical complications,and fetal injury[J].Nutrition Reviews,2007,65(12):S194-S202.
[16]MOGENSEN T H.Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses[J].Clinical Microbiology Reviews,2009,22(2):240-273.
[17]LAWRENCE T.The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation[J].Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology,2009,1(6):a001651.
[18]JANEWAY C A,MEDZHITOV R.Innate immune recognition[J].Annual Review of Immunology,2002,20:197-216.
[19]BRADLEY J R.TNF-mediated inflammatory disease[J].The Journal of Pathology,2008,214(2):149-160.
[20]BOYLE A K,RINALDI S F,NORMAN J E,et al.Preterm birth:inflammation,fetal injury and treatment strategies[J].Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2017,119:62-66.
[21]GOMEZ-LOPEZ N,HERNANDEZ-SANTIAGO S,LOBB A P,et al.Normal and premature rupture of fetal membranes at term delivery differ in regional chemotactic activity and related chemokine/cytokine production[J].Reproductive Sciences,2013,20(3):276-284.
[22]YOUNG A,THOMSON A J,LEDINGHAM M,et al.Immunolocalization of proinflammatory cytokines in myometrium,cervix,and fetal membranes during human parturition at term[J].Biology of Reproduction,2002,66(2):445-449.
[23]NADEAU-VALLEE M,OBARI D,OBARI D,et al.A critical role of interleukin-1 in preterm labor[J].Cytokine&Growth Factor Reviews,2016,28:37-51.
[24]SHYNLOVA O,DOROGIN A,LI Y,et al.Inhibition of infection-mediated preterm birth by administration of broad spectrum chemokine inhibitor in mice[J].Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,2014,18(9):1816-1829.
[25]NIH HMP WORKING GROUP,PETERSON J,GARGES S,et al.The NIH Human Microbiome Project[J].Genome Research,2009,19(12):2317-2323.
[26]KAEWSRICHAN J,PEEYANANJARASSRI K,KONGPRA-SERTKIT J.Selection and identification of anaerobic lactobacilli producing inhibitory compounds against vaginal pathogens[J].FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology,2006,48(1):75-83.
[27]MCMILLAN A,RULISA S,SUMARAH M,et al.A multiplatform metabolomics approach identifies highly specific biomarkers of bacterial diversity in the vagina of pregnant and non-pregnant women[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14174.
[28]BASTEK J A,GOMEZ L M,ELOVITZ M A.The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth[J].Clinics in Perinatology,2011,38(3):385-406.
[29]CHU H,MAZMANIAN S K.Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis[J].Nature Immunology,2013,14(7):668-675.
[30]CRIBBY S,TAYLOR M,REID G.Vaginal microbiota and the use of probiotics[J].Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases,2008,2008:256490.
[31]RAVEL J,GAJER P,ABDO Z,et al.Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,2011,108(1):4680-4687.
[32]DUNN A B,DUNLOP A L,HOGUE C J,et al.The microbiome and complement activation:a mechanistic model for preterm birth[J].Biological Research for Nursing,2017,19(3):295-307.
[33]AAGAARD K,RIEHLE K,MA J,et al.A metagenomic approach to characterization of the vaginal microbiome signature in pregnancy[J].PLo S One,2012,7(6):e36466.
[34]VITALI B,CRUCIANI F,BALDASSARRE M E,et al.Dietary supplementation with probiotics during late pregnancy:outcome on vaginal microbiota and cytokine secretion[J].Bio Med Central Microbiology,2012,12:236.
[35]REGAL J F,GILBERT J S,BURWICK R M.The complement system and adverse pregnancy outcomes[J].Molecular Immunology,2015,67(1):56-70.
[36]DENNY K J,WOODRUFF T M,TAYLOR S M,et al.Complement in pregnancy:a delicate balance[J].American Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2013,69(1):3-11.
[37]SARMA J V,WARD P A.The complement system[J].Cell and Tissue Research,2011,343(1):227-235.
[38]RICHANI K,SOTO E,ROMERO R,et al.Normal pregnancy is characterized by systemic activation of the complement system[J].Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine,2005,17(4):239-245.
[39]BULLA R,AGOSTINIS C,BOSSI F,et al.Decidual endothelial cells express surface-bound C1q as a molecular bridge between endovascular trophoblast and decidual endothelium[J].Molecular Immunology,2008,45(9):2629-2640.
[40]SINGH J,AHMED A,GIRARDI G.Role of complement component C1q in the onset of preeclampsia in mice[J].Hypertension,2011,58:716-724.
[41]LEE Y L,CHEONG A W,CHOW W N,et al.Regulation of complement-3 protein expression in human and mouse oviducts[J].Molecular Reproduction and Development,2009,76(3):301-308.
[42]MOHLIN F C,MERCIER E,FREMEAUX-BACCHI V.Analysis of genes coding for CD46,CD55,and C4b-binding protein in patients with idiopathic,recurrent,spontaneous pregnancy loss[J].European Journal of Immunology,2013,43:1617-1629.
[43]COHN A C,MACNEIL J R,CLARK T A,et al.Prevention and control of meningococcal disease:recommendations of the advisory committee onimmunization practices(ACIP)[J].MMWRRecommendations and Reports,2013,62(2):1-28.
[44]HALLSTENSEN R F,BERGSETH G,FOSS S,et al.Eculizumab treatment during pregnancy does not affect the complement system activity of the newborn[J].Immunobiology,2015,220(4):452-459.
[45]BURWICK R M,BURWICK N R,FEINBERG B B.Eculizumab fails to inhibit generation of C5a in vivo[J].Blood,2014,124:3502-3503.
[46]AGOSTINIS C,DURIGUTTO P,SBLATTERO D,et al.A noncomplement-fixing antibody to beta2 glycoprotein I as a novel therapy for antiphospholipid syndrome[J].Blood,2014,123:3478-3487.
[47]GONZALEZ J M,PEDRONI S M,GIRARDI G.Statins prevent cervical remodeling,myometrial contractions and preterm labor through a mechanism that involves hemoxygenase-1 and complement inhibition[J].Molecular Human Reproduction,2014,20(6):579-589.
[48]DENNY K J,COULTHARD L G,MANTOVANI S,et al.The role of C5a receptor signaling in endotoxin-induced miscarriage and preterm birth[J].American Journal of Reproductive Immunology,2015,74(2):148-155.
[49]GIRARDI G.Complement activation,a threat to pregnancy[J].Seminars in Immunopathology,2018,40(1):103-111.
[50]GIRARDI G,FRASER J,LENNEN R,et al.Imaging of activated complement using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles(USPIO)-conjugated vectors:an in vivo in utero non-invasive method to predict placental insufficiency and abnormal fetal brain development[J].Molecular Psychiatry,2015,20(8):1017-1026.
[51]LYNCH A M,GIBBS R S,MURPHY J R,et al.Complement activation fragment Bb in early pregnancy and spontaneous preterm birth[J].American Journal of Obstetrics&Gynecology,2008,199(4):351-358.
[52]MCELROY J J,GUTMAN C E,SHAFFER C M,et al.Maternal coding variants in complement receptor 1 and spontaneous idiopathic preterm birth[J].Human Genetics,2013,132:935-942.
[53]SOTO E,ROMERO R,RICHANI K,et al.Evidence for complement activation in the amniotic fluid of women with spontaneous preterm labor and intra-amniotic infection[J].The Journal of Maternal-Fetal&Neonatal Medicine,2009,22(11):983-992.
[54]PACHECO L D,HANKINS G D,COSTANTINE M M,et al.The role of human decay-accelerating factor in the pathogenesis of preterm labor[J].American Journal of Perinatology,2011,28:565-570.
[55]PRATAP S,BROWN L E,IZBAN M G,et al.Accurate preterm labor diagnosis using a CD55-TLR4 combination biomarker model[J].Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering,2013,6:253-257.