不同梗丝微观结构和燃烧特性差异及其对卷烟的影响
|
摘要
为比较盘磨梗丝和切梗梗丝的差异,采用扫描电镜仪和压汞仪表征了梗丝微观结构,利用锥形量热仪研究了梗丝燃烧特性,并考察了两种梗丝对卷烟物理参数和常规烟气成分的影响。结果表明:(1)盘磨梗丝呈纤维状,有细长的管道结构;切梗梗丝呈片状,有20~60μm大孔。(2)盘磨梗丝的比孔容、孔面积、孔隙率和最可几孔径均小于切梗梗丝。(3)在快速燃烧初期,盘磨梗丝热量、CO2、CO的释放速率及CO生成量/烟气生成量比值低于切梗梗丝,但烟气释放速率则高于切梗梗丝;在整个燃烧过程中,盘磨梗丝比切梗梗丝释放更多的热量、CO2和CO,以及更少的烟气。(4)在梗丝添加量为20%的条件下,与切梗梗丝卷烟相比,盘磨梗丝卷烟的吸阻和通风度降低,硬度升高,CO/焦油比值降低0.12,CO释放量选择性降低12.7百分点。盘磨梗丝的微观结构和燃烧特性与切梗梗丝存在明显差异,盘磨梗丝卷烟比切梗梗丝卷烟具有更低的CO释放量和CO/焦油比值。
In order to compare the differences between shredded stem(SS) and cut stem(CS),the microstructure of SS and CS were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimeter.The combustion characteristics of the two types of tobacco stems were studied by a cone calorimeter.The influences of the two types of stems on cigarette's physical parameters and mainstream smoke were also investigated.The results showed that:1) SS was fiber-like and had a few slim holes,while CS was slice-like and featured macropore of 20-60 μm.2) The specific pore volume,pore area,porosity and the most probable pore size of SS were smaller than those of CS.3) At the early stage of combustion,the release rates of heat,CO2,CO and the ratio between deliveries of CO and smoke of SS were lower than those of CS.However,the release rate of total smoke was the opposite.In the whole process of combustion,SS delivered more heat,CO2,CO and less smoke than CS did.4) At the addition rate of 20% in cigarette blend,comparing with cigarette containing CS,the draw resistance and ventilation rate were lower,the hardness was higher,CO/tar ratio decreased by 0.12,and CO delivery was selectively reduced by 12.7 percentage points for cigarette containing SS.In summary,there were obvious differences in microstructure and combustion characteristics between SS and CS,and the CO delivery and CO/tar ratio of cigarette containing SS were lower than those of cigarette containing CS.
In order to compare the differences between shredded stem(SS) and cut stem(CS),the microstructure of SS and CS were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimeter.The combustion characteristics of the two types of tobacco stems were studied by a cone calorimeter.The influences of the two types of stems on cigarette's physical parameters and mainstream smoke were also investigated.The results showed that:1) SS was fiber-like and had a few slim holes,while CS was slice-like and featured macropore of 20-60 μm.2) The specific pore volume,pore area,porosity and the most probable pore size of SS were smaller than those of CS.3) At the early stage of combustion,the release rates of heat,CO2,CO and the ratio between deliveries of CO and smoke of SS were lower than those of CS.However,the release rate of total smoke was the opposite.In the whole process of combustion,SS delivered more heat,CO2,CO and less smoke than CS did.4) At the addition rate of 20% in cigarette blend,comparing with cigarette containing CS,the draw resistance and ventilation rate were lower,the hardness was higher,CO/tar ratio decreased by 0.12,and CO delivery was selectively reduced by 12.7 percentage points for cigarette containing SS.In summary,there were obvious differences in microstructure and combustion characteristics between SS and CS,and the CO delivery and CO/tar ratio of cigarette containing SS were lower than those of cigarette containing CS.
引文
[1]彭斌,李旭华,赵乐,等.“三丝”掺兑量对卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响[J].烟草科技,2011(11):40-43.PENG Bin,LI Xuhua,ZHAO Le,et al.Effects of expanded cut stem,expanded cut tobacco and reconstituted tobacco inclusion on deliveries of harmful components in mainstream cigarette smoke[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2011(11):40-43.
[2]金哲,朴永革,黄树永,等.3种梗丝不同掺配比例对卷烟质量的影响[J].烟草科技,2012(12):5-8,21.JIN Zhe,PIAO Yongge,HUANG Shuyong,et al.Effects of blending proportions of three kinds of cut stems on cigarette quality[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2012(12):5-8,21.
[3]陈帅伟,胡苏林,崔宁,等.“三丝”掺配比例对卷烟理化指标的影响研究[J].西南农业学报,2015,28(6):2742-2745.CHEN Shuaiwei,HU Sulin,CUI Ning,et al.Effects of‘three kinds of wires’blending ratio on cigarette physical and chemical indicators[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,28(6):2742-2745.
[4]Fezekas G.Shredding—a novel technology for the processing of tobacco stems which alters cigarette properties[J].Beitr ge zur Tabakforschung International,1986,13(4):205-214.
[5]Brian N D.Processing tobacco leaf stem:EP0539064A[P].1992-10-09.
[6]Brackmann W A,Snaidr S M.Formation of tobacco material blend:US4567903[P].1982-11-09.
[7]Jewell J N.Tobacco treating process:US4582070[P].1983-04-07.
[8]Jewell J N,Korte K R,Marshall R H,et al.Tobacco treating process:US4706691[P].1986-04-14.
[9]FAN Hongmei,TAN Haifeng,YU Saibo,et al.Influences of shredded stem on cigarette mainstream smoke and cigarette physical properties[J]Tobacco Science&Technology,2015,48(S1):99-105.
[10]金勇,谭海风,范红梅,等.盘磨梗丝对卷烟烟气成分和烟支性能的影响及其应用研究[C]//中国烟草学会2015年度优秀论文汇编.北京:中国烟草学会,2015.JIN Yong,TAN Haifeng,FAN Hongmei,et al.Influences of shredded stems on cigarette physical properties and components in cigarette mainstream smoke and their application[C]//2015 Excellent papers compilation of China Tobacco Society.Beijing:China Tobacco Society,2015.
[11]尚妍,刘晓华,穆林.生物质CHNS含量测定影响因素的实验研究[J].实验室科学,2016,19(1):14-17.SHANG Yan,LIU Xiaohua,MU Lin.Experiment study on the influencing factors in the examination process of biomass energy CHNS[J].Laboratory Science,2016,19(1):14-17.
[12]YC/T 217—2007烟草及烟草制品钾的测定连续流动法[S].YC/T 217—2007 Tobacco and tobacco products—Determination of potassium—Continuous flow method[S].
[13]YC/T 162—2011烟草及烟草制品氯的测定连续流动法[S].YC/T 162—2011 Tobacco and tobacco products—Determination of chloride—Continuous flow method[S].
[14]GB/T 2677.10—1995造纸原料综纤维素含量的测定[S].GB/T 2677.10—1995 Fibrous raw material—Determination of holocellulose[S].
[15]GB/T 2677.8—1994造纸原料酸不溶木素含量的测定[S].GB/T 2677.8—1994 Fibrous raw material—Determination of acid-insoluble lignin[S].
[16]GB/T 2677.9—1994造纸原料多戊糖含量的测定[S].GB/T 2677.9—1994 Fibrous raw material—Determination of pentosan[S].
[17]王林风,程远超.硝酸乙醇法测定纤维素含量[J].化学研究,2011,22(4):52-55,71.WANG Linfeng,CHENG Yuanchao.Determination the content of cellulose by nitric acid-ethanol method[J].Chemical Research,2011,22(4):52-55,71.
[18]GB/T 19609—2004卷烟用常规分析用吸烟机测定总粒相物和焦油[S].GB/T 19609—2004 Cigarette—Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine[S].
[19]GB/T 23203.1—2008卷烟总粒相物中水分的测定第1部分:气相色谱法[S].GB/T 23203.1—2008 Cigarettes—Determination of water in smoke condensates—Part 1:Gas-chromatographic method[S].
[20]GB/T 23355—2009卷烟总粒相物中烟碱的测定气相色谱法[S].GB/T 23355—2009 Cigarettes—Determination of nicotine in smoke condensates—Gas-chromatographic method[S].
[21]GB/T 23356—2009卷烟烟气气相中一氧化碳的测定非散射红外法[S].GB/T 23356—2009 Cigarettes—Determination of carbon monoxide in the vapour phase of cigarette smoke—NDIR method[S].
[22]吕金阳,罗建举.扫描电镜下降香黄檀木材构造的研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(4):108-113,117.LüJinyang,LUO Jianju.Study on wood structure of Dalbergia odorifera by scanning electron microscope[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2014,34(4):108-113,117.
[23]申卫博,张云,汪自庆,等.木材制备生物炭的孔结构分析[J].中国粉体技术,2015,21(2):24-27,31.SHEN Weibo,ZHANG Yun,WANG Ziqing,et al.Pore structure analysis of biochars prepared by wood[J].China Powder Science and Technology,2015,21(2):24-27,31.
[24]付丽华,张瑞芳,石龙.基于锥形量热仪实验的卷烟及其包装材料燃烧特性研究[J].火灾科学,2009,18(1):20-25.FU Lihua,ZHANG Ruifang,SHI Long.Experimental research on fire behavior of cigarettes and its packing materials using cone calorimeter[J].Fire Safety Science,2009,18(1):20-25.
[25]王程辉,周顺,徐迎波,等.再造烟叶丝、膨胀烟丝和膨胀梗丝的燃烧特性[J].烟草科技,2013(1):5-9.WANG Chenghui,ZHOU Shun,XU Yingbo,et al.Combustion characters of cut reconstituted tobacco,expanded cut tobacco and expanded cut stem[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2013(1):5-9.
[26]ISO5660-1:2002 Reaction-to-fire-tests—Heat release,smoke production and mass loss rate—Part 1:Heat release rate(cone calorimeter method)[S].
[27]ISO5660-2:2002 Reaction-to-fire-tests—Heat release,smoke production and mass loss rate—Part 2:Smoke production rate(dynamic measurement)[S].
[28]谢国勇,李斌,银董红,等.卷烟燃吸温度分布与主流烟气中7种有害成分释放量的关系[J].烟草科技,2013(11):67-72.XIE Guoyong,LI Bin,YIN Donghong,et al.Correlation of temperature distribution in burning cone of cigarette with deliveries of seven harmful components in mainstream cigarette smoke[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2013(11):67-72.
[29]秦国鑫,李斌,鲁端峰,等.烟草生物质燃烧特性与机理研究[J].烟草科技,2015,48(1):76-81.QIN Guoxin,LI Bin,LU Duanfeng,et al.Combustion property and mechanism of tobacco biomass[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2015,48(1):76-81.
[30]鞠琳.黑龙江省主要树种燃烧性能研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2009.JU Lin.Study on combustibility of several main tree species in Heilongjiang Province[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2009.
[31]杨松,聂聪,孙学辉,等.聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯互通多孔材料选择性降低卷烟烟气中的苯酚[J].烟草科技,2012(8):44-48.YANG Song,NIE Cong,SUN Xuehui,et al.Interconnected porous material of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)for selectively reducing phenol in cigarette smoke[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2012(8):44-48.
[32]谢兰英,钟科军,刘琦,等.纤维素纸沟槽滤嘴选择性降低卷烟烟气中有害成分[J].烟草科技,2017,50(5):45-52.XIE Lanying,ZHONG Kejun,LIU Qi,et al.Selectively reducing harmful components in mainstream cigarette smoke with grooved cellulose paper filter[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2017,50(5):45-52.
[2]金哲,朴永革,黄树永,等.3种梗丝不同掺配比例对卷烟质量的影响[J].烟草科技,2012(12):5-8,21.JIN Zhe,PIAO Yongge,HUANG Shuyong,et al.Effects of blending proportions of three kinds of cut stems on cigarette quality[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2012(12):5-8,21.
[3]陈帅伟,胡苏林,崔宁,等.“三丝”掺配比例对卷烟理化指标的影响研究[J].西南农业学报,2015,28(6):2742-2745.CHEN Shuaiwei,HU Sulin,CUI Ning,et al.Effects of‘three kinds of wires’blending ratio on cigarette physical and chemical indicators[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2015,28(6):2742-2745.
[4]Fezekas G.Shredding—a novel technology for the processing of tobacco stems which alters cigarette properties[J].Beitr ge zur Tabakforschung International,1986,13(4):205-214.
[5]Brian N D.Processing tobacco leaf stem:EP0539064A[P].1992-10-09.
[6]Brackmann W A,Snaidr S M.Formation of tobacco material blend:US4567903[P].1982-11-09.
[7]Jewell J N.Tobacco treating process:US4582070[P].1983-04-07.
[8]Jewell J N,Korte K R,Marshall R H,et al.Tobacco treating process:US4706691[P].1986-04-14.
[9]FAN Hongmei,TAN Haifeng,YU Saibo,et al.Influences of shredded stem on cigarette mainstream smoke and cigarette physical properties[J]Tobacco Science&Technology,2015,48(S1):99-105.
[10]金勇,谭海风,范红梅,等.盘磨梗丝对卷烟烟气成分和烟支性能的影响及其应用研究[C]//中国烟草学会2015年度优秀论文汇编.北京:中国烟草学会,2015.JIN Yong,TAN Haifeng,FAN Hongmei,et al.Influences of shredded stems on cigarette physical properties and components in cigarette mainstream smoke and their application[C]//2015 Excellent papers compilation of China Tobacco Society.Beijing:China Tobacco Society,2015.
[11]尚妍,刘晓华,穆林.生物质CHNS含量测定影响因素的实验研究[J].实验室科学,2016,19(1):14-17.SHANG Yan,LIU Xiaohua,MU Lin.Experiment study on the influencing factors in the examination process of biomass energy CHNS[J].Laboratory Science,2016,19(1):14-17.
[12]YC/T 217—2007烟草及烟草制品钾的测定连续流动法[S].YC/T 217—2007 Tobacco and tobacco products—Determination of potassium—Continuous flow method[S].
[13]YC/T 162—2011烟草及烟草制品氯的测定连续流动法[S].YC/T 162—2011 Tobacco and tobacco products—Determination of chloride—Continuous flow method[S].
[14]GB/T 2677.10—1995造纸原料综纤维素含量的测定[S].GB/T 2677.10—1995 Fibrous raw material—Determination of holocellulose[S].
[15]GB/T 2677.8—1994造纸原料酸不溶木素含量的测定[S].GB/T 2677.8—1994 Fibrous raw material—Determination of acid-insoluble lignin[S].
[16]GB/T 2677.9—1994造纸原料多戊糖含量的测定[S].GB/T 2677.9—1994 Fibrous raw material—Determination of pentosan[S].
[17]王林风,程远超.硝酸乙醇法测定纤维素含量[J].化学研究,2011,22(4):52-55,71.WANG Linfeng,CHENG Yuanchao.Determination the content of cellulose by nitric acid-ethanol method[J].Chemical Research,2011,22(4):52-55,71.
[18]GB/T 19609—2004卷烟用常规分析用吸烟机测定总粒相物和焦油[S].GB/T 19609—2004 Cigarette—Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine[S].
[19]GB/T 23203.1—2008卷烟总粒相物中水分的测定第1部分:气相色谱法[S].GB/T 23203.1—2008 Cigarettes—Determination of water in smoke condensates—Part 1:Gas-chromatographic method[S].
[20]GB/T 23355—2009卷烟总粒相物中烟碱的测定气相色谱法[S].GB/T 23355—2009 Cigarettes—Determination of nicotine in smoke condensates—Gas-chromatographic method[S].
[21]GB/T 23356—2009卷烟烟气气相中一氧化碳的测定非散射红外法[S].GB/T 23356—2009 Cigarettes—Determination of carbon monoxide in the vapour phase of cigarette smoke—NDIR method[S].
[22]吕金阳,罗建举.扫描电镜下降香黄檀木材构造的研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014,34(4):108-113,117.LüJinyang,LUO Jianju.Study on wood structure of Dalbergia odorifera by scanning electron microscope[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2014,34(4):108-113,117.
[23]申卫博,张云,汪自庆,等.木材制备生物炭的孔结构分析[J].中国粉体技术,2015,21(2):24-27,31.SHEN Weibo,ZHANG Yun,WANG Ziqing,et al.Pore structure analysis of biochars prepared by wood[J].China Powder Science and Technology,2015,21(2):24-27,31.
[24]付丽华,张瑞芳,石龙.基于锥形量热仪实验的卷烟及其包装材料燃烧特性研究[J].火灾科学,2009,18(1):20-25.FU Lihua,ZHANG Ruifang,SHI Long.Experimental research on fire behavior of cigarettes and its packing materials using cone calorimeter[J].Fire Safety Science,2009,18(1):20-25.
[25]王程辉,周顺,徐迎波,等.再造烟叶丝、膨胀烟丝和膨胀梗丝的燃烧特性[J].烟草科技,2013(1):5-9.WANG Chenghui,ZHOU Shun,XU Yingbo,et al.Combustion characters of cut reconstituted tobacco,expanded cut tobacco and expanded cut stem[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2013(1):5-9.
[26]ISO5660-1:2002 Reaction-to-fire-tests—Heat release,smoke production and mass loss rate—Part 1:Heat release rate(cone calorimeter method)[S].
[27]ISO5660-2:2002 Reaction-to-fire-tests—Heat release,smoke production and mass loss rate—Part 2:Smoke production rate(dynamic measurement)[S].
[28]谢国勇,李斌,银董红,等.卷烟燃吸温度分布与主流烟气中7种有害成分释放量的关系[J].烟草科技,2013(11):67-72.XIE Guoyong,LI Bin,YIN Donghong,et al.Correlation of temperature distribution in burning cone of cigarette with deliveries of seven harmful components in mainstream cigarette smoke[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2013(11):67-72.
[29]秦国鑫,李斌,鲁端峰,等.烟草生物质燃烧特性与机理研究[J].烟草科技,2015,48(1):76-81.QIN Guoxin,LI Bin,LU Duanfeng,et al.Combustion property and mechanism of tobacco biomass[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2015,48(1):76-81.
[30]鞠琳.黑龙江省主要树种燃烧性能研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2009.JU Lin.Study on combustibility of several main tree species in Heilongjiang Province[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2009.
[31]杨松,聂聪,孙学辉,等.聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯互通多孔材料选择性降低卷烟烟气中的苯酚[J].烟草科技,2012(8):44-48.YANG Song,NIE Cong,SUN Xuehui,et al.Interconnected porous material of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)for selectively reducing phenol in cigarette smoke[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2012(8):44-48.
[32]谢兰英,钟科军,刘琦,等.纤维素纸沟槽滤嘴选择性降低卷烟烟气中有害成分[J].烟草科技,2017,50(5):45-52.XIE Lanying,ZHONG Kejun,LIU Qi,et al.Selectively reducing harmful components in mainstream cigarette smoke with grooved cellulose paper filter[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2017,50(5):45-52.