欧洲舌齿鲈胚胎发育及仔鱼生长观察
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摘要
为了解欧洲舌齿鲈Dicentrarchus labrax胚胎及仔鱼发育特点,采用人工催产获得受精卵,在人工孵化条件下观察了欧洲舌齿鲈胚胎发育及仔鱼的形态变化与生长特征。结果表明:欧洲舌齿鲈受精卵呈圆形,浮性,卵径为(1.287±0.025)mm;在(13.0±0.5)℃水温条件下,胚胎发育分别历经了受精卵(0 h)、2细胞期(1.5 h)、4细胞期(2.0 h)、8胚叶期(2.5 h)、多细胞期(4.0 h)、桑椹胚期(4.5 h)、囊胚期(9.0 h)、原肠胚期(22 h)、胚胎轴出现期(37 h)、肌节及视囊出现期(48 h)、脑泡形成期(56 h)、心脏形成期(62 h)、尾芽期(68 h)、心脏跳动期(70 h)和孵出期(71 h)等阶段,历时72 h完成孵化过程;初孵仔鱼全长为(3.98±0.02)mm,在(13.0±0.5)℃水温下,0～9 d处于早期仔鱼阶段,孵化0～5 d的仔鱼游泳能力差,心脏、肠道、鳍等各器官继续发育,卵黄囊占身体较大比例;孵化5 d后的仔鱼,眼囊内晶体颜色变黑,体表黑色素聚集,卵黄囊明显变小;孵化后7 d的仔鱼,口裂和胸鳍鳍条形成,少数仔鱼开始平游,但无法摄食,仍靠卵黄囊提供营养;9 d后进入后期仔鱼阶段,孵化9 d的仔鱼几乎全部进入平游状态,肠道内可见食物,卵黄囊未完全消失,属混合营养期;孵化11 d的仔鱼卵黄囊彻底消失,营外源性营养;孵化13～17 d的仔鱼游泳能力增强,肠道充满食物,进入快速生长期;孵化17～19 d的仔鱼个体开始出现明显的大小差异;孵化19 d后鱼体变黑,各鳍基本形成,继续发育将进入稚鱼期;欧洲舌齿鲈仔鱼的混合营养期短,具有异速生长特性。本研究初步阐述了欧洲舌齿鲈的早期生活史特征,为欧洲舌齿鲈在中国的人工苗种繁育工作提供了理论参考。
The embryonic and larval development was observed in fertilized eggs of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax with body weight of 3.3-3.4 kg induced by artificial hormone injection to spawn at water temperature of(13±0.5)℃ in order to reveal the developmental morphology and growth characteristics of embryo and larvae of sea bass. It was found that sea bass had pelagic and spherical fertilized eggs with diameter of(1.28±0.025)mm. At water temperature of(13.0±0.5)℃, embryonic development took 72 h and was divided into following stages: fertilized eggs(0 h), 2 cell stage(1.5 h), 4 cell stage(2.0 h), 8 cell stage(2.5 h), multi-cell stage(4.0 h), morula stage(4.5 h), blastula stage(9.0 h), gastrula stage(22 h), embryonic axis appearance(37 h), myomere and optic sac(48 h), period of blister formation(56 h), cardiac formation(62 h), tail bud period(68 h), heart beating period(70 h) and hatching period(71 h). The newly hatched larvae had total length of(3.98±0.02)mm and was in early larval stage 0-9 post hatching days(PHD). The larvae had poor swimming ability, and the organs such as heart, intestine and fins continued to be developing, with yolk sac accounting for a large proportion of the body 3-5 PHD. After 5 PHD, the crystals in the eye capsules turned into black in color, the melanin gathered on the body surface, and the yolk sac became significantly smaller. The 7 day old larvae had mouth cracks and pectoral fins, and a few larvae began to swim, and cannot feed, still being dependent on yolk sac for nutrition. After 9 PHD, the larvae developed into postlarval stage when almost all of the larvae normally swam, fed(food being visible in the intestines), with completely exhausted yolk sac, which was in transition period in endogenous and exogenous nutrition by 11 PHD. The 13-17 day old larvae had enhanced swimming ability, and the intestines filled with food in the rapid growth period. There was significant difference in size in the 17-19 day old larvae, with black skin and fins in 19 day old juveniles. The growth equation indicated that sea bass larvae had allometric growth and short period of transition period from endogenous to exogenous nutrition. This findings provided theoretical basis for further artificial reproduction and fry culture of sea bass.
The embryonic and larval development was observed in fertilized eggs of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax with body weight of 3.3-3.4 kg induced by artificial hormone injection to spawn at water temperature of(13±0.5)℃ in order to reveal the developmental morphology and growth characteristics of embryo and larvae of sea bass. It was found that sea bass had pelagic and spherical fertilized eggs with diameter of(1.28±0.025)mm. At water temperature of(13.0±0.5)℃, embryonic development took 72 h and was divided into following stages: fertilized eggs(0 h), 2 cell stage(1.5 h), 4 cell stage(2.0 h), 8 cell stage(2.5 h), multi-cell stage(4.0 h), morula stage(4.5 h), blastula stage(9.0 h), gastrula stage(22 h), embryonic axis appearance(37 h), myomere and optic sac(48 h), period of blister formation(56 h), cardiac formation(62 h), tail bud period(68 h), heart beating period(70 h) and hatching period(71 h). The newly hatched larvae had total length of(3.98±0.02)mm and was in early larval stage 0-9 post hatching days(PHD). The larvae had poor swimming ability, and the organs such as heart, intestine and fins continued to be developing, with yolk sac accounting for a large proportion of the body 3-5 PHD. After 5 PHD, the crystals in the eye capsules turned into black in color, the melanin gathered on the body surface, and the yolk sac became significantly smaller. The 7 day old larvae had mouth cracks and pectoral fins, and a few larvae began to swim, and cannot feed, still being dependent on yolk sac for nutrition. After 9 PHD, the larvae developed into postlarval stage when almost all of the larvae normally swam, fed(food being visible in the intestines), with completely exhausted yolk sac, which was in transition period in endogenous and exogenous nutrition by 11 PHD. The 13-17 day old larvae had enhanced swimming ability, and the intestines filled with food in the rapid growth period. There was significant difference in size in the 17-19 day old larvae, with black skin and fins in 19 day old juveniles. The growth equation indicated that sea bass larvae had allometric growth and short period of transition period from endogenous to exogenous nutrition. This findings provided theoretical basis for further artificial reproduction and fry culture of sea bass.
引文
[1] 科舍列夫.鱼类发育生态形态和生态生理学研究[M].张亢西,译.北京:科学出版社,1985.
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[4] 郑纪盟,张磊,夏苏东,等.欧洲舌齿鲈人工繁育技术[J].科学养鱼,2015,31(4):43-44.
[5] 张磊,郑纪盟,夏苏东,等.盐度和温度对欧洲舌齿鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼活动与存活的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(34):12121-12122.
[6] 高露.大连海洋大学工厂化繁育欧洲舌齿鲈苗种获得突破[J].水产科技情报,2017,44(5):284.
[7] 张静,李勇,赵宁宁,等.欧洲舌齿鲈和花鲈生长期营养需求特点综述[J].渔业现代化,2016,43(5):12-17.
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[12] 王金秋,潘连德,梁天红,等.松江鲈鱼(Trachidermus fasciatus)胚胎发育的初步观察[J].复旦大学学报:自然科学版,2004,43(2):250-254.
[13] 赵一杰,张美昭,温海深.松江鲈鱼胚胎及仔稚鱼形态观察[J].现代农业科技,2012(19):256-259.
[14] 胡先成,曹双俊,周忠良,等.花鲈胚胎发育的研究[J].重庆师范学院学报:自然科学版,1997,14(2):51-56.
[15] 丁海,李荣庆.梭鲈胚胎发育及仔鱼前期发育的初步观察[J].淡水渔业,1999,29(1):7-10.
[16] 黄金善,郭家祥,刘奕,等.梭鲈胚胎及仔鱼发育观察[J].东北农业大学学报,2009,40(2):65-69.
[17] 王永波,陈国华,林彬,等.豹纹鳃棘鲈胚胎发育的初步观察[J].海洋科学,2009,33(3):21-26.
[18] 区又君.驼背鲈的胚胎发育[J].海洋科学,2006,30(8):17-19.
[19] 张梦淇,陈超,李炎璐,等.驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察[J].渔业科学进展,2014,35(5):145-153.
[20] 陈瑞芳,童万平.七星鲈胚胎发育与水温关系的研究试验[J].广西科学院学报,2011,27(1):22-24.
[21] 刘文生,林焯坤,彭锐民.加州鲈鱼胚胎及幼鱼发育的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1995,16(2):5-11.
[22] 钟全福.黑莓鲈胚胎发育观察及温度对胚胎发育的影响[J].福建水产,2014,36(5):333-343.
[23] Hsiao S,Greeley M S Jr,Wallace R A.Reproductive cycling in female Fundulus heteroclitus[J].The Biological Bulletin,1994,186(3):271-284.
[24] Knutsen G M,Tilseth S.Growth,development,and feeding success of Atlantic cod larvae Gadus morhua related to egg size[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,1985,114(4):507-511.
[25] 李霞.水产动物组织胚胎学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[26] Cucchi P,Sucré E,Santos R,et al.Embryonic development of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax[J].Helgoland Marine Research,2012,66(2):199-209.
[27] 姜志强,赵祥东,王国祖.不同盐度下牙鲆幼鱼存活、生长和摄食的研究[J].大连水产学院学报,2002,17(2):79-83.
[28] 谢刚,陈焜慈,胡隐昌,等.倒刺鲃胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系[J].大连水产学院学报,2003,18(2):95-98.
[29] 谢刚,祁宝崙,余德光,等.鳗鲡胚胎和早期仔鱼的耗氧量[J].大连水产学院学报,2000,15(4):250-253.
[30] Humphrey C,Weber M,Lott C,et al.Effects of suspended sediments,dissolved inorganic nutrients and salinity on fertilisation and embryo development in the coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg,1834)[J].Coral Reefs,2008,27(4):837-850.
[31] 张海发,刘晓春,刘付永忠,等.斜带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育[J].中国水产科学,2006,13(5):689-699.
[32] 刘冬娥,张雅芝,方琼珊,等.斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育研究[J].台湾海峡,2008,27(2):180-189.
[33] 陈国华,张本.点带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态观察[J].海南大学学报:自然科学版,2001,19(2):151-156.
[2] Nelson J S.Fishes of the world[J].The Quarterly Review of Biology,1995,70(2):232-233.
[3] FAO.Review of the state of world aquaculture[R].Roma:FAO,1997.
[4] 郑纪盟,张磊,夏苏东,等.欧洲舌齿鲈人工繁育技术[J].科学养鱼,2015,31(4):43-44.
[5] 张磊,郑纪盟,夏苏东,等.盐度和温度对欧洲舌齿鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼活动与存活的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(34):12121-12122.
[6] 高露.大连海洋大学工厂化繁育欧洲舌齿鲈苗种获得突破[J].水产科技情报,2017,44(5):284.
[7] 张静,李勇,赵宁宁,等.欧洲舌齿鲈和花鲈生长期营养需求特点综述[J].渔业现代化,2016,43(5):12-17.
[8] 刘筠.中国养殖鱼类繁殖生理学[M].北京:农业出版社,1993.
[9] Bobe J,Labbé C.Egg and sperm quality in fish[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,2010,165(3):535-548.
[10] 乔德亮,凌去非,殷建国,等.河鲈胚胎及卵黄囊期仔鱼发育[J].生物学杂志,2006,23(1):34-38.
[11] 李恒颂,邬国民,范阳,等.银鲈胚胎和仔鱼的发育[J].中国水产科学,2000,7(2):5-9.
[12] 王金秋,潘连德,梁天红,等.松江鲈鱼(Trachidermus fasciatus)胚胎发育的初步观察[J].复旦大学学报:自然科学版,2004,43(2):250-254.
[13] 赵一杰,张美昭,温海深.松江鲈鱼胚胎及仔稚鱼形态观察[J].现代农业科技,2012(19):256-259.
[14] 胡先成,曹双俊,周忠良,等.花鲈胚胎发育的研究[J].重庆师范学院学报:自然科学版,1997,14(2):51-56.
[15] 丁海,李荣庆.梭鲈胚胎发育及仔鱼前期发育的初步观察[J].淡水渔业,1999,29(1):7-10.
[16] 黄金善,郭家祥,刘奕,等.梭鲈胚胎及仔鱼发育观察[J].东北农业大学学报,2009,40(2):65-69.
[17] 王永波,陈国华,林彬,等.豹纹鳃棘鲈胚胎发育的初步观察[J].海洋科学,2009,33(3):21-26.
[18] 区又君.驼背鲈的胚胎发育[J].海洋科学,2006,30(8):17-19.
[19] 张梦淇,陈超,李炎璐,等.驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察[J].渔业科学进展,2014,35(5):145-153.
[20] 陈瑞芳,童万平.七星鲈胚胎发育与水温关系的研究试验[J].广西科学院学报,2011,27(1):22-24.
[21] 刘文生,林焯坤,彭锐民.加州鲈鱼胚胎及幼鱼发育的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1995,16(2):5-11.
[22] 钟全福.黑莓鲈胚胎发育观察及温度对胚胎发育的影响[J].福建水产,2014,36(5):333-343.
[23] Hsiao S,Greeley M S Jr,Wallace R A.Reproductive cycling in female Fundulus heteroclitus[J].The Biological Bulletin,1994,186(3):271-284.
[24] Knutsen G M,Tilseth S.Growth,development,and feeding success of Atlantic cod larvae Gadus morhua related to egg size[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,1985,114(4):507-511.
[25] 李霞.水产动物组织胚胎学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[26] Cucchi P,Sucré E,Santos R,et al.Embryonic development of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax[J].Helgoland Marine Research,2012,66(2):199-209.
[27] 姜志强,赵祥东,王国祖.不同盐度下牙鲆幼鱼存活、生长和摄食的研究[J].大连水产学院学报,2002,17(2):79-83.
[28] 谢刚,陈焜慈,胡隐昌,等.倒刺鲃胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系[J].大连水产学院学报,2003,18(2):95-98.
[29] 谢刚,祁宝崙,余德光,等.鳗鲡胚胎和早期仔鱼的耗氧量[J].大连水产学院学报,2000,15(4):250-253.
[30] Humphrey C,Weber M,Lott C,et al.Effects of suspended sediments,dissolved inorganic nutrients and salinity on fertilisation and embryo development in the coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg,1834)[J].Coral Reefs,2008,27(4):837-850.
[31] 张海发,刘晓春,刘付永忠,等.斜带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚幼鱼形态发育[J].中国水产科学,2006,13(5):689-699.
[32] 刘冬娥,张雅芝,方琼珊,等.斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育研究[J].台湾海峡,2008,27(2):180-189.
[33] 陈国华,张本.点带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态观察[J].海南大学学报:自然科学版,2001,19(2):151-156.