航运企业重组与集装箱航运网络整合效应研究——以中国远洋海运集团有限公司为例
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摘要
2015年12月,中国航运业两大巨头中国远洋运输(集团)总公司(简称中远集团)与中国海运(集团)总公司(简称中海集团)启动重组。以企业官方网站发布的集装箱航运周期表为主干数据,基于复杂网络方法,利用Gephi和ArcGIS软件分析平台,对重组背景下两企业航运网络空间格局变动特点进行定量刻画,并从航运网络的幅员经济和枢纽经济2个维度,评价2016年重组后的中国远洋海运集团有限公司(简称中远海运集团)集装箱航运网络的整合效应。研究发现:①2016年中远海运集团航运网络中的港口数与2015年中远集团、中海集团航运网络相比,服务节点明显增加,港口之间的航线服务覆盖范围扩张,新的航运联系拓展,整体航运网络运输服务线路延长;②航运网络整合过程中,传统市场如东南亚、地中海、北美东海岸航区以及新兴市场如非洲西岸、南美东海岸等航区的港口枢纽性强化明显;具有良好区位条件的港口,中转能力强化、枢纽性更加突出,而一些高度同质化的港口航线资源被整合优化;③港口的区位条件、企业市场扩展策略、企业原有航线设置的同质化程度等是航运网络整合中呈现不同特点的主要原因。
China Ocean Shipping Group and China Shipping Group, as the leading shipping enterprises in China's shipping industry have started reorganization in 2015. Using the historical shipping data published on the official websites of the two enterprises, this study quantitatively characterized the spatial pattern of the enterprises' shipping network by complex network method using Gephi and ArcGIS; an evaluated the impact of integrated China Ocean Shipping(Group) Company(COSCO) Shipping's shipping network in 2016, based on two dimensions of the network economic and hub economic. The results showed that: 1) The total number of service node and anchored ports of COSCO Shipping increased significantly as compared to 2015. In addition,the covered ports were expanded and new links were introduced. 2) In 2016, COSCO Shipping strengthen the hub capacity in different navigation areas, such as the traditional markets of Southeast Asia, the Mediterranean,East North-American, emerging markets of West Africa, East South-America hub strengthened significantly.Ports with good location conditions have stronger transit capacity, while the resources of some highly homogeneous hub ports have been integrated and optimized. 3) The change of shipping network integration port can be affected by many factors, including local conditions of ports, strategy of market expansion, strategy for port selection(terminal operation), and homogenization degree of original shipping network.
China Ocean Shipping Group and China Shipping Group, as the leading shipping enterprises in China's shipping industry have started reorganization in 2015. Using the historical shipping data published on the official websites of the two enterprises, this study quantitatively characterized the spatial pattern of the enterprises' shipping network by complex network method using Gephi and ArcGIS; an evaluated the impact of integrated China Ocean Shipping(Group) Company(COSCO) Shipping's shipping network in 2016, based on two dimensions of the network economic and hub economic. The results showed that: 1) The total number of service node and anchored ports of COSCO Shipping increased significantly as compared to 2015. In addition,the covered ports were expanded and new links were introduced. 2) In 2016, COSCO Shipping strengthen the hub capacity in different navigation areas, such as the traditional markets of Southeast Asia, the Mediterranean,East North-American, emerging markets of West Africa, East South-America hub strengthened significantly.Ports with good location conditions have stronger transit capacity, while the resources of some highly homogeneous hub ports have been integrated and optimized. 3) The change of shipping network integration port can be affected by many factors, including local conditions of ports, strategy of market expansion, strategy for port selection(terminal operation), and homogenization degree of original shipping network.
引文
[1]徐剑华.中远中海整合,航运联盟何去何从[J].中国船检,2015(9):24-27.[Xu Jianhua. COSCO-China shipping integration,where to go for shipping alliance. China Ship Survey, 2015(9):24-27.]
[2]谢燮.巨轮合体引发三点思考[J/OL]. http://www. ship. sh/news_detail.php?nid=17286. Html. 2015-08-12[Xie Xie. Three consideration arising from the Cosco-China Shipping integration,http://www.ship.sh/news_detail.php?nid=17286. html.2015-08-12.]
[3]Slack B, Frémont A. Fifty years of organisational change in container shipping:regional shift and the role of family firms[J].GeoJournal, 2009,74(1):23-34.
[4]Palmieri A, Parola F, Song Dong-Wookl. Integrating firms in a complex network:Evidence from maritime logistics[J]. International Journal of Logistics-research and Applications, 2019, 22(1):64-77.
[5]Frémont A. Empirical evidence for integration and disintegration of maritime shipping, port and logistics activities[R]. Paris:OECD-ITF Discussion Paper, 2009-1.
[6]Frémont A. Global maritime networks—The case of Maersk[J].Journal of Transport Geography, 2007,15:431-442.
[7]Frémont A. A geo-history of maritime networks since 1945:The case of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique’s transformation into CMA-CGM[M]//Ducruet C. Maritime networks:Spatial structures and time dynamics. London:Routledge, 2015:37-49.
[8]Parola F, Veenstra A W. The spatial coverage of shipping lines and container terminal operators[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2008, 16(4):292-299.
[9]Fusilo M. Structural factors underlying mergers and acquisitions in liner shipping[J]. Maritime Economics and Logistics,2009,11:209–226.
[10]Rodriguez-Pose, Zademach A H. Rising metropoli:The geography of mergers and acquisitions in Germany[J]. Urban Studies,2003,40(10):1895-1923.
[11]Das S. To partner or to acquire? A longitudinal study of alliances in the shipping industry[J]. Maritime Policy and Management, 2011,38:111-128.
[12]Andreou P C, Louca C, Panayides P M. Valuation effects of mergers and acquisitions in freight transportation[J]. Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review,2012, 48(6):1221-1234.
[13]Alexandrou G, D Gounopoulos, H M Thomas. Mergers and acquisitions in shipping[J]. Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, 2014, 61:212-234.
[14]Choi N Y H, Yoshida S, Evaluation of M&A effects in Japanese shipping companies:Case study of NYK&Showa line and OSK&Navix line[J]. The Asia Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 2013,29(1):23-42.
[15]王成金.世界航运企业重组及其对航运网络结构的影响——兼论对中国港口体系的影响[J].世界地理研究,2008(1):94-104+118.[Wang Chengjin. International reorganization of shipping liners and its effect on world network structure. World Regional Studies,2008(1):94-104+118.]
[16]Kaluza P, Kolzsch A, Gastner A M T et al. The complex network of global cargo ship movements[J]. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 2010, 7(48):1093–1103.
[17]Xu M, Li Z, Shi Y et al. Evolution of regional inequality in the global shipping network[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2015,44:1-12.
[18]Ducruet C, Notteboom T. The worldwide maritime network of container shipping:Spatial structure and regional dynamics[J].Global Networks, 2012,12:395-423.
[19]Ducruet C. Multilayer dynamics of complex spatial networks:The case of global maritime flows(1977-2008)[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2017,60:47-58.
[20]王列辉,林羽珊,Ducruet C. 1896-2016年全球海运网络中的海峡两岸港口运输联系变化[J].地理学报,2018,73(12):2282-2296.[Wang Liehui, Lin Yushan, Ducruet C. Study on the Changes of Ports’Connection across the Taiwan Strait in the Global Maritime Network(1895-2008). Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(12):2282-2296.]
[21]Wilmsmeier G, Notteboom T. Determinants of liner shipping network configuration:A two-region comparison[J]. GeoJournal, 2011,76:213-228.
[22]Fang Zhixiang, Yu Hongchu, Lu Feng. Maritime network dynamics before and after international events[J]. Journal of GeoGraphical Sciences, 2018,28(7):937-956.
[23]Ducruet C, Cuyala S, El Hosni A. Maritime networks as systems of cities:The long-term interdependencies between global shipping flows and urban development(1890-2010)[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2018,66:340-355.
[24]Shibasaki R, Lijima T, Kawakami T et al. Network assignment model of integrating maritime and hinterland container shipping:Application to Central America[J]. Maritime Economics&Logistics,2017,19(2):234-273.
[25]陈芙英,胡志华.海上丝绸之路东南亚航运网络的复杂性分析[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016(6):804-812.[Chen Fuying, Hu Zhihua. Analysis of shipping network of SoutheastAsian route along maritime Silk Road based on complex networks. Journal of Shanghai University(Natural Science Edition),2016(6):804-812.]
[26]王列辉,洪彦.直航背景下海峡两岸集装箱港口体系空间结构——基于复杂网络的视角[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):605-620.[Wang Liehui, Hong Yan. Spatial structure of container port systems across the Taiwan Straits under the direct shipping policy:A complex network system approach. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(4):605-620.]
[27]杜超,王姣娥,莫辉辉.中国集装箱航运网络空间格局及复杂性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016(2):190-198.[Du Chao,Wang Jiao’e, Mo Huihui. Spatial pattern analysis of China container shipping network on complex theory. Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin,2016(2):190-198.]
[28]沈文敏.中远中海重组,中国航运新巨头起锚.[N/OL].人民日报, 2016-2-24(10). http://bj. people. com. cn/n2/2016/0224/c82839-27799185. html.[Shen Wenmin. COSCO-China Shipping Integration. China’s new shipping company is anchoring.The People’s Daily, http://bj. people. com. cn/n2/2016/0224/c82839-27799185. html. 2016-2-24(10).]
[29]荣朝和.关于运输业规模经济和范围经济问题的探讨[J].中国铁道科学,2001(4):100-107.[Rong Chaohe. On the economics of scale and scope in transport network. Chia Railway Science,2001(4):100-107.]
[30]王小霞.借力“一带一路”中远海运加速“出海”[N].中国经济时报,2017-05-10.[Wang Xiaoxia. Depending on the Belt and Road, COSCO Shipping expand outwards. China Economic Times, 2017-05-10.]
[2]谢燮.巨轮合体引发三点思考[J/OL]. http://www. ship. sh/news_detail.php?nid=17286. Html. 2015-08-12[Xie Xie. Three consideration arising from the Cosco-China Shipping integration,http://www.ship.sh/news_detail.php?nid=17286. html.2015-08-12.]
[3]Slack B, Frémont A. Fifty years of organisational change in container shipping:regional shift and the role of family firms[J].GeoJournal, 2009,74(1):23-34.
[4]Palmieri A, Parola F, Song Dong-Wookl. Integrating firms in a complex network:Evidence from maritime logistics[J]. International Journal of Logistics-research and Applications, 2019, 22(1):64-77.
[5]Frémont A. Empirical evidence for integration and disintegration of maritime shipping, port and logistics activities[R]. Paris:OECD-ITF Discussion Paper, 2009-1.
[6]Frémont A. Global maritime networks—The case of Maersk[J].Journal of Transport Geography, 2007,15:431-442.
[7]Frémont A. A geo-history of maritime networks since 1945:The case of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique’s transformation into CMA-CGM[M]//Ducruet C. Maritime networks:Spatial structures and time dynamics. London:Routledge, 2015:37-49.
[8]Parola F, Veenstra A W. The spatial coverage of shipping lines and container terminal operators[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2008, 16(4):292-299.
[9]Fusilo M. Structural factors underlying mergers and acquisitions in liner shipping[J]. Maritime Economics and Logistics,2009,11:209–226.
[10]Rodriguez-Pose, Zademach A H. Rising metropoli:The geography of mergers and acquisitions in Germany[J]. Urban Studies,2003,40(10):1895-1923.
[11]Das S. To partner or to acquire? A longitudinal study of alliances in the shipping industry[J]. Maritime Policy and Management, 2011,38:111-128.
[12]Andreou P C, Louca C, Panayides P M. Valuation effects of mergers and acquisitions in freight transportation[J]. Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review,2012, 48(6):1221-1234.
[13]Alexandrou G, D Gounopoulos, H M Thomas. Mergers and acquisitions in shipping[J]. Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, 2014, 61:212-234.
[14]Choi N Y H, Yoshida S, Evaluation of M&A effects in Japanese shipping companies:Case study of NYK&Showa line and OSK&Navix line[J]. The Asia Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 2013,29(1):23-42.
[15]王成金.世界航运企业重组及其对航运网络结构的影响——兼论对中国港口体系的影响[J].世界地理研究,2008(1):94-104+118.[Wang Chengjin. International reorganization of shipping liners and its effect on world network structure. World Regional Studies,2008(1):94-104+118.]
[16]Kaluza P, Kolzsch A, Gastner A M T et al. The complex network of global cargo ship movements[J]. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 2010, 7(48):1093–1103.
[17]Xu M, Li Z, Shi Y et al. Evolution of regional inequality in the global shipping network[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2015,44:1-12.
[18]Ducruet C, Notteboom T. The worldwide maritime network of container shipping:Spatial structure and regional dynamics[J].Global Networks, 2012,12:395-423.
[19]Ducruet C. Multilayer dynamics of complex spatial networks:The case of global maritime flows(1977-2008)[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2017,60:47-58.
[20]王列辉,林羽珊,Ducruet C. 1896-2016年全球海运网络中的海峡两岸港口运输联系变化[J].地理学报,2018,73(12):2282-2296.[Wang Liehui, Lin Yushan, Ducruet C. Study on the Changes of Ports’Connection across the Taiwan Strait in the Global Maritime Network(1895-2008). Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(12):2282-2296.]
[21]Wilmsmeier G, Notteboom T. Determinants of liner shipping network configuration:A two-region comparison[J]. GeoJournal, 2011,76:213-228.
[22]Fang Zhixiang, Yu Hongchu, Lu Feng. Maritime network dynamics before and after international events[J]. Journal of GeoGraphical Sciences, 2018,28(7):937-956.
[23]Ducruet C, Cuyala S, El Hosni A. Maritime networks as systems of cities:The long-term interdependencies between global shipping flows and urban development(1890-2010)[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2018,66:340-355.
[24]Shibasaki R, Lijima T, Kawakami T et al. Network assignment model of integrating maritime and hinterland container shipping:Application to Central America[J]. Maritime Economics&Logistics,2017,19(2):234-273.
[25]陈芙英,胡志华.海上丝绸之路东南亚航运网络的复杂性分析[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2016(6):804-812.[Chen Fuying, Hu Zhihua. Analysis of shipping network of SoutheastAsian route along maritime Silk Road based on complex networks. Journal of Shanghai University(Natural Science Edition),2016(6):804-812.]
[26]王列辉,洪彦.直航背景下海峡两岸集装箱港口体系空间结构——基于复杂网络的视角[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):605-620.[Wang Liehui, Hong Yan. Spatial structure of container port systems across the Taiwan Straits under the direct shipping policy:A complex network system approach. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(4):605-620.]
[27]杜超,王姣娥,莫辉辉.中国集装箱航运网络空间格局及复杂性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016(2):190-198.[Du Chao,Wang Jiao’e, Mo Huihui. Spatial pattern analysis of China container shipping network on complex theory. Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin,2016(2):190-198.]
[28]沈文敏.中远中海重组,中国航运新巨头起锚.[N/OL].人民日报, 2016-2-24(10). http://bj. people. com. cn/n2/2016/0224/c82839-27799185. html.[Shen Wenmin. COSCO-China Shipping Integration. China’s new shipping company is anchoring.The People’s Daily, http://bj. people. com. cn/n2/2016/0224/c82839-27799185. html. 2016-2-24(10).]
[29]荣朝和.关于运输业规模经济和范围经济问题的探讨[J].中国铁道科学,2001(4):100-107.[Rong Chaohe. On the economics of scale and scope in transport network. Chia Railway Science,2001(4):100-107.]
[30]王小霞.借力“一带一路”中远海运加速“出海”[N].中国经济时报,2017-05-10.[Wang Xiaoxia. Depending on the Belt and Road, COSCO Shipping expand outwards. China Economic Times, 2017-05-10.]