不同耕作方式对冬小麦田杂草群落多样性的影响
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摘要
为了研究不同耕作方式对农田杂草群落多样性的影响,通过安徽巢湖市西宋村长期定位实验,采用样方法,对不同耕作方式条件下冬小麦田杂草的种类、密度、盖度等相关指标进行调查研究,分析了杂草的优势度、生态位宽度与生态位重叠值。结果表明:(1)秸秆还田能有效降低田间杂草群落的密度,其中秸秆粉碎还田优于秸秆直接还田,对应的杂草密度下降40%,多样性指数和丰富度指数分别提高30%和130%。(2)各处理的优势种是稗和野燕麦,对应优势度的均值分别为1. 460 6和2. 024 5,与其他植物的生态位重叠值均达到0. 721以上。(3)优化施肥使麦田杂草多样性指数增加35%,缓控施肥使麦田杂草多样性指数增加75%。耕作方式对农田杂草群落具有明显的影响。
In order to analyze the impact of farmland management on the diversity of farmland weed community,a longterm observation experiment of different tillage and fertilization treatments was carried out in the farmland of Chaohu Lake in Anhui Province since 2011. Through the investigation of sample plots,the effects of different treatments on the weed species,density,dominance and other related indicators in the winter wheat field were determined. The results show that:( 1) Crop straw returning could effectively reduce weed population density,and straw crushing and returning to field was better than that of straw directly returning to field,corresponding to the weed density decreased by 40%,diverse index and diversity index were increased by 30% and 130%.( 2) The dominant species in each treatment were Echinochloa hispidula and Avena fatua,and their mean values of dominance were 1. 460 6 and 2. 024 5,respectively,and their overlap with other plants exceeded 0. 721.( 3) Optimization of fertilization made the diversity index of weed community increased by 35%and controlled fertilization made the diversity index increased by 75%.The experimental results show that the change of tillage and fertilization can have a significant impact on the weed community.
In order to analyze the impact of farmland management on the diversity of farmland weed community,a longterm observation experiment of different tillage and fertilization treatments was carried out in the farmland of Chaohu Lake in Anhui Province since 2011. Through the investigation of sample plots,the effects of different treatments on the weed species,density,dominance and other related indicators in the winter wheat field were determined. The results show that:( 1) Crop straw returning could effectively reduce weed population density,and straw crushing and returning to field was better than that of straw directly returning to field,corresponding to the weed density decreased by 40%,diverse index and diversity index were increased by 30% and 130%.( 2) The dominant species in each treatment were Echinochloa hispidula and Avena fatua,and their mean values of dominance were 1. 460 6 and 2. 024 5,respectively,and their overlap with other plants exceeded 0. 721.( 3) Optimization of fertilization made the diversity index of weed community increased by 35%and controlled fertilization made the diversity index increased by 75%.The experimental results show that the change of tillage and fertilization can have a significant impact on the weed community.
引文
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[7]张维理,徐爱国,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策:Ⅲ.中国农业面源污染控制中存在的问题分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1026-1033.[ZHANG Wei-li,XU Aiguo,JI Hong-jie,et al.Estimation of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China and the Alleviating Strategies[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinaca,2004,37(7):1026-1033.]
[8]申时才,徐高峰,张付斗,等.红薯对农田杂草群落及其多样性的影响[J].生物多样性,2014,22(4):485-491.[SHEN Shicai,XU Gao-feng,ZHANG Fu-dou,et al.Effects of Sweet Potato(Ipomoea batas)Cultivation on the Community Composition and Diversity of Weeds in Arid Fields[J].Biodiversity Science,2014,22(4):485-491.]
[9]强胜.我国杂草学研究现状及其发展策略[J].植物保护,2010,36(4):1-5.[QIANG Sheng.Current Status and Development Strategy for Weed Science in China[J].Plant Protection,2010,36(4):1-5]
[10]李昌新,赵峰,芮雯奕,等.长期秸秆还田和有机肥施用对双季稻田冬春季杂草群落的影响[J].草业学报,2009,18(3):142-147.[LI Chang-xin,ZHAO Feng,RUI Wen-yi,et al.The LongTerm Effects of Returning Straw and Applying Organic Fertilizer on Weed Communities in a Paddy Field With a Double Rice Cropping System[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(3):142-147.]
[11]黄爱军,赵峰,陈雪凤,等.施肥与秸秆还田对太湖稻-油复种系统春季杂草群落特征的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(6):515-521.[HUANG Ai-jun,ZHAO Feng,CHENXue-feng,et al.Long-Term Effects of Straw Returning&Fertilization on Community Characteristic of Spring Weed in RiceRape Seed Cropping System[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(6):515-521.]
[12]李儒海,强胜,邱多生,等.长期不同施肥方式对稻油轮作制水稻田杂草群落的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(7):3236-3243.[LI Ru-hai,QIANG Sheng,QIU Duo-sheng,et al.Effects of LongTerm Fertilization Regimes on Weed Communities in Paddy Fields Under Rice-Oilseed Rape Cropping System[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(7):3236-3243.]
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[14]石星华,周宇杰,王超,等.二磺·甲碘隆和甲基二磺隆对麦田杂草防效及安全性评价[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(6):893-895.
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[16]陈水飞,李垚,葛晓敏,等.浙江仙居典型中亚热带常绿阔叶林样地的群落特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(12):1109-1116.[CHEN Shui-fei,LI Yao,GE Xiao-min,et al.Community Characteristics of a Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Plot Typical of Xianju of Zhejiang[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(12):1109-1116.]
[17]王国良,张清平,吴波,等.黄河三角洲地区除草剂对紫花苜蓿产量及杂草群落影响的初探[J].农业资源与环境学报,2016,33(3):281-288.[WANG Guo-liang,ZHANG Qing-ping,WU Bo,et al.Preliminary Study on Effect of Herbicides on Alfalfa Yield and Weed Community Characteristics in Yellow River Delta,China[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2016,33(3):281-288.]
[18]李东坡,武志杰,梁成华,等.施用缓/控释氮肥对玉米苗期土壤生物学活性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(2):21-25.[LI Dong-po,WU Zhi-jie,LIANG Cheng-hua,et al.Effects of Slow/Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizers on Soil Biological Activity at Maize Seedling Stage[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2006,22(2):21-25.]
[19]CHEE-SANFORD J C,WILLIAMS M M,DAVIS A S,et al.Do Microorganisms Influence Seed-Bank Dynamics?[J].Weed Science,2006,54(3):575-587.
[20]倪秀菊,李玉中,徐春英,等.土壤脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(12):145-149.[NI Xiuju,LI Yu-zhong,XU Chun-ying,et al.Advance of Research on Urease Inhibitor and Nitrification Inhibitor in Soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(12):145-149.]
[21]张文学,杨成春,王少先,等.脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2017,31(4):417-424.[ZHANG Wen-xue,YANG Cheng-chun,WANG Shao-xiao,et al.Effects of Urease Inhibitor and Nitrification Inhibitor on Nitrogen Transformation in Paddy Soil[J].Chinese Journal of Rice Science,2017,31(4):417-424.]
[22]任景全,王连喜,陈书涛,等.免耕与翻耕条件下农田土壤呼吸的比较[J].中国农业气象,2012,33(3):388-393.[REN Jing-quan,WANG Lian-xi,CHEN Shu-tao,et al.Comparison of Soil Respiration in Farmland Under No-Tillage and Tillage Regimes[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(3):388-393.]
[23]张德奇,岳俊芹,李向东,等.耕作方式对豫南雨养区土壤微环境及冬小麦产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(增刊2):32-38.[ZHANG De-qi,YUE Jun-qin,LI Xiang-dong,et al.Effects of Tillage Regimes on Soil Micro-Environments and Yield of Winter Wheat in Rainfed Areas in Southern Henan Province,China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(Suppl.2):32-38.]
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