施硫时期对小麦颖果和胚乳发育的影响
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摘要
[目的]本文旨在探究施硫时期对小麦颖果和胚乳发育的影响。[方法]以‘扬麦16’为材料,研究了播种期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期各施60 kg·hm~(-2)硫肥对小麦颖果发育形态、胚乳中蛋白和淀粉分布与积累的影响,以不施硫肥为对照。[结果]施硫使小麦灌浆中后期颖果长度、宽度、周长、投影面积和干、鲜质量增加,发育后期颖果投影面积增加了0.5%~18.7%;在孕穗期施硫显著增加胚乳细胞数,相对增加量为92%~97%。胚乳中蛋白体总面积因施硫而增加,而小淀粉粒总面积则降低。施用硫肥提高了籽粒各层蛋白质含量,主要调控皮层和外胚乳中淀粉含量。各施硫时期对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉分布及含量的影响从大到小依次为孕穗期、播种期、开花期、拔节期。[结论]施硫提高胚乳细胞数,增大籽粒库容;提高了灌浆中期蛋白体的比例,有利于成熟籽粒蛋白质的积累,并以孕穗期施硫处理调控效果最好。
[Objectives]This study aims to probe effects of different application periods of sulfur on wheat caryopsis development.[Methods]‘Yangmai 16'was used as the plant material to study effects of 60 kg·hm~(-2) sulfur applied at sowing time,jointing stage,booting stage and anthesis on characteristics of caryopsis,the distribution and accumulation of protein body and amyloplast.[Results]The length,width,area,perimeter,fresh and dry weight of caryopsis were increased by the application of sulfur fertilizer.0.5%-18.7% of caryopsis area in later development increased. The number of endosperm cells significantly increased,too. The relative increment of endosperm cells number was 92%-97% when using sulfur at booting stage. The area of protein bodies increased while the area of small starch granules decreased. The content of starch in cortex and outer endosperm was mainly regulated by using sulfur,while protein content in all pearling of grain improved. The comparison of effects in sulfur fertilizing periods on the distribution and contents of protein and starch was booting stage,anthesis,sowing time and jointing stage. [Conclusions]Sulfur application increased the quantity of endosperm cell and enlarged storage capacity of caryopsis. The proportions of protein bodies increased by using sulfur,which resulted in high protein content in grain at maturity. Sulfur applied atbooting stage had the most significantly regulation effect on protein content.
[Objectives]This study aims to probe effects of different application periods of sulfur on wheat caryopsis development.[Methods]‘Yangmai 16'was used as the plant material to study effects of 60 kg·hm~(-2) sulfur applied at sowing time,jointing stage,booting stage and anthesis on characteristics of caryopsis,the distribution and accumulation of protein body and amyloplast.[Results]The length,width,area,perimeter,fresh and dry weight of caryopsis were increased by the application of sulfur fertilizer.0.5%-18.7% of caryopsis area in later development increased. The number of endosperm cells significantly increased,too. The relative increment of endosperm cells number was 92%-97% when using sulfur at booting stage. The area of protein bodies increased while the area of small starch granules decreased. The content of starch in cortex and outer endosperm was mainly regulated by using sulfur,while protein content in all pearling of grain improved. The comparison of effects in sulfur fertilizing periods on the distribution and contents of protein and starch was booting stage,anthesis,sowing time and jointing stage. [Conclusions]Sulfur application increased the quantity of endosperm cell and enlarged storage capacity of caryopsis. The proportions of protein bodies increased by using sulfur,which resulted in high protein content in grain at maturity. Sulfur applied atbooting stage had the most significantly regulation effect on protein content.
引文
[1]王慧慧,熊飞,王峰,等.5种谷物胚乳表层细胞的比较研究[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2011,32(2):57-63.Wang H H,Xiong F,Wang F,et al.Comparison of peripheral endosperm cell development in five cereals[J].Journal of Yangzhou University(Agricultural and Life Science Edition),2011,32(2):57-63(in Chinese with English abstract).
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[3]余徐润,邵珊珊,于恒,等.3类谷物胚乳淀粉体形态发育的比较[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2015,36(2):28-33,67.Yu X R,Shao S S,Yu H,et al.Comparison of morphological development of endosperm amyloplasts from 3 cereal crops[J].Journal of Yangzhou University(Agricultural and Life Science Edition),2015,36(2):28-33,67(in Chinese with English abstract).
[4]封超年,郭文善,施劲松,等.小麦花后高温对籽粒胚乳细胞发育及粒重的影响[J].作物学报,2000,26(4):399-405.Feng C N,Guo W S,Shi J S,et al.Effect of high temperature after anthesis on endosperm cell development and grain weight in wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2000,26(4):399-405(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]周如美,张永泰,李爱民,等.孕穗期施氮对小麦胚乳发育的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2009,29(3):497-502.Zhou R M,Zhang Y T,Li A M,et al.Effect of nitrogen at booting stage on the endosperm development in wheat[J]Journal of Triticeae Crops,2009,29(3):497-502(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]李惠民,王保莉.玉米硫素营养状况及应用研究进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2008,10(4):16-21.Li H M,Wang B L.Research progress on maize sulfur nutrition status and its utilization[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2008,10(4):16-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]Eriksen J.Chapter 2:soil sulfur cycling in temperate agricultural systems[J].Advances in Agronomy,2009,102(09):55-89.
[8]Randall P J,Spencer K,Freney J R,et al.Sulfur and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat:concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen and the nitrogen to sulfur ratio in grain,in relation to the yield response[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1981,32(2):203-212.
[9]Miyake T,Sammoto H,Kanayama M,et al.Role of the sulphate assimilation pathway in utilization of glutathione as a sulphur source by Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Yeast,1999,15(14):1449-1457.
[10]Tabe L M,Droux M.Limits to sulfur accumulation in transgenic lupin seeds expressing a foreign sulfur-rich protein[J].Plant Physiology,2002,128(3):1137-1148.
[11]Xie Y X,Zhang Y J,Zhu Y J,et al.Grain yield and water use of winter wheat as affected by water and sulfur supply in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2017,16(3):614-625.
[12]Dai Z,Plessis A,Vincent J,et al.Transcriptional and metabolic alternations rebalance wheat grain storage protein accumulation under variable nitrogen and sulfur supply[J].Plant J,2015,83(2):326-343.
[13]王东,于振文,王旭东,等.硫营养对小麦籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响[J].植物生理与分子生物学学报,2003,29(5):437-442.Wang D,Yu Z W,Wang X D,et al.Effects of sulfur nutrition on starch synthesis and related enzymes activity in kernels of wheat[J].Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology,2003,29(5):437-442(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]郭文善,施劲松,周振兴.小麦胚乳细胞简易计数方法[J].江苏农学院学报,1996,17(1):66,72.Guo W S,Shi J S,Zhou Z X.A simple counting method of wheat endosperm cells[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural College,1996,17(1):66,72(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]顾蕴洁,王忠,吴月萍.小麦胚乳细胞的分离及其淀粉体的计数[J].植物生理学通讯,1994,30(2):210-213.Gu Y J,Wang Z,Wu Y P.Isolation of endosperm cells and calculaion of their starch grains in plants[J].Plant Physiology Communications,1994,30(2):210-213(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]王丽,王东,周杰,等.氮硫互作对冬小麦旗叶衰老、产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,53(6):1476-1488.Wang L,Wang D,Zhou J,et al.Interactive effects of nitrogen and sulfur on flag leaf senescence,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(6):1476-1488(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]Zhao F J,Hawkesford M J,McG rath S P.Sulphur assimilation and effects on yield and quality of wheat[J].Journal of Cereal Science,1999,30:1-17.
[18]苗芳,吕淑芳,谢志萍,等.不同温度型小麦胚乳细胞增殖和籽粒生长动态及其相关性分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(8):187-190.Miao F,LüS F,Xie Z P,et al.Endosperm cell proliferating and grain growth dynamics and their correlation in different temperature wheat types[J]Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2009,37(8):187-190(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]王红梅,周有印.小麦孕穗期的管理[J].农业与技术,2016,36(12):30.Wang H M,Zhou Y Y.The managemnet of wheat at booting stage[J].Agriculture and Technology,2016,36(12):30-30(in Chinese).
[20]王立秋,靳占忠.氮肥不同追肥比例和时期对春小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,1996(6):45-47.Wang L Q,Jin Z Z.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer proportion and different periods on the quality and yield of spring wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,1996(6):45-47(in Chinese).
[21]王兰.小麦需肥特性与高效施肥技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(5):65-66.Wang L.Characteristics of wheat fertilizer requirement and efficient fertilization technology[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(5):65-66(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]熊飞,余徐润,张琛,等.施氮对优质小麦颖果腹部和背部胚乳细胞物质充实的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(5):957-964.Xiong F,Yu X R,Zhang C,et al.Effect of nitrogen on cellular material filling in ventral and dorsal region of endosperm of high quality wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(5):957-964(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]Yu X,Zhou L,Zhang J,et al.Comparison of starch granule development and physicochemical properties of starches in wheat pericarp and endosperm[J].J Sci Food Agric,2015,95(1):148-157.
[2]熊飞,周亮,余徐润,等.高、中、低筋力小麦胚乳不同部位蛋白体积累研究[J].中国粮油学报,2014,29(4):10-15.Xiong F,Zhou L,Yu X R,et al.The accumulation of protein bodies in different regions of endosperm among wheat cultivars for different gluten[J].Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association,2014,29(4):10-15(in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]余徐润,邵珊珊,于恒,等.3类谷物胚乳淀粉体形态发育的比较[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2015,36(2):28-33,67.Yu X R,Shao S S,Yu H,et al.Comparison of morphological development of endosperm amyloplasts from 3 cereal crops[J].Journal of Yangzhou University(Agricultural and Life Science Edition),2015,36(2):28-33,67(in Chinese with English abstract).
[4]封超年,郭文善,施劲松,等.小麦花后高温对籽粒胚乳细胞发育及粒重的影响[J].作物学报,2000,26(4):399-405.Feng C N,Guo W S,Shi J S,et al.Effect of high temperature after anthesis on endosperm cell development and grain weight in wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2000,26(4):399-405(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]周如美,张永泰,李爱民,等.孕穗期施氮对小麦胚乳发育的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2009,29(3):497-502.Zhou R M,Zhang Y T,Li A M,et al.Effect of nitrogen at booting stage on the endosperm development in wheat[J]Journal of Triticeae Crops,2009,29(3):497-502(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]李惠民,王保莉.玉米硫素营养状况及应用研究进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2008,10(4):16-21.Li H M,Wang B L.Research progress on maize sulfur nutrition status and its utilization[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2008,10(4):16-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]Eriksen J.Chapter 2:soil sulfur cycling in temperate agricultural systems[J].Advances in Agronomy,2009,102(09):55-89.
[8]Randall P J,Spencer K,Freney J R,et al.Sulfur and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat:concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen and the nitrogen to sulfur ratio in grain,in relation to the yield response[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1981,32(2):203-212.
[9]Miyake T,Sammoto H,Kanayama M,et al.Role of the sulphate assimilation pathway in utilization of glutathione as a sulphur source by Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Yeast,1999,15(14):1449-1457.
[10]Tabe L M,Droux M.Limits to sulfur accumulation in transgenic lupin seeds expressing a foreign sulfur-rich protein[J].Plant Physiology,2002,128(3):1137-1148.
[11]Xie Y X,Zhang Y J,Zhu Y J,et al.Grain yield and water use of winter wheat as affected by water and sulfur supply in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2017,16(3):614-625.
[12]Dai Z,Plessis A,Vincent J,et al.Transcriptional and metabolic alternations rebalance wheat grain storage protein accumulation under variable nitrogen and sulfur supply[J].Plant J,2015,83(2):326-343.
[13]王东,于振文,王旭东,等.硫营养对小麦籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响[J].植物生理与分子生物学学报,2003,29(5):437-442.Wang D,Yu Z W,Wang X D,et al.Effects of sulfur nutrition on starch synthesis and related enzymes activity in kernels of wheat[J].Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology,2003,29(5):437-442(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]郭文善,施劲松,周振兴.小麦胚乳细胞简易计数方法[J].江苏农学院学报,1996,17(1):66,72.Guo W S,Shi J S,Zhou Z X.A simple counting method of wheat endosperm cells[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural College,1996,17(1):66,72(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]顾蕴洁,王忠,吴月萍.小麦胚乳细胞的分离及其淀粉体的计数[J].植物生理学通讯,1994,30(2):210-213.Gu Y J,Wang Z,Wu Y P.Isolation of endosperm cells and calculaion of their starch grains in plants[J].Plant Physiology Communications,1994,30(2):210-213(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]王丽,王东,周杰,等.氮硫互作对冬小麦旗叶衰老、产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,53(6):1476-1488.Wang L,Wang D,Zhou J,et al.Interactive effects of nitrogen and sulfur on flag leaf senescence,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(6):1476-1488(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]Zhao F J,Hawkesford M J,McG rath S P.Sulphur assimilation and effects on yield and quality of wheat[J].Journal of Cereal Science,1999,30:1-17.
[18]苗芳,吕淑芳,谢志萍,等.不同温度型小麦胚乳细胞增殖和籽粒生长动态及其相关性分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(8):187-190.Miao F,LüS F,Xie Z P,et al.Endosperm cell proliferating and grain growth dynamics and their correlation in different temperature wheat types[J]Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2009,37(8):187-190(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]王红梅,周有印.小麦孕穗期的管理[J].农业与技术,2016,36(12):30.Wang H M,Zhou Y Y.The managemnet of wheat at booting stage[J].Agriculture and Technology,2016,36(12):30-30(in Chinese).
[20]王立秋,靳占忠.氮肥不同追肥比例和时期对春小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,1996(6):45-47.Wang L Q,Jin Z Z.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer proportion and different periods on the quality and yield of spring wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,1996(6):45-47(in Chinese).
[21]王兰.小麦需肥特性与高效施肥技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(5):65-66.Wang L.Characteristics of wheat fertilizer requirement and efficient fertilization technology[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(5):65-66(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]熊飞,余徐润,张琛,等.施氮对优质小麦颖果腹部和背部胚乳细胞物质充实的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(5):957-964.Xiong F,Yu X R,Zhang C,et al.Effect of nitrogen on cellular material filling in ventral and dorsal region of endosperm of high quality wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(5):957-964(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]Yu X,Zhou L,Zhang J,et al.Comparison of starch granule development and physicochemical properties of starches in wheat pericarp and endosperm[J].J Sci Food Agric,2015,95(1):148-157.