不同雨强下黄土裸坡水-沙-氮磷流失耦合模拟
|
摘要
采用室内人工模拟降雨试验研究6种雨强3种坡度下黄土裸露坡面水沙及氮磷养分流失规律.结果表明:1)降雨强度与土壤入渗速率,坡面产流产沙量的线性拟合决定系数均大于0.8,有较好的正相关关系;2)25°黄土坡面下:NO_3~--N初始浓度较高,随降雨历时呈波动性减少,具有明显的初期冲刷效应;NH_4~+-N初始流失浓度由90mm/h雨强下0.6057mg/L增至120mm/h的1.3076mg/L,但其浓度随降雨历时均不断减小;TN流失浓度在雨强为90,105和120mm/h时分别为0.6056,0.8011和1.3076mg/L,随雨强增大而增大;TP初始流失浓度在105mm/h时最大,90mm/h时最小,且不同雨强下TP流失浓度相互交错,不稳定;3)养分流失与坡面产流量具有较强的线性相关性,与产沙量呈显著的幂函数关系.15°坡面时,氮素流失在6种雨强下均以颗粒态为主,平均约占72%,但在雨强增大过程中,颗粒态所占比例先减少后增加;而磷素流失颗粒态所占比例均大于90%,与降雨强度和坡度均没有直接关系.
The simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to explore the effect of rainfall intensity on coupling loss rules of runoff and sediment and nutrients under different loess bare slopes.Results showed that:1)The linear fitting coefficients between rainfall intensity and soil infiltration rate,runoff or sediment were all greater than 0.8,there were strong positive correlations;2)At 25°slope:The initial NO_3~--N concentration was high,it was decreased with increased rainfall duration,the scouring effect was significant;The initial NH_4~+-N concentration increased from 0.6057 to1.3076mg/L with increased rainfall intensity from 90 to 120mm/h,but NH_4~+-N concentration decreased with increased rainfall duration;TN concentrations were 0.6056,0.8011 and 1.3076mg/L under rainfall intensities of 90,105 and120mm/h,which increased with increased rainfall intensity;The initial TP concentration had the maximum value in105mm/h and the minimum value in 90mm/h,and TP concentrations in different rainfall intensities were intertwined and unstable.3)There was a strong linear correlation between runoff yield and nutrient loss,while there was a significant power correlation between sediment and nutrient loss.At 15°slope:the loss forms of nitrogen was mainly in particulate state under six rainfall intensities,which approximately accounted for an average of 72%,but the proportion of particulate nitrogen decreased first and then increased with increased rainfall intensity;the contribution of particulate phosphorus accounted for more than 90%,which was no direct relation with rainfall intensity and slope.
The simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to explore the effect of rainfall intensity on coupling loss rules of runoff and sediment and nutrients under different loess bare slopes.Results showed that:1)The linear fitting coefficients between rainfall intensity and soil infiltration rate,runoff or sediment were all greater than 0.8,there were strong positive correlations;2)At 25°slope:The initial NO_3~--N concentration was high,it was decreased with increased rainfall duration,the scouring effect was significant;The initial NH_4~+-N concentration increased from 0.6057 to1.3076mg/L with increased rainfall intensity from 90 to 120mm/h,but NH_4~+-N concentration decreased with increased rainfall duration;TN concentrations were 0.6056,0.8011 and 1.3076mg/L under rainfall intensities of 90,105 and120mm/h,which increased with increased rainfall intensity;The initial TP concentration had the maximum value in105mm/h and the minimum value in 90mm/h,and TP concentrations in different rainfall intensities were intertwined and unstable.3)There was a strong linear correlation between runoff yield and nutrient loss,while there was a significant power correlation between sediment and nutrient loss.At 15°slope:the loss forms of nitrogen was mainly in particulate state under six rainfall intensities,which approximately accounted for an average of 72%,but the proportion of particulate nitrogen decreased first and then increased with increased rainfall intensity;the contribution of particulate phosphorus accounted for more than 90%,which was no direct relation with rainfall intensity and slope.
引文
[1]Li P,Mu X,Holden J,et al.Comparison of soil erosion models used to study the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2017,(170):17-30.
[2]高扬,朱波,汪涛,等.人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土坡地生物可利用磷的输出[J].中国环境科学,2008,28(6):542-547.
[3]王国重,李中原,田颖超,等.雨强和土地利用类型对豫西南山区产流产沙的影响[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2017,50(2):182-186.
[4]Xu G,Cheng Y,Li P,et al.Effects of natural rainfall on soil and nutrient erosion on sloping cropland in a small watershed of the Dan River,China[J].Quaternary International,2015,(380-381):327-333.
[5]王占礼,王亚云,黄新会,等.黄土裸坡土壤侵蚀过程研究[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):84-87.
[6]张岩,朱清科.黄土高原侵蚀性降雨特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(6):99-103.
[7]崔斌,张瑜,许晓鸿,等.人工模拟降雨条件下坡面产沙规律及侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征研究[J].中国水土保持,2015,(4):43-45.
[8]吴淑芳,刘政鸿,霍云云,等.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀发育过程与模拟[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):48-56.
[9]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):162-170.
[10]高正,黄介生,曾文治,等.基于SWAT模型的清江长阳段非点源污染及其控制方案研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2016,(9):174-177.
[11]马放,姜晓峰,王立,等.基于SWAT模型的阿什河流域非点源污染控制措施[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):610-618.
[12]耿润哲,王晓燕,庞树江,等.潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(4):1258-1267.
[13]任玮,代超,郭怀成,等.基于改进输出系数模型的云南宝象河流域非点源污染负荷估算[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(8):2400-2408.
[14]李文超,翟丽梅,刘宏斌,等.流域磷素面源污染产生与输移空间分异特征[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):711-719.
[15]罗倩,任理,彭文启,等.辽宁太子河流域非点源氮磷负荷模拟分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):178-186.
[16]于兴修,马骞,刘前进,等.横坡与顺坡垄作径流氮磷输出及其富营养化风险对比研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):428-436.
[17]Ma X,Li Y,Li B,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus losses by runoff erosion:Field data monitored under natural rainfall in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].CATENA,2016,147:797-808.
[18]Wu X Y,Zhang L P,Yu X X.Impacts of surface runoff and sediment on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in red soil region of southern China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(7):1939-1949.
[19]邬燕虹,张丽萍,陈儒章,等.坡长和雨强对氮素流失影响的模拟降雨试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):7-12.
[20]李中原,王国重,屈建钢,等.雨强和土地利用方式对豫西南山区有机质流失的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):29-33.
[21]盛贺伟,孙莉英,蔡强国.黄土坡面片蚀过程稳定含沙量及其影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(8):1008-1016.
[22]Liu Q,Li Z,Li P,et al.Nitrogen loss by runoff and sediment in different vegetation covers/patterns under simulated rainfall conditions[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2013,22(3):681-688.
[23]陈晓鹏,周蓓蓓,陶汪海,等.变雨强对黄土坡地水土养分流失机制研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):33-37.
[24]王丽.黄土坡地土壤氮磷流失人工降雨模拟实验研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[25]吴凤至,史志华,方怒放,等.不同降雨条件下侵蚀泥沙黏粒含量的变化规律[J].环境科学,2012,33(7):2497-2502.
[26]刘军,张正福,胡燕凌.应用DEM数据进行耕地坡度分级量算方法研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2009,24(5):691-697.
[27]韩勇.侵蚀性降雨雨型对黄土区浅沟坡面侵蚀特征的影响[D].杨凌:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2016.
[28]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):104-112.
[29]邵莲芬,曾红彪,李雄峰,等.矿山边坡坡度对降雨入渗与侵蚀过程影响试验[J].人民黄河,2016,30(4):74-78.
[30]傅斌,王玉宽,朱波,等.紫色土坡耕地降雨入渗试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):39-43.
[31]李守升,张俊云.降雨强度对黄土边坡入渗性能影响的研究[J].四川建筑,2009,29(2):138-140.
[32]张佳琪,王红,张瑞芳,等.雨强对片麻岩坡面径流养分流失规律的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):42-45.
[33]张会茹,郑粉莉.不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):40-43.
[34]陈浩,王占礼,刘俊娥,等.黄土坡面细沟水流含沙量变化过程试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):8-11.
[35]秦华,李晔,李波,等.人工模拟降雨条件下石灰土养分流失规律[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):1-4.
[36]李瑞玲,张永春,刘庄,等.太湖缓坡丘陵地区雨强对农业非点源污染物随地表径流迁移的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(5):1220-1226.
[37]袁溪,潘忠成,李敏,等.雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):3099-3106.
[38]Foster I D L,Chapman A S,Hodgkinson R M,et al.Changing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus loads and pathways in underdrained lowland agricultural catchments;Herefordshire and Worcestershire,U.K[J].Hydrobiologia,2003,494(1):119-126.
[39]陈玲,刘德富,宋林旭,等.不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(6):2151-2158.
[40]马东,杜志勇,吴娟,等.强降雨下农田径流中溶解态氮磷的输出特征─以崂山水库流域为例[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(7):1228-1233.
[41]彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.模拟雨强和地下裂隙对喀斯特地区坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,38(2):131-140.
[42]杨帆,蒋轶锋,王翠翠,等.西湖龙泓涧流域暴雨径流氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):141-147.
[43]徐震,高建恩,赵春红,等.雨滴击溅对坡面径流输沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):20-23.
[44]孙彭成,高建恩,王显文.柳枝稷植被过滤带拦污增效试验初步研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,2(35):314-321.
[45]王国重,李中原,田颖超,等.雨强和土地利用对豫西南山区氮磷流失的影响[J].人民长江,2016,47(7):18-22.
[46]张攀,姚文艺,魏鹳举,等.黄丘区坡面细沟流速分布特征试验研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(S):1-7.
[47]杨丽霞,杨桂山,苑韶峰.施磷对太湖流域典型蔬菜地磷素流失的影响[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(4):518-523.
[48]左继超,郑海金,奚同行,等.自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4178-4186.
[2]高扬,朱波,汪涛,等.人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土坡地生物可利用磷的输出[J].中国环境科学,2008,28(6):542-547.
[3]王国重,李中原,田颖超,等.雨强和土地利用类型对豫西南山区产流产沙的影响[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2017,50(2):182-186.
[4]Xu G,Cheng Y,Li P,et al.Effects of natural rainfall on soil and nutrient erosion on sloping cropland in a small watershed of the Dan River,China[J].Quaternary International,2015,(380-381):327-333.
[5]王占礼,王亚云,黄新会,等.黄土裸坡土壤侵蚀过程研究[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):84-87.
[6]张岩,朱清科.黄土高原侵蚀性降雨特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(6):99-103.
[7]崔斌,张瑜,许晓鸿,等.人工模拟降雨条件下坡面产沙规律及侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征研究[J].中国水土保持,2015,(4):43-45.
[8]吴淑芳,刘政鸿,霍云云,等.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀发育过程与模拟[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):48-56.
[9]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):162-170.
[10]高正,黄介生,曾文治,等.基于SWAT模型的清江长阳段非点源污染及其控制方案研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2016,(9):174-177.
[11]马放,姜晓峰,王立,等.基于SWAT模型的阿什河流域非点源污染控制措施[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):610-618.
[12]耿润哲,王晓燕,庞树江,等.潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(4):1258-1267.
[13]任玮,代超,郭怀成,等.基于改进输出系数模型的云南宝象河流域非点源污染负荷估算[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(8):2400-2408.
[14]李文超,翟丽梅,刘宏斌,等.流域磷素面源污染产生与输移空间分异特征[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):711-719.
[15]罗倩,任理,彭文启,等.辽宁太子河流域非点源氮磷负荷模拟分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(1):178-186.
[16]于兴修,马骞,刘前进,等.横坡与顺坡垄作径流氮磷输出及其富营养化风险对比研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):428-436.
[17]Ma X,Li Y,Li B,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus losses by runoff erosion:Field data monitored under natural rainfall in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].CATENA,2016,147:797-808.
[18]Wu X Y,Zhang L P,Yu X X.Impacts of surface runoff and sediment on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in red soil region of southern China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(7):1939-1949.
[19]邬燕虹,张丽萍,陈儒章,等.坡长和雨强对氮素流失影响的模拟降雨试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):7-12.
[20]李中原,王国重,屈建钢,等.雨强和土地利用方式对豫西南山区有机质流失的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):29-33.
[21]盛贺伟,孙莉英,蔡强国.黄土坡面片蚀过程稳定含沙量及其影响因素[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(8):1008-1016.
[22]Liu Q,Li Z,Li P,et al.Nitrogen loss by runoff and sediment in different vegetation covers/patterns under simulated rainfall conditions[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2013,22(3):681-688.
[23]陈晓鹏,周蓓蓓,陶汪海,等.变雨强对黄土坡地水土养分流失机制研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):33-37.
[24]王丽.黄土坡地土壤氮磷流失人工降雨模拟实验研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[25]吴凤至,史志华,方怒放,等.不同降雨条件下侵蚀泥沙黏粒含量的变化规律[J].环境科学,2012,33(7):2497-2502.
[26]刘军,张正福,胡燕凌.应用DEM数据进行耕地坡度分级量算方法研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2009,24(5):691-697.
[27]韩勇.侵蚀性降雨雨型对黄土区浅沟坡面侵蚀特征的影响[D].杨凌:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2016.
[28]沈海鸥,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):104-112.
[29]邵莲芬,曾红彪,李雄峰,等.矿山边坡坡度对降雨入渗与侵蚀过程影响试验[J].人民黄河,2016,30(4):74-78.
[30]傅斌,王玉宽,朱波,等.紫色土坡耕地降雨入渗试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):39-43.
[31]李守升,张俊云.降雨强度对黄土边坡入渗性能影响的研究[J].四川建筑,2009,29(2):138-140.
[32]张佳琪,王红,张瑞芳,等.雨强对片麻岩坡面径流养分流失规律的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):42-45.
[33]张会茹,郑粉莉.不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):40-43.
[34]陈浩,王占礼,刘俊娥,等.黄土坡面细沟水流含沙量变化过程试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):8-11.
[35]秦华,李晔,李波,等.人工模拟降雨条件下石灰土养分流失规律[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):1-4.
[36]李瑞玲,张永春,刘庄,等.太湖缓坡丘陵地区雨强对农业非点源污染物随地表径流迁移的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(5):1220-1226.
[37]袁溪,潘忠成,李敏,等.雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):3099-3106.
[38]Foster I D L,Chapman A S,Hodgkinson R M,et al.Changing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus loads and pathways in underdrained lowland agricultural catchments;Herefordshire and Worcestershire,U.K[J].Hydrobiologia,2003,494(1):119-126.
[39]陈玲,刘德富,宋林旭,等.不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(6):2151-2158.
[40]马东,杜志勇,吴娟,等.强降雨下农田径流中溶解态氮磷的输出特征─以崂山水库流域为例[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(7):1228-1233.
[41]彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.模拟雨强和地下裂隙对喀斯特地区坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,38(2):131-140.
[42]杨帆,蒋轶锋,王翠翠,等.西湖龙泓涧流域暴雨径流氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):141-147.
[43]徐震,高建恩,赵春红,等.雨滴击溅对坡面径流输沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):20-23.
[44]孙彭成,高建恩,王显文.柳枝稷植被过滤带拦污增效试验初步研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,2(35):314-321.
[45]王国重,李中原,田颖超,等.雨强和土地利用对豫西南山区氮磷流失的影响[J].人民长江,2016,47(7):18-22.
[46]张攀,姚文艺,魏鹳举,等.黄丘区坡面细沟流速分布特征试验研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(S):1-7.
[47]杨丽霞,杨桂山,苑韶峰.施磷对太湖流域典型蔬菜地磷素流失的影响[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(4):518-523.
[48]左继超,郑海金,奚同行,等.自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4178-4186.