黄丘区野外坡面土壤水分变化对次降雨过程的响应
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摘要
土壤水分的垂直变化与空间变异特征对坡面降雨入渗和产流过程有重要影响。为了研究黄丘区降雨-土壤水分响应关系,在天水罗玉沟流域建立野外坡面小区,利用野外水分动态观测和人工模拟降雨试验,研究天然状态和90 mm/h降雨强度下的土壤水分变化规律。结果表明:天然状态下,土壤剖面土壤水分的垂直变化可以划分为速变层(0~20 cm)、活跃层(20~30 cm)、次活跃层(30~40 cm)和相对稳定层(40~100 cm),土壤水分的垂向分布存在分层现象,坡向分布存在显著的坡位差异(P<0.05)。降雨过程中,降雨能明显增强土壤水分的活跃性,主要表现在0~30 cm土层范围内,随土层深度的增加,降雨对土壤水分活跃程度的影响逐渐减弱。0~30 cm土层土壤水分随降雨时间变化表现为3段式,即快速上升期、稳定期、略微下降期,深层次土壤水分在垂向的变化中表现为不均匀性,存在梯度性差异;除0~30 cm土层外,降雨仅增加各土层中的土壤水分,对各层间土壤水分在整体土层范围中土壤水分的占比影响较小,雨中坡位间土壤水分的分布差异更为显著(P<0.01)。随着0~30 cm土层的土壤水分含水率的增加,产流速率呈增加并趋于稳定的趋势,产沙速率的变化趋势为产沙量达到高峰后逐渐减小并趋于稳定。
[Background] The vertical variation and spatial variability of soil moisture have important effects on the process of rainfall,infiltration and runoff. [Methods] In order to study the relationship between rainfall and soil moisture response in the Loess Plateau,the vertical variation and spatial variability of soil moisture under 90 mm/h rainfall in Luoyu Valley watershed of Tianshui city was studiedusing dynamic monitoring and simulated rainfall method. [Results] For natural condition,the vertical change in soil moisture could be divided into four levels: the rapid change layer( 0-20 cm),the active layer( 20-30 cm),the second active layer( 30-40 cm),and the relatively stable layer( deeper 40 cm). There was stratification in the vertical distribution of soil moisture,and the slope distribution of soil moisture had significant differences in slope position( P < 0. 05). Frequent exchange of soil moisture and air was also concentrated in the 0-40 cm soil layer range. During the rainfall,the activity of soil moisture was obviously enhanced,but the influence was mainly in the range of 0-30 cm soil layer,the influence of soil moisture by rainfall was negatively correlated with the soil depth. The change of soil moisture of 0-30 cm soil layer with time was not uniform,there were 3 periods of the rapid rise period,the stable period and the slight decline period. In deeper soil layer,there was a gradient difference in the vertical variation of soil moisture. Except for the surface soil,the rainfall infiltration only increases the soil moisture of each soil layer,while the proportion of soil moisture did not change,the distribution of soil moisture in the slope was more significant( P < 0. 01). With the increase of soil moisture of 0-30 cm soil layer,the runoff rate showed the trend of increase to a stable value. The sediment yield rate increased to a peak value,and then decreased,became stable gradually. [Conclusions]The research of the relationship between rainfall and soil moisture played an important role in explaining the redistribution of soil moisture and the migration of organic matter,and provided scientific basis and theoretical guidance for efficient utilization of water resources and vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in hillygully region of Loess Plateau.
[Background] The vertical variation and spatial variability of soil moisture have important effects on the process of rainfall,infiltration and runoff. [Methods] In order to study the relationship between rainfall and soil moisture response in the Loess Plateau,the vertical variation and spatial variability of soil moisture under 90 mm/h rainfall in Luoyu Valley watershed of Tianshui city was studiedusing dynamic monitoring and simulated rainfall method. [Results] For natural condition,the vertical change in soil moisture could be divided into four levels: the rapid change layer( 0-20 cm),the active layer( 20-30 cm),the second active layer( 30-40 cm),and the relatively stable layer( deeper 40 cm). There was stratification in the vertical distribution of soil moisture,and the slope distribution of soil moisture had significant differences in slope position( P < 0. 05). Frequent exchange of soil moisture and air was also concentrated in the 0-40 cm soil layer range. During the rainfall,the activity of soil moisture was obviously enhanced,but the influence was mainly in the range of 0-30 cm soil layer,the influence of soil moisture by rainfall was negatively correlated with the soil depth. The change of soil moisture of 0-30 cm soil layer with time was not uniform,there were 3 periods of the rapid rise period,the stable period and the slight decline period. In deeper soil layer,there was a gradient difference in the vertical variation of soil moisture. Except for the surface soil,the rainfall infiltration only increases the soil moisture of each soil layer,while the proportion of soil moisture did not change,the distribution of soil moisture in the slope was more significant( P < 0. 01). With the increase of soil moisture of 0-30 cm soil layer,the runoff rate showed the trend of increase to a stable value. The sediment yield rate increased to a peak value,and then decreased,became stable gradually. [Conclusions]The research of the relationship between rainfall and soil moisture played an important role in explaining the redistribution of soil moisture and the migration of organic matter,and provided scientific basis and theoretical guidance for efficient utilization of water resources and vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in hillygully region of Loess Plateau.
引文
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[7]TTH B,MAKA,TTH G.Role of soil properties in water retention characteristics of main Hungarian soil types[J].Journal of Central European Agriculture,2013,15(2):137.
[8]王瑜,朱清科,赵维军,等.陕北黄土区人工林地土壤水分的垂直变化规律[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(6):54.WANG Yu,ZHU Qingke,ZHAO Weijun,et al.Purpose variation of soil moisture in artificial forest land in loess plateau of northern Shaanxi[J].China Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(6):54.
[9]王军,傅伯杰,邱扬,等.黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的时空变异特征[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):428.WANG Jun,FU Bojie,QIU Yang,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in hilly small watershed[J].Journal of Geography,2000,55(4):428.
[10]杨文治.黄土高原土壤水资源与植树造林[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(5):433.YANG Wenzhi.Soil water resources and afforestation in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(5):433.
[11]李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响[J].生态学报,1983,3(2):91.LI Yushan.Characteristics of soil water cycling and its effect on land water cycling in loess area[J].Journal of Ecology,1983,3(2):91.
[12]郭忠升.黄土丘陵半干旱区土壤水资源利用限度[J].应用生态学报,2012,21(12):3039.GUO Zhongsheng.Soil and water use limits in semi-arid region of loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,21(12):3039.
[13]鲍彪,毕华兴,云雷,等.晋西黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分对降雨的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2012,34(2):84.BAO Biao,BI Huaxing,YUN Lei,et al.Response of soil moisture to precipitation in Robinia pseudoacacia forestland in loess area of West Shanxi province,northern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2012,34(2):84.
[14]肖培青,姚文艺,牛光辉,等.不同下垫面条件下坡面蓄水保土效益试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):65.XIAO Peiqing,YAO Wenyi,NIU Guanghui,et al.Experimental study on soil and water conservation efficiency of slope under different underlying conditions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(1):65.
[15]RAFRAF S,GUELLOUZ L,GUIRAS H,et al.Quantification of hysteresis effects on a soil subjected to drying and wetting cycles[J].International Agrophysics,2016(4):493.
[16]刘宏伟,余钟波,崔广柏.湿润地区土壤水分对降雨的响应模式研究[J].水利学报,2009,40(7):822.LIU Hongwei,YU Zhongbo,CUI Guangbai.Study on response model of soil moisture to rainfall in wetland[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(7):822.
[17]MAGORZATA B.Dynamics of water content in light bare soil in summer half-year in the period of 2003—2012 and its agro-meteorological determinants[J].Journal of Water and Land Development,2014,22(1):41.
[18]赵娇娜,徐学选,李星,等.长武塬区降雨入渗特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(4):37.ZHAO Jiaona,XU Xuexuan,LI Xing,et al.Changwu highland area rainfall infiltration characteristics[J].Chinese Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(4):37.
[2]陈洪松,邵明安,王克林.黄土区荒草地和裸地土壤水分的循环特征[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(10):1853.CHEN Hongsong,SHAO Mingan,WANG Kelin.Circulation characteristics of soil water in grassland and bare soil of loess plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(10):1853.
[3]康红莉.祁连山林区土壤水分生态研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2003:1.KANG Hongli.Study on soil water ecology in Qilian mountains[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2003:1.
[4]杨春霞,肖培青,甄斌,等.野外不同被覆坡面产流产沙特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):28.YANG Chunxia,XIAO Peiqing,ZHEN Bin,et al.Characteristics of runoff and sediment yield on different covered slope[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):28.
[5]宁婷,郭忠升.半干旱黄土丘陵区撂荒坡地土壤水分循环特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(15):5168.NING Ting,GUO Zhongsheng.Effects of soil water cycle on abandoned slope land in semi-arid loess hilly region[J].Journal of Ecology,2015,35(15):5168.
[6]ˇCustovi'c H,urovec O,Husnjak S.Influence of soil water retention properties on hydrological cycle and water budgeting module simulation[J].Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus,2011,76(1):65.
[7]TTH B,MAKA,TTH G.Role of soil properties in water retention characteristics of main Hungarian soil types[J].Journal of Central European Agriculture,2013,15(2):137.
[8]王瑜,朱清科,赵维军,等.陕北黄土区人工林地土壤水分的垂直变化规律[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(6):54.WANG Yu,ZHU Qingke,ZHAO Weijun,et al.Purpose variation of soil moisture in artificial forest land in loess plateau of northern Shaanxi[J].China Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(6):54.
[9]王军,傅伯杰,邱扬,等.黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分的时空变异特征[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):428.WANG Jun,FU Bojie,QIU Yang,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in hilly small watershed[J].Journal of Geography,2000,55(4):428.
[10]杨文治.黄土高原土壤水资源与植树造林[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(5):433.YANG Wenzhi.Soil water resources and afforestation in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(5):433.
[11]李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响[J].生态学报,1983,3(2):91.LI Yushan.Characteristics of soil water cycling and its effect on land water cycling in loess area[J].Journal of Ecology,1983,3(2):91.
[12]郭忠升.黄土丘陵半干旱区土壤水资源利用限度[J].应用生态学报,2012,21(12):3039.GUO Zhongsheng.Soil and water use limits in semi-arid region of loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,21(12):3039.
[13]鲍彪,毕华兴,云雷,等.晋西黄土区刺槐林地土壤水分对降雨的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2012,34(2):84.BAO Biao,BI Huaxing,YUN Lei,et al.Response of soil moisture to precipitation in Robinia pseudoacacia forestland in loess area of West Shanxi province,northern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2012,34(2):84.
[14]肖培青,姚文艺,牛光辉,等.不同下垫面条件下坡面蓄水保土效益试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(1):65.XIAO Peiqing,YAO Wenyi,NIU Guanghui,et al.Experimental study on soil and water conservation efficiency of slope under different underlying conditions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(1):65.
[15]RAFRAF S,GUELLOUZ L,GUIRAS H,et al.Quantification of hysteresis effects on a soil subjected to drying and wetting cycles[J].International Agrophysics,2016(4):493.
[16]刘宏伟,余钟波,崔广柏.湿润地区土壤水分对降雨的响应模式研究[J].水利学报,2009,40(7):822.LIU Hongwei,YU Zhongbo,CUI Guangbai.Study on response model of soil moisture to rainfall in wetland[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2009,40(7):822.
[17]MAGORZATA B.Dynamics of water content in light bare soil in summer half-year in the period of 2003—2012 and its agro-meteorological determinants[J].Journal of Water and Land Development,2014,22(1):41.
[18]赵娇娜,徐学选,李星,等.长武塬区降雨入渗特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(4):37.ZHAO Jiaona,XU Xuexuan,LI Xing,et al.Changwu highland area rainfall infiltration characteristics[J].Chinese Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(4):37.