株行距配置连作对黄土旱塬覆膜春玉米土壤水分和产量的影响
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摘要
探讨株行距配置调整后密度对旱地覆膜春玉米连作稳产和水分利用的影响,为旱地雨养区春玉米高产稳产栽培提供依据。试验于2014—2017年在黄土旱塬区甘肃省镇原县(35°30′N,107°39′E)进行,以紧凑型耐密高产春玉米品种"先玉335"为试验材料,设55,75 cm 2种等行距垄沟覆盖种植方式,6.0,7.5,9.0,10.5万株/hm~2 4个种植密度水平,采用裂区设计,连作定位观测。使用烘干法测定不同处理春玉米生育期0—200 cm土层土壤水分,研究黄土旱塬连作春玉米籽粒产量和土壤剖面水分变化。结果表明,在试验设计行距下,在干旱年份55,75 cm行距0—200 cm土层土壤剖面水分均有低湿区形成,2种行距40—200 cm土层最低含水率均出现在160 cm土层剖面,55 cm行距土壤含水量为8.9%,75 cm行距土壤含水量为8.7%,受降水及植株生育耗水的影响,20—120 cm土层土壤水分变化较为剧烈。不论降水年型如何,2种行距下0—200 cm土壤深层水分均未产生土壤干层,75 cm行距低湿区较55 cm行距随年份变化有不同程度扩大,但2种行距下7.5～10.5万株/hm~2相同密度耗水量没有显著差异。4年平均产量75 cm行距相同密度均高于55 cm行距,9.0万株/hm~2及以下种植密度处理稳产性较好,密度由低到高产量分别增加2.2%,5.8%,4.1%和3.0%,平均水分利用效率分别提升1.1%,5.9%,0.3%和-1.5%,不同行距相同密度产量和水分利用效率没有显著差异。研究表明,在黄土旱塬区55,75 cm行距配置7.5万株/hm~2种植密度连作具有稳定产量,并且不会导致土壤深层水分亏缺至产生土壤干层,是较为理想的连作稳产株行距配置种植模式。
The effect of the adjusted density on the steady yield and water use of spring maize covered with film in dry land was discussed in order to provide a basis for the high and stable yield of spring maize in rain-fed area of dry land. The experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2017 in the Loess Plateau, Zhenyuan, Gansu(107°39′E,35°30′N) in a split plot design. The compact and dense and high-yield spring maize variety Xianyu 335 was used as the test material, 55 cm and 75 cm were set up with two kinds of row spacing covering planting, 6.0×10~4 plants/hm~2, 7.5×10~4 plants/hm~2, 9.0×10~4 plants/hm~2 and 10.5×10~4 plants/hm~2 4 planting density levels. The soil moisture of 0—200 cm soil layer in different spring maize growth period was measured by drying method, and the grain yield and soil profile water change of continuous cropping spring maize were studied in the Loess Plateau. The results showed that under the experimental design distance, there is a low moisture area between 0—200 cm in the soil profile of 55 cm and 75 cm in the dry year, and the lowest water content of two row spacing 40—200 cm soil layer is in the section of 160 cm soil layer, the soil moisture content of 55 cm row spacing is 8.9%, the soil moisture content of 75 cm row spacing is 8.7%. The soil moisture of 20—120 cm soil layer changed more sharply with the influence of precipitation and plant growth water consumption. Regardless of the annual precipitation pattern, the soil dry layer was not produced in the 0—200 cm soil depth under two row spacing. Compared with the 55 cm row spacing, the distance to the low humidity area of the 75 cm row spacing enlarged in varying degree with the change of years, but there was no significant difference in the same density water consumption of the 7.5×10~4～10.5×10~4 plants/hm~2 under the two rows. The 4 years average yield of the 75 cm row spacing was higher than that of the 55 cm row spacing, and better stable yield was achieved in 9.0×10~4 plants/hm~2 and below planting density. The yield increased from low to high density by 2.2%, 5.8%, 4.1% and 3.0% respectively, while the average water use efficiency increased by 1.1%, 5.9%, 0.3% and-1.5% respectively, and the yield of the same density and water use efficiency in different row spacing were the same. The research showed that in the Loess Plateau, 55 cm and 75 cm row spacing with 7.5×10~4 plants/hm~2 planting density for continuous cropping has stable yield, and will not lead to soil water deficit to produce dry soil layer, which is the ideal planting pattern of continuous cropping stable plant spacing.
The effect of the adjusted density on the steady yield and water use of spring maize covered with film in dry land was discussed in order to provide a basis for the high and stable yield of spring maize in rain-fed area of dry land. The experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2017 in the Loess Plateau, Zhenyuan, Gansu(107°39′E,35°30′N) in a split plot design. The compact and dense and high-yield spring maize variety Xianyu 335 was used as the test material, 55 cm and 75 cm were set up with two kinds of row spacing covering planting, 6.0×10~4 plants/hm~2, 7.5×10~4 plants/hm~2, 9.0×10~4 plants/hm~2 and 10.5×10~4 plants/hm~2 4 planting density levels. The soil moisture of 0—200 cm soil layer in different spring maize growth period was measured by drying method, and the grain yield and soil profile water change of continuous cropping spring maize were studied in the Loess Plateau. The results showed that under the experimental design distance, there is a low moisture area between 0—200 cm in the soil profile of 55 cm and 75 cm in the dry year, and the lowest water content of two row spacing 40—200 cm soil layer is in the section of 160 cm soil layer, the soil moisture content of 55 cm row spacing is 8.9%, the soil moisture content of 75 cm row spacing is 8.7%. The soil moisture of 20—120 cm soil layer changed more sharply with the influence of precipitation and plant growth water consumption. Regardless of the annual precipitation pattern, the soil dry layer was not produced in the 0—200 cm soil depth under two row spacing. Compared with the 55 cm row spacing, the distance to the low humidity area of the 75 cm row spacing enlarged in varying degree with the change of years, but there was no significant difference in the same density water consumption of the 7.5×10~4～10.5×10~4 plants/hm~2 under the two rows. The 4 years average yield of the 75 cm row spacing was higher than that of the 55 cm row spacing, and better stable yield was achieved in 9.0×10~4 plants/hm~2 and below planting density. The yield increased from low to high density by 2.2%, 5.8%, 4.1% and 3.0% respectively, while the average water use efficiency increased by 1.1%, 5.9%, 0.3% and-1.5% respectively, and the yield of the same density and water use efficiency in different row spacing were the same. The research showed that in the Loess Plateau, 55 cm and 75 cm row spacing with 7.5×10~4 plants/hm~2 planting density for continuous cropping has stable yield, and will not lead to soil water deficit to produce dry soil layer, which is the ideal planting pattern of continuous cropping stable plant spacing.
引文
[1] 陈志君,孙仕军,张旭东,等.东北雨养区覆膜和种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和根系生长的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):224-235.
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[13] 王同朝,卫丽,王燕,等.夏玉米垄作覆盖对农田土壤水分及其利用影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):129-132.
[14] 侯慧芝,高世铭,张绪成,等.旱地全膜覆土穴播春小麦的耗水特征及其对产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):202-210.
[15] 李世清,李东方,李凤民,等.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2003,31(5):21-29.
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[17] 樊廷录,李永平,李尚中,等.旱作地膜玉米密植增产用水效应及土壤水分时空变化[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(19):3721-3732.
[18] 孟猛,倪健,张治国.地理生态学的干燥度指数及其应用评述[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):853-861.
[19] 张海萍,陈利顶,王晓燕,等.海伦地区水热耦合特征及其对大豆产量的影响[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(1):131-138.
[20] 汪勇,付俊,徐海军.浙江省桐庐县将水特征及变化趋势分析[J].黑龙江水专学报,2005,32(1):26-29.
[21] 王磊,李雅文,樊廷录,等.适宜机械收获株行距对黄土旱塬春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):363-370.
[22] 谢军红,李玲玲,张仁陟,等.覆膜、沟垄作对旱作农田玉米产量和水分利用的叠加效应[J].作物学报,2018,44(2):268-277.
[23] 李军,蒋斌,胡伟,等.黄土高原不同类型旱区旱作粮田深层土壤干燥化特征[J].自然资源学报,2009,24(12):2124-2134.
[24] 白翔斌,岳善超,李世清,等.不同栽培模式旱作春玉米农田土壤水分时空动态和产量效应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(3):164-170.
[25] 董翠云,黄明斌,李玉山.黄土塬区旱作农田高生产力的水分环境效应与产量波动性[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):204-206.
[26] 齐华,梁熠,赵明,等.栽培方式对玉米群体结构的调控效应[J].华北农学报,2010,25(3):134-139.
[2] 孔令聪,曹承富,叶震.紧凑型玉米的高产栽培技术[J].安徽农学通报,1995,1(1):50-51.
[3] Maddonno G A, Chelle M, Drouet J L, et al. Light interception of contrasting azimuth canopies under square and rectangular plant spatial distributions: Simulations and crop mensurements[J].Field Crops Research,2001,70(1):1-13.
[4] 高英波,陶洪斌,黄收兵,等.密植和行距配置对夏玉米群体光分布及光合特性的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(6):9-15.
[5] 李新彦,李有明,马现斌,等.不同株行距配置对玉米产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(7):87-88.
[6] 何冬冬,杨恒山,张玉芹.扩行距、缩株距对春玉米冠层结构及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(3):397-408.
[7] 关心,陈皆辉,周立权,等.春玉米密度、株行距配置的产量效应[J].内蒙古民族大学学报(自然科学版),2016,31(3):225-231.
[8] 李尚中,樊廷录,赵刚,等.旱地玉米不同覆盖栽培模式的土壤水热特征及产量品种效应[J].草业学报,2018,27(4):34-44.
[9] 任小龙,贾志宽,丁瑞霞,等.我国旱区作物根域微集水种植技术研究进展及展望[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):83-89.
[10] 徐宗贵,孙磊,王浩,等.种植密度对旱地不同株型春玉米品种光合特性与产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(13):2463-2475.
[11] Xie Z K, Wang Y J, Li F M. Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75(1):71-83.
[12] 胡伟,陈豫.黄土高原半干旱区旱作农田土壤干燥化研究[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(4):75-79.
[13] 王同朝,卫丽,王燕,等.夏玉米垄作覆盖对农田土壤水分及其利用影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):129-132.
[14] 侯慧芝,高世铭,张绪成,等.旱地全膜覆土穴播春小麦的耗水特征及其对产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):202-210.
[15] 李世清,李东方,李凤民,等.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2003,31(5):21-29.
[16] 莫非,周宏,王建永,等.田间微集雨技术研究及应用[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(8):1-17.
[17] 樊廷录,李永平,李尚中,等.旱作地膜玉米密植增产用水效应及土壤水分时空变化[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(19):3721-3732.
[18] 孟猛,倪健,张治国.地理生态学的干燥度指数及其应用评述[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):853-861.
[19] 张海萍,陈利顶,王晓燕,等.海伦地区水热耦合特征及其对大豆产量的影响[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(1):131-138.
[20] 汪勇,付俊,徐海军.浙江省桐庐县将水特征及变化趋势分析[J].黑龙江水专学报,2005,32(1):26-29.
[21] 王磊,李雅文,樊廷录,等.适宜机械收获株行距对黄土旱塬春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):363-370.
[22] 谢军红,李玲玲,张仁陟,等.覆膜、沟垄作对旱作农田玉米产量和水分利用的叠加效应[J].作物学报,2018,44(2):268-277.
[23] 李军,蒋斌,胡伟,等.黄土高原不同类型旱区旱作粮田深层土壤干燥化特征[J].自然资源学报,2009,24(12):2124-2134.
[24] 白翔斌,岳善超,李世清,等.不同栽培模式旱作春玉米农田土壤水分时空动态和产量效应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(3):164-170.
[25] 董翠云,黄明斌,李玉山.黄土塬区旱作农田高生产力的水分环境效应与产量波动性[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(3):204-206.
[26] 齐华,梁熠,赵明,等.栽培方式对玉米群体结构的调控效应[J].华北农学报,2010,25(3):134-139.