贵州草海湿地空心莲子草入侵迹地植物群落结构数量特征
|
摘要
草海湿地是中国西南地区极为重要的喀斯特高原高寒湿地生态系统,也是中国黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)等珍稀水鸟重要的越冬场所之一。空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)已在草海环湖消涨区、航道、码头等地形成入侵趋势,造成湿地植物群落物种多样性降低、破坏湿地生态系统稳定,严重威胁草海湿地生态安全。本研究选择贵州草海湿地空心莲子草入侵迹地植物群落作为研究对象,采用标准样地调查法分别在草海湿地上游、中游、下游设置轻度、中度、重度调查样点,对空心莲子草入侵迹地植物群落组成种类、种群密度、重要值等数量特征进行分析,提出空心莲子草清除后湿地植物群落培育方向,为草海湿地入侵植物迹地修复提供参考。研究结果表明,(1)草海湿地空心莲子草入侵迹地植物群落包括9个科,15种植物,其中禾本科(Gramineae)植物4种,莎草科(Cyperaceae)植物3种,蓼科(Polygonaceae)植物2种,菊科(Asteraceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、香蒲(Typhaceae)、睡菜科(Menyanthaceae)、唇形科(Labiatae)、木贼科(Equisetaceae)植物各1种。(2)草海湿地上游入侵迹地植物群落总密度随入侵程度增加呈升高趋势,而草海湿地中游和下游入侵迹地植物群落密度随入侵程度增加呈降低趋势。(3)空心莲子草入侵迹地次优种、伴生种均以禾本科的李氏禾(Leersi ahexandra)、茭白(Zizania latifolia),莎草科的水葱(Scirpus validus)、荆三棱(Scirpus fluviatilis)为主。空心莲子草清除后的植物群落培育应以李氏禾、水葱、荆三棱、茭白为主要建群种。
As an important karst alpine wetland ecosystem in southwestern China, the Caohai wetland is one of the hibernacula of rare waterfowls, such as Grus nigricollis. However, Alternanthera philoxeroides in the Caohai wetland, has formed an invasion trend in the water fluctuation belt, waterway and wharf, resulting in the decrease of plant species diversity, the destruction of wetland ecosystem stability and the serious threat to the ecological safety in this area. This paper, based on the standard plot method, taking the plant community in Caohai wetland of Guizhou after the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides as the research object, by selecting the mild, moderate and severe sample plots according to the invasion of different extents in the upper, middle and lower reaches respectively, analyzed the plant community composition, population density, important value and other quantitative characteristics in the investigated spots, presented the cultivation direction of plant community after removing the Alternanthera philoxeroides, which would provide reference for the restoration of plant invasion area in Caohai wetland. The results showed that:(1) In the Alternanthera philoxeroides invasion area, the plant community was composed of 9 families with 15 species, including 4 species of Gramineae plants, 3 species of Cyperaceae plants, 2 species of Polygonaceae plants, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Typhaceae, Menyanthaceae, Labiatae, Equisetaceae plants were 1, respectively.(2) The total density of plant communities in the upper reaches of the wetland was proportional to the degree of invasion, while it was inversely proportional in the middle or lower reaches of the wetland. And(3) the suboptimal and companion species were mainly Leersi ahexandra, Zizania latifolia of Gramineae, Scirpus validus and Scirpus fluviatilis of Cyperaceae in the Alternanthera philoxeroides invasion area. It should give priority to cultivating the plants of Leersi ahexandra, Zizania latifolia, Scirpus validus and Scirpus fluviatilis after suppressing the Alternanthera philoxeroides.
As an important karst alpine wetland ecosystem in southwestern China, the Caohai wetland is one of the hibernacula of rare waterfowls, such as Grus nigricollis. However, Alternanthera philoxeroides in the Caohai wetland, has formed an invasion trend in the water fluctuation belt, waterway and wharf, resulting in the decrease of plant species diversity, the destruction of wetland ecosystem stability and the serious threat to the ecological safety in this area. This paper, based on the standard plot method, taking the plant community in Caohai wetland of Guizhou after the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides as the research object, by selecting the mild, moderate and severe sample plots according to the invasion of different extents in the upper, middle and lower reaches respectively, analyzed the plant community composition, population density, important value and other quantitative characteristics in the investigated spots, presented the cultivation direction of plant community after removing the Alternanthera philoxeroides, which would provide reference for the restoration of plant invasion area in Caohai wetland. The results showed that:(1) In the Alternanthera philoxeroides invasion area, the plant community was composed of 9 families with 15 species, including 4 species of Gramineae plants, 3 species of Cyperaceae plants, 2 species of Polygonaceae plants, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Typhaceae, Menyanthaceae, Labiatae, Equisetaceae plants were 1, respectively.(2) The total density of plant communities in the upper reaches of the wetland was proportional to the degree of invasion, while it was inversely proportional in the middle or lower reaches of the wetland. And(3) the suboptimal and companion species were mainly Leersi ahexandra, Zizania latifolia of Gramineae, Scirpus validus and Scirpus fluviatilis of Cyperaceae in the Alternanthera philoxeroides invasion area. It should give priority to cultivating the plants of Leersi ahexandra, Zizania latifolia, Scirpus validus and Scirpus fluviatilis after suppressing the Alternanthera philoxeroides.
引文
GAO L,GENG Y,LI B,et al.2010.Genome-wide DNA methylation alterations of Alternanthera philoxeroides in natural and manipulated habitats:implications for epigenetic regulation of rapid responses to environmental fluctuation and phenotypic variation[J].Plant Cell&Environment,33(11):1820-1827.
GENG Y P,PAN X Y,XU C Y,et al.2007.Phenotypic plasticity rather than locally adapted ecotypes allows the invasive alligator weed to colonize a wide range of habitats[J].Biological Invasions,9(3):245-256.
JULIEN M H,SKARRATT B,MAYWALD G F.1995.Potential geographical distribution of Alligator Weed and its biological control by Agasicles hygrophila[J].Journal of Aquatic Plant Management,33(4):55-60.
WANG N,YU F H,LI P X,et al.2009.Clonal integration supports the expansion from terrestrial to aquatic environments of the amphibious stoloniferous herb Alternanthera philoxeroides[J].Plant Biology,11(3):483-489.
蔡国俊,周晨,林艳红,等.2016.贵州草海高原湿地浮游动物群落结构与水质评价[J].生态环境学报,25(2):279-285.
常瑞英,王仁卿,张依然,等.2013.入侵植物空心莲子草的入侵机制及综合管理[J].生态与农村环境学报,29(1):17-23.
从春蕾,刘天雷,邹焓.2016.安顺市空心莲子草入侵对伴生杂草的组成及多样性的影响[J].南方农业,10(22):47-52.
郭媛,林昌虎,何腾兵,等.2011.草海自然保护区生态环境问题及保护对策[J].贵州科学,29(6):26-30.
韩志伟,张水,吴攀,等.2017.贵州草海氮磷分布特征及沉积物释放通量估算[J].生态学杂志,36(9):2501-2506.
姜汉侨,段昌群,杨树华,等.2010.植物生态学[M].第2版.北京:高等教育出版社.
孔凡翠,杨瑞东,林树基.2010.从威宁草海的演化分析0.73Ma来贵州威宁地区喀斯特环境的演变[J].地球与环境,38(2):138-145.
李安定,谢元贵,张建利,等.2013.异质生境空心莲子草植物群落组成及物种多样性研究[J].生态环境学报,22(8):1322-1328.
李俊清.2006.森林生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
李一兵,彭熙,黄仁海,等.2012.草海湿地保护区土壤重金属及其污染评价[J].贵州科学,30(3):57-62.
彭益书,付培,杨瑞东.2014.草海湿地生态系统健康评价[J].地球与环境,42(1):68-81.
齐建文,李矿明,黎育成,等.2012.贵州草海湿地现状与生态恢复对策[J].中南林业调查规划,31(2):39-40.
任秀秀,陈永祥,冯图,等.2017.贵州威宁草海湿地的研究现状[J].贵州工程应用技术学院学报,35(3):18-34.
覃林.统计生态学[M].2010.北京:中国林业出版社.
翁伯琦,林嵩,王义祥.2006.空心莲子草在我国的适应性及入侵机制[J].生态学报,26(7):2373-2381.
吴昊.2017.陆生生境入侵植物空心莲子草群落数量分类与排序[J].浙江农业学报,29(3):433-444.
吴际通,郑开颜.2016.贵州草海国家级自然保护区土壤侵蚀动态特征[J].贵州农业科学,44(8):154-156.
徐婷,徐跃,江波,等.2015.贵州草海湿地生态系统服务价值评估[J].生态学报,35(13):4295-4303.
张华海,李明晶,姚松林.2007.草海研究[M].贵阳:贵州科技出版社.
张建利,吴华,喻理飞,等.2013.基于群落数量特征的喀斯特湿地森林群落优势种分析[J].生态环境学报,22(1):58-65.
张金屯.2011.数量生态学[M].第2版.北京:科学出版社.
周晨,喻理飞,蔡国俊,等.2016.草海高原湿地湖泊水质时空变化及水质分区研究[J].水生态学杂志,37(1):24-30.
GENG Y P,PAN X Y,XU C Y,et al.2007.Phenotypic plasticity rather than locally adapted ecotypes allows the invasive alligator weed to colonize a wide range of habitats[J].Biological Invasions,9(3):245-256.
JULIEN M H,SKARRATT B,MAYWALD G F.1995.Potential geographical distribution of Alligator Weed and its biological control by Agasicles hygrophila[J].Journal of Aquatic Plant Management,33(4):55-60.
WANG N,YU F H,LI P X,et al.2009.Clonal integration supports the expansion from terrestrial to aquatic environments of the amphibious stoloniferous herb Alternanthera philoxeroides[J].Plant Biology,11(3):483-489.
蔡国俊,周晨,林艳红,等.2016.贵州草海高原湿地浮游动物群落结构与水质评价[J].生态环境学报,25(2):279-285.
常瑞英,王仁卿,张依然,等.2013.入侵植物空心莲子草的入侵机制及综合管理[J].生态与农村环境学报,29(1):17-23.
从春蕾,刘天雷,邹焓.2016.安顺市空心莲子草入侵对伴生杂草的组成及多样性的影响[J].南方农业,10(22):47-52.
郭媛,林昌虎,何腾兵,等.2011.草海自然保护区生态环境问题及保护对策[J].贵州科学,29(6):26-30.
韩志伟,张水,吴攀,等.2017.贵州草海氮磷分布特征及沉积物释放通量估算[J].生态学杂志,36(9):2501-2506.
姜汉侨,段昌群,杨树华,等.2010.植物生态学[M].第2版.北京:高等教育出版社.
孔凡翠,杨瑞东,林树基.2010.从威宁草海的演化分析0.73Ma来贵州威宁地区喀斯特环境的演变[J].地球与环境,38(2):138-145.
李安定,谢元贵,张建利,等.2013.异质生境空心莲子草植物群落组成及物种多样性研究[J].生态环境学报,22(8):1322-1328.
李俊清.2006.森林生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
李一兵,彭熙,黄仁海,等.2012.草海湿地保护区土壤重金属及其污染评价[J].贵州科学,30(3):57-62.
彭益书,付培,杨瑞东.2014.草海湿地生态系统健康评价[J].地球与环境,42(1):68-81.
齐建文,李矿明,黎育成,等.2012.贵州草海湿地现状与生态恢复对策[J].中南林业调查规划,31(2):39-40.
任秀秀,陈永祥,冯图,等.2017.贵州威宁草海湿地的研究现状[J].贵州工程应用技术学院学报,35(3):18-34.
覃林.统计生态学[M].2010.北京:中国林业出版社.
翁伯琦,林嵩,王义祥.2006.空心莲子草在我国的适应性及入侵机制[J].生态学报,26(7):2373-2381.
吴昊.2017.陆生生境入侵植物空心莲子草群落数量分类与排序[J].浙江农业学报,29(3):433-444.
吴际通,郑开颜.2016.贵州草海国家级自然保护区土壤侵蚀动态特征[J].贵州农业科学,44(8):154-156.
徐婷,徐跃,江波,等.2015.贵州草海湿地生态系统服务价值评估[J].生态学报,35(13):4295-4303.
张华海,李明晶,姚松林.2007.草海研究[M].贵阳:贵州科技出版社.
张建利,吴华,喻理飞,等.2013.基于群落数量特征的喀斯特湿地森林群落优势种分析[J].生态环境学报,22(1):58-65.
张金屯.2011.数量生态学[M].第2版.北京:科学出版社.
周晨,喻理飞,蔡国俊,等.2016.草海高原湿地湖泊水质时空变化及水质分区研究[J].水生态学杂志,37(1):24-30.