黄土丘陵区人工柠条林下草本植物物种多样性研究
|
摘要
人工林林下物种的组成对整个人工林群落的稳定性及生态环境的影响至关重要,采用时空替代法,对黄土丘陵区不同生长年限的人工柠条林下草本植物物种组成及多样性进行研究,为黄土丘陵区人工柠条林的抚育管理提供科学、合理的理论依据。研究表明,1)随着柠条林的生长,柠条林下草本植物种类在不断地更替,植物种类以30a柠条林最为丰富,各生长年限柠条林下草本生活型均以多年生草本为主;2)柠条林下草本丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)的变化随柠条生长年限的增加变化一致,表现为在10~30a时多样性指标随柠条林龄增加而增加,30~40a时指标随柠条林龄增加开始下降,40~50a时指标又随柠条林龄增加有增加趋势。生态优势度Simpson(D)指数变化则刚好相反;3)随柠条林龄的增加,柠条林群落相似性系数增加,且相邻2a之间有较高的相似性系数。不同年份柠条林群落与撂荒地相比,相似性系数逐渐降低,与天然狼牙刺相比,30a柠条林的相似性系数最高,值达0.895 8,说明在30a时柠条林群落的稳定性较高。在柠条林生长至30a左右时,可适当对林分进行抚育砍伐,使柠条林群落的稳定性维持在一个较高的、与天然林大致保持一致的阶段,植物种类更替平稳,生态功能持续发挥。
In order to provide theoretical basis for the management of Caragana microphylla plantations,the space-time alternative method was used to study the species composition and diversity of herbaceous plants under the plantations of C.microphyllain loess hilly region.The results indicated that 1)with the growth of C.microphylla,the species replacement occurred all the time.In 30 aplantation,the herbaceous species was most abundant.Perennial herbs were the main life form under C.microphyllaplantations with different ages.2)With the growth of C.microphylla,the species richness index,Shannon-Wiener index andevenness index showed similar changing patterns,all increased in 10-30 aand reduced in 30-40 aand had increasing trends in 40-50 aplantations.Simpson index showed the opposite trend with C.microphylla growth.3)The community similarity coefficient increased with the C.microphyllagrowth,and higher similarity coefficient was found between the two adjacency years.Compared to the abandoned land,the community similarity coefficient reduced gradually,while compared to the natural Sophora davidii community,the similarity coefficient was the highest in 30 aplantation,and the value was 0.895 8,indicating that 30 a C.microphyllacommunity had a higher stability.It was suggested that the appropriate cutting should be conducted in 30 aplantation to maintain the C.microphyllacommunity at a higher stage which was consistent with the natural forest,and to make a smooth replacement for herbaceous plants to play the ecological function sustainably.
In order to provide theoretical basis for the management of Caragana microphylla plantations,the space-time alternative method was used to study the species composition and diversity of herbaceous plants under the plantations of C.microphyllain loess hilly region.The results indicated that 1)with the growth of C.microphylla,the species replacement occurred all the time.In 30 aplantation,the herbaceous species was most abundant.Perennial herbs were the main life form under C.microphyllaplantations with different ages.2)With the growth of C.microphylla,the species richness index,Shannon-Wiener index andevenness index showed similar changing patterns,all increased in 10-30 aand reduced in 30-40 aand had increasing trends in 40-50 aplantations.Simpson index showed the opposite trend with C.microphylla growth.3)The community similarity coefficient increased with the C.microphyllagrowth,and higher similarity coefficient was found between the two adjacency years.Compared to the abandoned land,the community similarity coefficient reduced gradually,while compared to the natural Sophora davidii community,the similarity coefficient was the highest in 30 aplantation,and the value was 0.895 8,indicating that 30 a C.microphyllacommunity had a higher stability.It was suggested that the appropriate cutting should be conducted in 30 aplantation to maintain the C.microphyllacommunity at a higher stage which was consistent with the natural forest,and to make a smooth replacement for herbaceous plants to play the ecological function sustainably.
引文
[1]郑粉莉.子午岭林区植被破坏与恢复对土壤演变的影响[J].水土保持通报,1996,16(5):41-44.ZEHNG F L.Impact of vegetation destruction and restoration on soil evolution in Ziwu Mountain forest area[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,16(5):41-44.(in Chinese)
[2]苏嫄,焦菊英,王志杰,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库动态变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(4):1-7.SU Y,JIAO J Y,WANG Z J,et al.Dynamic variation of seeding bank under different erosion environments in the Hillygully Loess Plateau region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(4):1-7.(in Chinese)
[3]蒋高明.中国西部退化生态系统恢复的机遇和挑战[M].北京:科学技术出版社,2002:16-19.
[4]陈秋波.桉树人工林生物多样性标准与指标体系研究[J].热带作物学报,2002,23(1):96-112.
[5]康迪,郭垚鑫,杜焰玲,等.小陇山人工油松林径级结构及林下植物多样性研究[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(4):54-59.KANG D,GUO Y X,DU Y L,et al.Diameter-class structure and understory diversity of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in Xiaolong Montain[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(4):54-59.(in Chinese)
[6]袁正科,田育新,李锡泉,等.缓坡梯土幼林林下植被覆盖与水土流失[J].中南林学院学报,2002,22(2):21-24.YUAN Z K,TIAN Y X,LI X Y,et al.Erosion and vegetation coverage of the slope and terrace soil under young forest stands[J].Journal of Central South Forestry University,2002,22(2):21-24.(in Chinese)
[7]曹瑞致,周自云,靳鹏博,等.黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下人工杜仲林土壤水分变化和生长规律研究[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(1):12-18.CAO R Y,ZHOU Z Y,JIN P B,et al.Dynamic regularities of soil water and growth in artificial Eucommia ulmoides plantations with different site conditions in Loess Gullied-hilly regions[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(1):12-18.(in Chinese)
[8]高艳鹏,赵廷宁,骆汉.晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林下草本植物生物多样性研究[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(1):103-108.GAO Y P,ZHAO T Y,LUO H.Biodiversity of herbaceous species under artificial forests in hill and gully region of western Shanxi Province[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(1):103-108.(in Chinese)
[9]胡相明,程积民,万惠娥.黄土丘陵区人工林下草本层植物的结构特征[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(3):41-45.HU X M,CHENG J M,WANG H E.Structure characteristics of herbages under five types of artificial forest plantations in Loess Hilly Region[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,26(3):41-45.(in Chinese)
[10]崔静,陈云明,曹扬,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区人工柠条林土壤固碳特征及其影响因素[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(9):1197-1203.CUI J,CHEN Y M,CAO Y,et al.Soil carbon sequestration characteristics of Caragana microphylla forest and its influencing factors in loess hilly semiarid region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(9):1197-1203.(in Chinese)
[11]张飞,陈云明,王耀凤,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林对土壤物理性状及有机质的影响[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(3):105-109.ZHANG F,CHEN Y M,WANG Y F,et al.Effects of Caraganakorshinskii plantation on soil physical properties and organic matter in semi-arid loess hilly region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(3):105-109.(in Chinese)
[12]王琳琳,陈云明,张飞,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区人工林细根分布特征及土壤特性[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(4):340-347.WANG L L,CHEN Y M,ZHANG F,et al.Distribution characteristicsof fine roots of plantations and soil properties in semi-arid loess hilly area[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(4):340-347.(in Chinese)
[13]熊樱,唐德瑞,王得祥,等.延安城郊刺槐林下物种多样性与生物量研究[J].西北林学院学报,2013,28(5):1-7.XIONG Y,TANG D R,WANG D X,et al.Understorey species diversity an biomass of artificial Bobinia pseudoacacia forests in Yanan suburb[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2013,28(5):1-7.(in Chinese)
[14]王琳琳.黄土丘陵区人工柠条林群落特征及土壤有机碳动态[D].杨陵:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[15]徐学华,张文辉,张慧,等.黄土丘陵区狼牙刺群落恢复过程中物种多样性动态研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2006,29(3):1-5.XU X H,ZHANG W H,ZHANG H,et al.Study on the species diversity dynamics of Sophora davidii community in Loess Hilly region[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2006,29(3):1-5.(in Chinese)
[16]张晶晶,王蕾,许冬梅.荒漠草原自然恢复中植物群落组成及物种多样性[J].草业科学,2011,28(6):1091-1094.ZHANG J J,WANG L,XU D M.Composition and plant species diversity of plant community in the process of natural restoration of desert steppe[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(6):1091-1094.(in Chinese)
[17]王国梁,刘国彬,刘芳,等.黄土沟壑区植被恢复过程中植物群落组成及结构变化[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2550-2557.WANG G L,LIU G B,LIU F,et al.Changes in composition and structure of plant communities during the course of restoration at loess gully region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(12):2550-2557.(in Chinese)
[18]程瑞梅,肖文发,李建文.长江三峡库区草丛群落多样性的研究[J].山地学报,2005,23(4):502-506.CHENG R M,XIAO W F,LI J W.The study of biodiversity on Hassocks in Three Gorges Reservoir area in China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2005,23(4):502-506.(in Chinese)
[19]郭连金,张文辉,刘国彬.黄土丘陵区沙棘人工林发育过程中物种多样性及种间关联变化[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(1):9-15.GUO L J,ZHANG W H,LIU G B.Species diversity and interspecific association in development sequence of Hippophae rhamniodes plantations in loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(1):9-15.(in Chinese)
[20]张文辉,徐学华,李登武,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺群落恢复过程中的种间联结性研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(6):1018-1023.ZHANG W H,XU X H,LI D W,et al.Study on interspecific association in course of Sophora davidii communities recovering in Loess Plateau hilly region[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2004,24(6):1018-1023.(in Chinese)
[2]苏嫄,焦菊英,王志杰,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库动态变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(4):1-7.SU Y,JIAO J Y,WANG Z J,et al.Dynamic variation of seeding bank under different erosion environments in the Hillygully Loess Plateau region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(4):1-7.(in Chinese)
[3]蒋高明.中国西部退化生态系统恢复的机遇和挑战[M].北京:科学技术出版社,2002:16-19.
[4]陈秋波.桉树人工林生物多样性标准与指标体系研究[J].热带作物学报,2002,23(1):96-112.
[5]康迪,郭垚鑫,杜焰玲,等.小陇山人工油松林径级结构及林下植物多样性研究[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(4):54-59.KANG D,GUO Y X,DU Y L,et al.Diameter-class structure and understory diversity of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in Xiaolong Montain[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(4):54-59.(in Chinese)
[6]袁正科,田育新,李锡泉,等.缓坡梯土幼林林下植被覆盖与水土流失[J].中南林学院学报,2002,22(2):21-24.YUAN Z K,TIAN Y X,LI X Y,et al.Erosion and vegetation coverage of the slope and terrace soil under young forest stands[J].Journal of Central South Forestry University,2002,22(2):21-24.(in Chinese)
[7]曹瑞致,周自云,靳鹏博,等.黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下人工杜仲林土壤水分变化和生长规律研究[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(1):12-18.CAO R Y,ZHOU Z Y,JIN P B,et al.Dynamic regularities of soil water and growth in artificial Eucommia ulmoides plantations with different site conditions in Loess Gullied-hilly regions[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(1):12-18.(in Chinese)
[8]高艳鹏,赵廷宁,骆汉.晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林下草本植物生物多样性研究[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(1):103-108.GAO Y P,ZHAO T Y,LUO H.Biodiversity of herbaceous species under artificial forests in hill and gully region of western Shanxi Province[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(1):103-108.(in Chinese)
[9]胡相明,程积民,万惠娥.黄土丘陵区人工林下草本层植物的结构特征[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(3):41-45.HU X M,CHENG J M,WANG H E.Structure characteristics of herbages under five types of artificial forest plantations in Loess Hilly Region[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,26(3):41-45.(in Chinese)
[10]崔静,陈云明,曹扬,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区人工柠条林土壤固碳特征及其影响因素[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(9):1197-1203.CUI J,CHEN Y M,CAO Y,et al.Soil carbon sequestration characteristics of Caragana microphylla forest and its influencing factors in loess hilly semiarid region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(9):1197-1203.(in Chinese)
[11]张飞,陈云明,王耀凤,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林对土壤物理性状及有机质的影响[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(3):105-109.ZHANG F,CHEN Y M,WANG Y F,et al.Effects of Caraganakorshinskii plantation on soil physical properties and organic matter in semi-arid loess hilly region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(3):105-109.(in Chinese)
[12]王琳琳,陈云明,张飞,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区人工林细根分布特征及土壤特性[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(4):340-347.WANG L L,CHEN Y M,ZHANG F,et al.Distribution characteristicsof fine roots of plantations and soil properties in semi-arid loess hilly area[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(4):340-347.(in Chinese)
[13]熊樱,唐德瑞,王得祥,等.延安城郊刺槐林下物种多样性与生物量研究[J].西北林学院学报,2013,28(5):1-7.XIONG Y,TANG D R,WANG D X,et al.Understorey species diversity an biomass of artificial Bobinia pseudoacacia forests in Yanan suburb[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2013,28(5):1-7.(in Chinese)
[14]王琳琳.黄土丘陵区人工柠条林群落特征及土壤有机碳动态[D].杨陵:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[15]徐学华,张文辉,张慧,等.黄土丘陵区狼牙刺群落恢复过程中物种多样性动态研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2006,29(3):1-5.XU X H,ZHANG W H,ZHANG H,et al.Study on the species diversity dynamics of Sophora davidii community in Loess Hilly region[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2006,29(3):1-5.(in Chinese)
[16]张晶晶,王蕾,许冬梅.荒漠草原自然恢复中植物群落组成及物种多样性[J].草业科学,2011,28(6):1091-1094.ZHANG J J,WANG L,XU D M.Composition and plant species diversity of plant community in the process of natural restoration of desert steppe[J].Pratacultural Science,2011,28(6):1091-1094.(in Chinese)
[17]王国梁,刘国彬,刘芳,等.黄土沟壑区植被恢复过程中植物群落组成及结构变化[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2550-2557.WANG G L,LIU G B,LIU F,et al.Changes in composition and structure of plant communities during the course of restoration at loess gully region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(12):2550-2557.(in Chinese)
[18]程瑞梅,肖文发,李建文.长江三峡库区草丛群落多样性的研究[J].山地学报,2005,23(4):502-506.CHENG R M,XIAO W F,LI J W.The study of biodiversity on Hassocks in Three Gorges Reservoir area in China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2005,23(4):502-506.(in Chinese)
[19]郭连金,张文辉,刘国彬.黄土丘陵区沙棘人工林发育过程中物种多样性及种间关联变化[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(1):9-15.GUO L J,ZHANG W H,LIU G B.Species diversity and interspecific association in development sequence of Hippophae rhamniodes plantations in loess hilly region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(1):9-15.(in Chinese)
[20]张文辉,徐学华,李登武,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺群落恢复过程中的种间联结性研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(6):1018-1023.ZHANG W H,XU X H,LI D W,et al.Study on interspecific association in course of Sophora davidii communities recovering in Loess Plateau hilly region[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2004,24(6):1018-1023.(in Chinese)