地聚物胶凝材料改性提高混凝土耐久性的研究进展
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摘要
地聚物是一类由火山灰活性或潜在水硬性的材料与碱性激发剂反应而形成的胶凝材料。研究显示,许多地聚物在力学性能、高温稳定性、耐硫酸盐侵蚀性能及耐酸碱腐蚀等方面的表现比传统硅酸盐水泥基材料更为优异,但它也存在一些缺点,如抗碳化性能差以及干燥收缩大,限制了其在建筑工程中的应用。地聚物在硬化过程中伴随着较大的体积收缩,极易产生微裂纹,而微裂纹则成为侵蚀离子进入地聚物内部的通道,从而降低地聚物的抗渗性能和耐久性能。在碳化过程中,CO_2溶解在孔隙溶液中会与矿渣基地聚物产物C-(A)-S-H凝胶发生反应生成CaCO_3,破坏地聚物产物结构;而粉煤灰基地聚物的主要产物N-A-S-H凝胶并没有脱钙过程,其碳化导致孔溶液碱度降低,产物稳定存在的环境被破坏。本文从地聚物产物组成与结构入手,综述了利用MgO、层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)、纳米粒子等材料改性和改进养护方式解决上述问题的最新研究进展,阐明了材料改性提高混凝土耐久性的作用机理:MgO掺入地聚物中与水反应生成膨胀性组分Mg(OH)_2,从而有效补偿地聚物自收缩和干燥收缩,且MgO可参与聚合反应生成对CO2具有明显吸附作用的水滑石,提升地聚物的抗碳化性能;掺入的LDHs具有层间离子可交换性,在侵蚀过程中将侵蚀离子置换进层状结构中,降低其对地聚物结构的破坏程度;纳米粒子掺入地聚物中主要起到晶种成核和颗粒填充效应,可以改善地聚物的孔隙结构,同时硅铝质纳米粒子可参与聚合反应,使微观结构更致密;高温(蒸压)养护可促进聚合反应、改善孔结构、减少微裂纹生成,提升地聚物的抗渗透性能。
Geopolymers belong to the family of cementitious materials that are formed by reaction between solids with pozzolanic activity or hydraulicity potential and alkaline activator. In the past years extensive researches have shown the advantages over traditional Portland cement-based materials in the following aspects: mechanical properties,high temperature stability,sulfate resistance and corrosion resistance. However,some technical problems still remain,including low carbonization resistance and large drying shrinkage,limiting the application in construction engineering.Geopolymers have large volume shrinkage during geopolymerization,and are prone to form microcracks,which become channels for outside ions,thus reduce impermeability and durability of geopolymer. During carbonization,CO_2 dissolved in pore solution and reacts with alkali activated slag( AAS) product C-( A)-S-H gels to form CaCO_3,which can destroy the structure of geopolymer product. N-A-S-H gels are the main products of fly ash-based geopolymer which have no decalcification reaction during carbonization. Carbonization lower the pH of pore solution,and change the stable environment of products.From the perspectives of composition and structure modification,this paper reviews the latest research progresses of using MgO,LDHs,nanoparticles and improved curing methods,and clarifies the mechanisms of modification of geopolymer gelling materials to improve concrete durability. MgO reacts with water to form expansion component Mg(OH)_2,which can effectively compensate geopolymer drying shrinkage and selfshrinkage. Moreover,MgO participate in geopolymerization to produce hydrotalcite,which improves the carbonization resistance. LDHs have interlayer ion exchange ability and the replacement between outside and inside ions reduces the attack of erosive ions on geopolymer. Nanoparticles have nucleation and particle filling functions,refining the pore structure of geopolymer. Silica-alumina nanoparticles also participate in geopolymerization and facilitate a more compact structure. High temperature( autoclave) curing can promote geopolymerization,improve the pore structure,reduce the generation of microcracks and the permeability of geopolymer.
Geopolymers belong to the family of cementitious materials that are formed by reaction between solids with pozzolanic activity or hydraulicity potential and alkaline activator. In the past years extensive researches have shown the advantages over traditional Portland cement-based materials in the following aspects: mechanical properties,high temperature stability,sulfate resistance and corrosion resistance. However,some technical problems still remain,including low carbonization resistance and large drying shrinkage,limiting the application in construction engineering.Geopolymers have large volume shrinkage during geopolymerization,and are prone to form microcracks,which become channels for outside ions,thus reduce impermeability and durability of geopolymer. During carbonization,CO_2 dissolved in pore solution and reacts with alkali activated slag( AAS) product C-( A)-S-H gels to form CaCO_3,which can destroy the structure of geopolymer product. N-A-S-H gels are the main products of fly ash-based geopolymer which have no decalcification reaction during carbonization. Carbonization lower the pH of pore solution,and change the stable environment of products.From the perspectives of composition and structure modification,this paper reviews the latest research progresses of using MgO,LDHs,nanoparticles and improved curing methods,and clarifies the mechanisms of modification of geopolymer gelling materials to improve concrete durability. MgO reacts with water to form expansion component Mg(OH)_2,which can effectively compensate geopolymer drying shrinkage and selfshrinkage. Moreover,MgO participate in geopolymerization to produce hydrotalcite,which improves the carbonization resistance. LDHs have interlayer ion exchange ability and the replacement between outside and inside ions reduces the attack of erosive ions on geopolymer. Nanoparticles have nucleation and particle filling functions,refining the pore structure of geopolymer. Silica-alumina nanoparticles also participate in geopolymerization and facilitate a more compact structure. High temperature( autoclave) curing can promote geopolymerization,improve the pore structure,reduce the generation of microcracks and the permeability of geopolymer.
引文
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