贵州黔东南州番茄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估
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摘要
为明确贵州黔东南州番茄中农药残留膳食摄入风险和现有农药最大残留限量(maximum residue limits,MRL)标准对消费者的保护水平,采用国家估计每日摄入量和国家估计短期摄入量对儿童和一般人群进行农药残留膳食摄入风险评估,用现有农药MRL标准的理论最大每日摄入量和理论最大短期摄入量对消费者的保护水平进行评估,并利用风险排序矩阵对检出农药进行风险排序。结果表明:番茄中共检出26种农药,检出率为2%～20%;4种农药残留超标,超标率为2%～4%。在儿童和一般人群中,氟虫腈慢性膳食摄入风险分别为459%和214%,其他农药慢性膳食摄入风险范围分别为0.008 40%～23.7%和0.003 92%～11.0%。儿童和一般人群的急性膳食暴露风险范围分别在0.015 6%～56.0%和0.006 85%～24.6%之间。农药MRL标准对儿童的慢性风险保护水平(consumer protection level for chronic dietary risk,CPL_c)为0.304～60.9,急性风险保护水平(consumer protection level for acute dietary risk,CPL_a)为0.462～153;现有农药MRL标准对一般人群的CPL_c为0.652～130,CPL_a为1.05～349。高风险农药氟虫腈对各类消费者均存在不可接受的慢性风险,除此之外其他农药残留的慢性风险和所有农药残留的急性风险均在可接受范围之内。丙溴磷和百菌清MRL标准对不同年龄阶段消费者慢性风险的保护均未达到可接受水平,异菌脲MRL标准对4～6岁儿童急性风险的保护未达到可接受水平。因此,贵州黔东南州番茄应重点关注丙溴磷、百菌清、异菌脲以及氟虫腈等高风险农药。
The aim of this study was to ascertain the health risk of pesticide residues through the consumption of tomatoes from Qiandongnan, Guizhou and the level of consumer protection of the existing maximum residue limits(MRLs). The risk assessment of pesticide residues in children and the general population was carried out based on the national estimated daily intake and national estimated short-term intake, and the level of consumer protection was assessed based on the theoretical maximum daily intake and theoretical maximum short-term intake. Besides, the matrix ranking was employed to rank the risk of pesticides in tomatoes. The results showed that a total of 26 pesticides in all tomatoes were detected with a detection rate of 2%–20%; of these, 4 exceeded their MRLs, which was found in 2%–4% of the samples. The chronic dietary intake risks of all pesticides except for fipronil(459% and 214%) expressed as percentage relative to the acceptable daily intake were 0.008 40%–23.7% and 0.003 92%–11.0% for children and the general population, respectively, and the acute dietary intake risks expressed as percentage to the acute reference dose were 0.015 6%–56.0% and 0.006 85%–24.6%, respectively, for children and adults. The levels of consumer protection against chronic and acute dietary intake risks were 0.304–60.9 and 0.462–153 for children, and 0.652–130 and 1.05–349 for the general population, respectively. Fipronil was a highly hazardous pesticide that may cause unacceptable chronic dietary intake risk for all consumers. In addition, both chronic and acute risk levels were within an acceptable limit. The level of consumer protection of the MRLs was unacceptable against chronic dietary intake risk of profenofos and chlorothaloni for all consumers and against acute dietary intake risk of iprodione for children. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the pesticides with high risk profenofos, chlorothalonil, iprodione and fipronil in tomatoes from Qiandongnan, Guizhou.
The aim of this study was to ascertain the health risk of pesticide residues through the consumption of tomatoes from Qiandongnan, Guizhou and the level of consumer protection of the existing maximum residue limits(MRLs). The risk assessment of pesticide residues in children and the general population was carried out based on the national estimated daily intake and national estimated short-term intake, and the level of consumer protection was assessed based on the theoretical maximum daily intake and theoretical maximum short-term intake. Besides, the matrix ranking was employed to rank the risk of pesticides in tomatoes. The results showed that a total of 26 pesticides in all tomatoes were detected with a detection rate of 2%–20%; of these, 4 exceeded their MRLs, which was found in 2%–4% of the samples. The chronic dietary intake risks of all pesticides except for fipronil(459% and 214%) expressed as percentage relative to the acceptable daily intake were 0.008 40%–23.7% and 0.003 92%–11.0% for children and the general population, respectively, and the acute dietary intake risks expressed as percentage to the acute reference dose were 0.015 6%–56.0% and 0.006 85%–24.6%, respectively, for children and adults. The levels of consumer protection against chronic and acute dietary intake risks were 0.304–60.9 and 0.462–153 for children, and 0.652–130 and 1.05–349 for the general population, respectively. Fipronil was a highly hazardous pesticide that may cause unacceptable chronic dietary intake risk for all consumers. In addition, both chronic and acute risk levels were within an acceptable limit. The level of consumer protection of the MRLs was unacceptable against chronic dietary intake risk of profenofos and chlorothaloni for all consumers and against acute dietary intake risk of iprodione for children. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the pesticides with high risk profenofos, chlorothalonil, iprodione and fipronil in tomatoes from Qiandongnan, Guizhou.
引文
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[16]张志恒,袁玉伟,郑蔚然,等.三唑磷残留的膳食摄入与风险评估[J].农药学学报,2011,13(5):485-495.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7303.2011.05.09.
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[18]高仁君,王蔚,陈隆智,等.JMPR农药残留急性膳食摄入量计算方法[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(4):101-105.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2006.04.026.
[19]张志恒,汤涛,徐浩,等.果蔬中氯吡脲残留的膳食摄入风险评估[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(10):1982-1991.DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.10.011.
[20]王冬群,胡寅侠,华晓霞.慈溪市梨农药残留膳食摄入风险评估[J].江苏农业学报,2016,32(3):698-704.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4440.2016.03.033.
[21]孙玲,黄健祥,邓义才,等.广东省主要叶菜农药残留膳食暴露风险评估研究[J].食品科学,2017,38(17):223-227.DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201717036.
[22]The Veterinary Residues Committee-Matrix Ranking Subgroup.Minutes of the meeting held on Wednesday 4 September 2013 at the VMD[EB/OL].(2013-09-26)[2017-12-06].http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/VRC/pdf/papers/2013/vrc1334.pdf.
[23]兰丰,王志新,鹿泽启,等.山东主产区苹果和梨中农药残留风险因子排序[J].植物保护,2017,43(3):181-186.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2017.03.031.
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[25]王冬群,华晓霞.慈溪市葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2017,8(3):1018-1024.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0381.2017.03.048.
[26]段云,钱程,李建国,等.有机磷农药在海南菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中的残留分析及膳食风险评估[J].南方农业学报,2014,45(9):1594-1598.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2014.9.1594.
[27]Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues.Inventory of evaluations performed by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues(JMPR)[DB/OL].[2017-12-06].http://apps.who.int/pesticide-residues-jmpr-database.
[28]刘春梅.吡虫啉和溴虫腈在节瓜和土壤中的残留及膳食风险评估[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014:37-43.DOI:10.7666/d.Y2566134.
[29]宋雯,徐浩,汪雯,等.蔬菜中植物生长调节剂残留的膳食摄入风险评估:以江浙地区为例[J].农产品质量与安全,2017(1):9-14;20.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8255.2017.01.002.
[30]金水高.中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之十:2002营养与健康状况数据集[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:40-42.
[31]药物在线.化学物质索引数据库[DB/OL].[2017-12-06].http://www.drugfuture.com/chemdata/.
[32]农业部农药检定所.中国农药信息网[DB/OL].[2017-12-06].http://www.chinapesticide.org.cn/hysj/index.jhtml.
[2]DROUILLET-PINARD P,BOISSET M,PéRIQUET A,et al.Realistic approach of pesticide residues and French consumer exposure within fruit&vegetable intake[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B,2010,46(1):84-91.DOI:10.1080/03601234.2011.534413.
[3]LOZOWICKA B,KACZY?SKI P,RUTKOWSKA E,et al.Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruit from Poland and health risk assessment[J].Agricultural Sciences,2013,4(5):106-111.DOI:10.4236/as.2013.45B020.
[4]SZPYRKA E,KURDZIEL A,S?OWIK-BOROWIEC M,et al.Consumer exposure to pesticide residues in apples from the region of south-eastern Poland[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(11):8873-8878.DOI:10.1007/s10661-013-3219-y.
[5]LOZOWICKA B,KACZY?SKI P.Pesticide residues in apples(2005-2010)[J].Archives of Environmental Protection,2011,37(3):43-54.
[6]GAD ALLA S A,AYOUB M M,AMER M A,et al.Dietary intake of pesticide residues in some Egyptian fruits[J].Journal of Applied Sciences Research,2013,9(1):965-973.
[7]兰珊珊,林昕,邹艳红,等.蔬菜中多效唑残留的膳食暴露与风险评估[J].现代食品科技,2016,32(2):336-341;245.DOI:10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2016.2.049.
[8]国家质量监督检验检疫总局.水果和蔬菜中450种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定液相色谱-串联质谱法:GB/T 20769-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009:1-5.
[9]国家卫生和计划生育委员会.水果和蔬菜中500种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定气相色谱-质谱法:GB 23200.8-2016[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017:1-4.
[10]国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量:GB 2763-2016[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017:12-222.
[11]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed[M].FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper,2002:170.
[12]聂继云,李志霞,刘传德,等.苹果农药残留风险评估[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(18):3655-3667.DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.18.013.
[13]王冬群,潘丹霞,华晓霞,等.水蜜桃农药残留膳食摄入风险评估[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(21):126-130.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2016.21.042.
[14]钱永忠,李耘.农产品质量安全风险评估:原理、方法和应用[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:102-150.
[15]吴培,许喜林,张毅.食品安全风险分析与应用[J].现代食品科技,2006,22(4):200-203.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9078.2006.04.068.
[16]张志恒,袁玉伟,郑蔚然,等.三唑磷残留的膳食摄入与风险评估[J].农药学学报,2011,13(5):485-495.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7303.2011.05.09.
[17]HAMILTON D,AMBRUS A,DIETERLE R,et al.Pesticide residues in food:acute dietary exposure[J].Pest Management Science,2004,60(4):311-339.DOI:10.1002/ps.865.
[18]高仁君,王蔚,陈隆智,等.JMPR农药残留急性膳食摄入量计算方法[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(4):101-105.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2006.04.026.
[19]张志恒,汤涛,徐浩,等.果蔬中氯吡脲残留的膳食摄入风险评估[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(10):1982-1991.DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.10.011.
[20]王冬群,胡寅侠,华晓霞.慈溪市梨农药残留膳食摄入风险评估[J].江苏农业学报,2016,32(3):698-704.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4440.2016.03.033.
[21]孙玲,黄健祥,邓义才,等.广东省主要叶菜农药残留膳食暴露风险评估研究[J].食品科学,2017,38(17):223-227.DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201717036.
[22]The Veterinary Residues Committee-Matrix Ranking Subgroup.Minutes of the meeting held on Wednesday 4 September 2013 at the VMD[EB/OL].(2013-09-26)[2017-12-06].http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/VRC/pdf/papers/2013/vrc1334.pdf.
[23]兰丰,王志新,鹿泽启,等.山东主产区苹果和梨中农药残留风险因子排序[J].植物保护,2017,43(3):181-186.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2017.03.031.
[24]The Veterinary Residues Committee.Annual report on surveillance for veterinary residues in food in the UK 2010[EB/OL].[2017-12-06].http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/VRC/pdf/reports/vrcar2010.pdf.
[25]王冬群,华晓霞.慈溪市葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2017,8(3):1018-1024.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0381.2017.03.048.
[26]段云,钱程,李建国,等.有机磷农药在海南菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中的残留分析及膳食风险评估[J].南方农业学报,2014,45(9):1594-1598.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2014.9.1594.
[27]Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues.Inventory of evaluations performed by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues(JMPR)[DB/OL].[2017-12-06].http://apps.who.int/pesticide-residues-jmpr-database.
[28]刘春梅.吡虫啉和溴虫腈在节瓜和土壤中的残留及膳食风险评估[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2014:37-43.DOI:10.7666/d.Y2566134.
[29]宋雯,徐浩,汪雯,等.蔬菜中植物生长调节剂残留的膳食摄入风险评估:以江浙地区为例[J].农产品质量与安全,2017(1):9-14;20.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8255.2017.01.002.
[30]金水高.中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之十:2002营养与健康状况数据集[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:40-42.
[31]药物在线.化学物质索引数据库[DB/OL].[2017-12-06].http://www.drugfuture.com/chemdata/.
[32]农业部农药检定所.中国农药信息网[DB/OL].[2017-12-06].http://www.chinapesticide.org.cn/hysj/index.jhtml.