大数据与政府治理革命
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摘要
政府治理模式经过三个重要的演进阶段,即农业社会的统治、工业社会的管理和信息社会的公共治理。政府治理模式的每一次演进归根结底是社会生产进步和技术发展所推动的结果。在向后工业转变过程中,大数据将信息技术的发展推向前所未有的高度,它不但成为一种技术,而且是一种资源和能力,并为新一轮的政府治理变革带来革命性的影响。这种影响集中在两个方面:一是大数据重新塑造社会治理环境,即大数据拓展了政府治理的环境空间,使之更具有公平、民主、包容和共享等价值;同时也深刻地改变组织与个人的思维与行为方式。二是大数据重新塑造现代公共生活,即大数据拓展了传统公共生活空间范围,使公共生活的主体普遍化,创造了公共生活的新型权力等。这也促使政府治理的新变革:一是结构重构,即大数据使得封闭的官僚结构进一步走向扁平化和开放化;二是流程再造,即在公共服务流程方面强调多元主体共同创造公共价值;三是决策优化,即促使公共政策的议程设定更加科学及时,以及场景化决策成为可能。
The government governance mode has gone through three important evolution stages, including rule of agricultural society, management of industrial society and governance in era of network information society. Every development of governance model results from the advancement of social productivity and technology. In the process of transformation towards the post-industrial era, big data pushes the development of information technology to an unprecedented level. Big data is not only a technology, but also a resource and ability, which bring revolutionary impact to the new round of government governance changes. This influence is mainly reflected in two aspects, firstly, the big data rebuild the social governance environment, that is big data expands the environmental space of government governance, making it more equitable, democratic, inclusive and shared.Meanwhile, the big data changes the organization structure and personal behavior deeply. Secondly, big data reshapes modern public life, that is big data expands the scale of the traditional public life, making the subjects of public life universalized and the new power of public life created. Big data also promotes new changes in government governance. Firstly, it reshapes organization structure, which makes the rigid bureaucratic structure flatter and more open. Secondly, it brings about process reengineering, which focuses on the co-creation of public values by multiple subjects. The third is decision-making optimization, which makes the agenda setting of public policies more scientific and timely, and make scene-based decision possible.
The government governance mode has gone through three important evolution stages, including rule of agricultural society, management of industrial society and governance in era of network information society. Every development of governance model results from the advancement of social productivity and technology. In the process of transformation towards the post-industrial era, big data pushes the development of information technology to an unprecedented level. Big data is not only a technology, but also a resource and ability, which bring revolutionary impact to the new round of government governance changes. This influence is mainly reflected in two aspects, firstly, the big data rebuild the social governance environment, that is big data expands the environmental space of government governance, making it more equitable, democratic, inclusive and shared.Meanwhile, the big data changes the organization structure and personal behavior deeply. Secondly, big data reshapes modern public life, that is big data expands the scale of the traditional public life, making the subjects of public life universalized and the new power of public life created. Big data also promotes new changes in government governance. Firstly, it reshapes organization structure, which makes the rigid bureaucratic structure flatter and more open. Secondly, it brings about process reengineering, which focuses on the co-creation of public values by multiple subjects. The third is decision-making optimization, which makes the agenda setting of public policies more scientific and timely, and make scene-based decision possible.
引文
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[26]苏玉娟.大数据与人类治理文明[J].山东科技大学学报,2018,(2):28-34.
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[32]威廉·N.邓恩.公共政策分析导论[M].谢明,等,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:166-169.
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[34]FROST S. Big Data Think Tank:Encapsulating the Phenomenon[M]. Atlanta, GA:Information Technology Business,2013:45.
[35]朱琳,等.全局数据:大数据时代数据治理的新范式[J].电子政务,2016,(1):34-42.
[36]靳永翥,刘强强.从公众话语走向政策话语:一项政策问题建构的话语分析[J].行政论坛,2017,(6):56-62.
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[2]张海柱,宋佳玲.走向智慧治理:大数据时代政府治理模式的变革[J].中共济南市委党校学报,2015,(4):41-46.
[3]戴长征,鲍静.数字政府治理——基于社会形态演变进程的考察[J].中国行政管理,2017,(9):21-27.
[4]登哈特.新公共服务——服务,而不是掌舵[M].丁煌,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016:107.
[5]张康之.社会治理建构的反思性阐释[J].行政论坛,2018,(2):23-30.
[6]盖伊·彼得斯.政府未来的治理模式[M].吴爱民,夏宏图,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2017:34.
[7]张康之.论伦理精神[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2010:126.
[8]楚迤斐.政府治理理念历史进化的思维[J].领导科学,2015,(11):25-28.
[9]郑家昊.论政府类型从“统治”到“管理”的转变[J].天津行政学院学报,2013,(5):11-19.
[10]程毅.从单一垄断到多元互动:政府治理模式嬗变的多维视角[J].浙江学刊,2009,(3):111-113.
[11]楚迤斐.政府职能的进化:逻辑与历史统一的维度[J].河南师范大学学报,2015,(1):11-15.
[12]OSBORNE S.新公共治理?——公共治理理论和实践方面的新观点[M].包国宪,等,译.北京:科学出版社,2017:37.
[13]马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2013:237.
[14]谢俊贵.信息社会之便:大数据催生创意社会[J].广东社会科学,2016,(5):185-195.
[15]杨善林,周开乐.大数据的管理问题:基于大数据的资源管理[J].管理科学学报,2015,(5):1-8.
[16]DUNLEAVY P,MARGETTS H,SIMON BASTOW S,et al.Digital Era Governance:IT Corporation,the State,and E-Government[M]. London:Oxford University Press,2006:7.
[17]邱仁宗,黄雯,翟晓梅.大数据技术的伦理问题[J].科学与社会,2014,(3):36-48.
[18]DECKER P T. Presidential Address:False Choices,Policy Framing,and the Promise of “Big Data”[J].Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,2014,33(2):252-262.
[19]KATSONIS M&BOTROS A. Digital Government:A Primer and Professional Perspectives[J]. Australian Journal of Public Administration,2015,74(1):42-52.
[20]张康之,张乾友.共同生活与公共生活的兴衰史[J].学术研究,2009,(10):55-64.
[21]JANOWSKI T. Digital Government Evolution:From Transformation to Contextualization[J]. Government Information Quarterly,2015,32(3):221-236.
[22]何显明.中国网络公共领域的成长:功能与前景[J].江苏行政学院学报,2012,(1):98-104.
[23]林奇富,贺竞超.大数据与公共生活:冲击、风险及治理反思[J].探索与争鸣,2016,(7):86-90.
[24]宋林霖,何成祥.大数据技术在行政审批制度改革中的应用分析[J].上海行政学院学报,2018,(1):72-80.
[25]韦凤年.看得见、叫得应、用得好的“智慧河长”[J].中国水利,2017,(16):68-71.
[26]苏玉娟.大数据与人类治理文明[J].山东科技大学学报,2018,(2):28-34.
[27]王向民.大数据时代的国家治理转型[J].探索与争鸣,2014,(10):59-62.
[28]MISURACA G,MUREDDU F,&OSIMO D. Policy-Making 2.0:Unleashing the Power of Big Data for Public Governance[M]. New York:Springer,2014:40.
[29]郭建锦,郭建平.大数据背景下的国家治理能力建设研究[J].中国行政管理,2015,(6):73-76.
[30]董俊林,孟建伟.受限理性:H.西蒙社会科学哲学的基点[J].北京行政学院学报,2012,(4):110-112.
[31]LINDBLOM C. The Science of Mudding Through[J]. Public Administration Review,1959,19(2):78-88.
[32]威廉·N.邓恩.公共政策分析导论[M].谢明,等,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011:166-169.
[33]BRIGHT J&MARGETTS H. Big Data and Public Policy:Can It Succeed Where E-Participation Has Failed?[J].Policy&Internet,2016,8(3):218-224.
[34]FROST S. Big Data Think Tank:Encapsulating the Phenomenon[M]. Atlanta, GA:Information Technology Business,2013:45.
[35]朱琳,等.全局数据:大数据时代数据治理的新范式[J].电子政务,2016,(1):34-42.
[36]靳永翥,刘强强.从公众话语走向政策话语:一项政策问题建构的话语分析[J].行政论坛,2017,(6):56-62.
[37]习近平:实施国家大数据战略加快建设数字中国[EB/OL].(2017-12-09)[2018-03-10].http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2017-12/09/c_1122084706.htm.