较高标准贫困线的确定:世界银行和美英澳的实践及启示
摘要
世界银行2018年10月发布报告提醒中等收入国家在关注极端贫困或绝对贫困的同时,可以用更高标准衡量贫困状况,并提出中等收入国家衡量绝对贫困的两条补充性贫困线:人均日收入低于3.20美元和5.50美元,以及衡量相对贫困的"社会贫困线"。事实上,美国、英国和澳大利亚等高收入国家早就以较高标准衡量该国贫困人口,其衡量方法体现相对性和动态性。2020年我国实现现有贫困对象全部脱贫和全面建成小康社会目标后,仍然会存在一定数量和比例的相对贫困人口。借鉴世界银行建议和美英澳三国实践,我国2020年后可以按照前一年全国居民人均可支配收入中位数的40%划定次年贫困线,以较高标准衡量全国相对贫困状况。
引文
[1] Dean Jolliffe & Espen Beer Prydz:Societal Poverty :A Relative and Relevant Measure,The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper,No.8073,May 2017.
[2] ASPE(Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation):Information on the supplemental poverty measure:A summary of 2013 current population survey data,ASPE Issue Brief,2014-10.
[3] 崔明远.英国贫困问题解决探析—以新旧济贫法实施为例[J].现代交际,2016(12):118-119.
[4] 董晓波等.英国贫困线发展研究[J].世界农业,2016(9):176-180.
[5] Kristian Niemietz:A New Understanding of Poverty:Poverty Measurement and Policy Implications[R],The Institute of Economic Affairs:London,2011.
[6] The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle[R],2018-10-17,Washington,D.C.:World Bank Group.
[7] 国家统计局住户调查办公室.2015中国农村贫困监测报告[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:99-101.
[8] 鲜祖德,王萍萍,吴伟.中国农村贫困标准与贫困监测[J].统计研究.2016(9):5-14.
[9] 张琦.减贫战略方向与新型扶贫治理体系建构[J].改革,2016(8):79-82.
[10] 古杰等.中国农村居民生活水平的时空变化过程及其影响因素[J].经济地理,2013(10):126-133
(1)The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle,2018-10-17,http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty
(2)2018年我国人均GDP为64644元、全国居民人均可支配收入28228元,按人民币2018年平均汇率1美元=6.6174元折算,分别为9769美元、4266美元。数据来自国家统计局网站,赵同录:经济运行稳中有进发展质量不断提高,国家统计局数据解读,2019-01-22,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201901/t20190122_1646234.html;王有捐:全国居民收入稳步增长居民生活质量持续改善,国家统计局数据解读,2019-01-22,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201901/t20190122_1646262.html
(3)世界银行将全球国家分为低中高收入国家:2014年人均国民收入低于1045美元为低收入国家,1046-4125美元为中等偏下收入国家,4126-12736美元为中等偏上收入国家,高于12736美元为高收入国家。来自:The World Bank:Monitoring Global Poverty:Report of the Commission on Global Poverty.2016-10-16,Washington,D.C.:World Bank Group.
(4)The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle,2018-10-17,http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty
(5)The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle,2018-10-17,http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty
(6)https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/what-current-poverty-rate-united-states
(7)https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/what-current-poverty-rate-united-states
(8)数据来自:加州戴维斯大学贫困研究中心(Center for Poverty Research University of California Davis):What is “deep poverty” 2018-01-1,https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/what-deep-poverty
(9)JRF:UK Poverty 2017/2018:A comprehensive analysis of poverty trends and figures,UK Poverty Statistics,2018-12-04,https://www.jrf.org.uk/data
(10)数据来自:The Australian Council of Social Service:Poverty in Australia 2018,https://www.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ACOSS_Poverty-in-Australia-Report_Web-Final.pdf
(11)资料来自:https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-australia-2018/poverty-in-australia-is-above-the-oecd-average_eco_surveys-aus-2018-graph47-en
(12)汇率换算按照1美元=6.7元人民币,下同。
(13)国家统计局:国家统计局局长就2018年国民经济运行情况答记者问,国家统计局网站,2019-01-21,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201901/t20190121_1645944.html
(14)顾志娟:官方澄清月入2000非中等收入群体标准该怎么定?《新京报》2019年1月26日,新京报网http://www.bjnews.com.cn/finance/2019/01/26/543152.html
(15)湖北省扶贫培训团:澳大利亚减贫政策的考察与思考,2008-01-31,湖北省扶贫办网站http://www.hbfp.gov.cn/ldgd/jtldgd/3671.htm
(16)Joseph Rowntree Foundation:We can solve poverty in the UK—A strategy for governments,businesses,communities and citizens,2016-09-06,https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/we-can-solve-poverty-uk
(17)Office of Human Services Policy:Poverty in the United States:50-Year Trends and Safety Net Impacts,2016-03.
(18)Joseph Rowntree Foundation:UK Poverty:Causes,costs and solutions (JRF,2016),2016-09-06,https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/uk-poverty-causes-costs-and-solutions
(19)国家统计局住户调查办公室编:《中国农村贫困监测报告2018》,北京:中国统计出版社,2018年,第340页。
(20)依据为:2018年全国名义增长率为8.7%,贫困地区为10.6%,深度贫困地区名义增长率为10.7%,农村居民人均可支配收入中位数是平均数的89.4%。参见国家统计局:2018年居民收入和消费支出情况,国家统计局网站2019-01-21,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201901/t20190121_1645791.html;2018年全国农村贫困人口减少1386万人,国家统计局网站,2019-02-15,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201902/t20190215_1649231.html
[2] ASPE(Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation):Information on the supplemental poverty measure:A summary of 2013 current population survey data,ASPE Issue Brief,2014-10.
[3] 崔明远.英国贫困问题解决探析—以新旧济贫法实施为例[J].现代交际,2016(12):118-119.
[4] 董晓波等.英国贫困线发展研究[J].世界农业,2016(9):176-180.
[5] Kristian Niemietz:A New Understanding of Poverty:Poverty Measurement and Policy Implications[R],The Institute of Economic Affairs:London,2011.
[6] The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle[R],2018-10-17,Washington,D.C.:World Bank Group.
[7] 国家统计局住户调查办公室.2015中国农村贫困监测报告[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015:99-101.
[8] 鲜祖德,王萍萍,吴伟.中国农村贫困标准与贫困监测[J].统计研究.2016(9):5-14.
[9] 张琦.减贫战略方向与新型扶贫治理体系建构[J].改革,2016(8):79-82.
[10] 古杰等.中国农村居民生活水平的时空变化过程及其影响因素[J].经济地理,2013(10):126-133
(1)The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle,2018-10-17,http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty
(2)2018年我国人均GDP为64644元、全国居民人均可支配收入28228元,按人民币2018年平均汇率1美元=6.6174元折算,分别为9769美元、4266美元。数据来自国家统计局网站,赵同录:经济运行稳中有进发展质量不断提高,国家统计局数据解读,2019-01-22,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201901/t20190122_1646234.html;王有捐:全国居民收入稳步增长居民生活质量持续改善,国家统计局数据解读,2019-01-22,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201901/t20190122_1646262.html
(3)世界银行将全球国家分为低中高收入国家:2014年人均国民收入低于1045美元为低收入国家,1046-4125美元为中等偏下收入国家,4126-12736美元为中等偏上收入国家,高于12736美元为高收入国家。来自:The World Bank:Monitoring Global Poverty:Report of the Commission on Global Poverty.2016-10-16,Washington,D.C.:World Bank Group.
(4)The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle,2018-10-17,http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty
(5)The World Bank:Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report 2018:Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle,2018-10-17,http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty
(6)https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/what-current-poverty-rate-united-states
(7)https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/what-current-poverty-rate-united-states
(8)数据来自:加州戴维斯大学贫困研究中心(Center for Poverty Research University of California Davis):What is “deep poverty” 2018-01-1,https://poverty.ucdavis.edu/faq/what-deep-poverty
(9)JRF:UK Poverty 2017/2018:A comprehensive analysis of poverty trends and figures,UK Poverty Statistics,2018-12-04,https://www.jrf.org.uk/data
(10)数据来自:The Australian Council of Social Service:Poverty in Australia 2018,https://www.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ACOSS_Poverty-in-Australia-Report_Web-Final.pdf
(11)资料来自:https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-australia-2018/poverty-in-australia-is-above-the-oecd-average_eco_surveys-aus-2018-graph47-en
(12)汇率换算按照1美元=6.7元人民币,下同。
(13)国家统计局:国家统计局局长就2018年国民经济运行情况答记者问,国家统计局网站,2019-01-21,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201901/t20190121_1645944.html
(14)顾志娟:官方澄清月入2000非中等收入群体标准该怎么定?《新京报》2019年1月26日,新京报网http://www.bjnews.com.cn/finance/2019/01/26/543152.html
(15)湖北省扶贫培训团:澳大利亚减贫政策的考察与思考,2008-01-31,湖北省扶贫办网站http://www.hbfp.gov.cn/ldgd/jtldgd/3671.htm
(16)Joseph Rowntree Foundation:We can solve poverty in the UK—A strategy for governments,businesses,communities and citizens,2016-09-06,https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/we-can-solve-poverty-uk
(17)Office of Human Services Policy:Poverty in the United States:50-Year Trends and Safety Net Impacts,2016-03.
(18)Joseph Rowntree Foundation:UK Poverty:Causes,costs and solutions (JRF,2016),2016-09-06,https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/uk-poverty-causes-costs-and-solutions
(19)国家统计局住户调查办公室编:《中国农村贫困监测报告2018》,北京:中国统计出版社,2018年,第340页。
(20)依据为:2018年全国名义增长率为8.7%,贫困地区为10.6%,深度贫困地区名义增长率为10.7%,农村居民人均可支配收入中位数是平均数的89.4%。参见国家统计局:2018年居民收入和消费支出情况,国家统计局网站2019-01-21,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201901/t20190121_1645791.html;2018年全国农村贫困人口减少1386万人,国家统计局网站,2019-02-15,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201902/t20190215_1649231.html