应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎的影响研究
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摘要
堆石料颗粒破碎是引起高土石坝变形的重要因素。在大坝填筑、蓄水期,堆石料的应力路径和干湿状态均是变化的。通过大型三轴试验,系统地研究了应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎规律的影响。试验结果表明:(1)相同初始条件下,按不同应力路径达到同一轴向应变停机时测定的颗粒破碎率是不同的,等围压σ_3试验产生的颗粒破碎最大,等平均主应力p试验的次之,等最大主应力σ_1试验的最小,但不同应力路径下的颗粒级配演化规律是一致的。(2)相同初始条件下,湿样的颗粒破碎率明显高于干样,且二者的差距随着围压的增大而增大,不同干湿条件下的颗粒级配演化规律同样是一致的。(3)建立的考虑母岩强度的颗粒破碎率与塑性功的关系可以较好地统一描述不同应力路径及干湿状态下的颗粒破碎。该研究成果可为建立复杂应力路径及干湿变化条件下考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型提供依据。
The particle breakage of rockfill materials is one of the significant factors influencing the deformation behavior of rockfill high dams. The stress paths and saturation of rockfills vary during the process of construction and impoundment. A series of large-scale triaxial tests was systematically conducted to investigate the influences of stress paths and drying-wetting states on particle breakage behaviors. The results show that the particle breakage index under different stress paths is not the same for the same axial strain. The particle breakage index of the constant σ_3 test is larger than that of the constant p test and the particle breakage index of constant σ_1 test is the least in the three stress paths. The particle breakage index of saturated specimen is higher than that of the dry one with the same initial condition and the gap increases with the confining pressure. The evolution of particle distribution under different stress paths and saturation states is the same. The established relationship between particle breakage index and plastic work considering the strength of the parent rock can well unify the particle breakage index under different stress paths and saturation states.The results can provide valuable references for the elastic-plastic constitutive model considering the particle breakage under complex stress paths and dry and wet conditions.
The particle breakage of rockfill materials is one of the significant factors influencing the deformation behavior of rockfill high dams. The stress paths and saturation of rockfills vary during the process of construction and impoundment. A series of large-scale triaxial tests was systematically conducted to investigate the influences of stress paths and drying-wetting states on particle breakage behaviors. The results show that the particle breakage index under different stress paths is not the same for the same axial strain. The particle breakage index of the constant σ_3 test is larger than that of the constant p test and the particle breakage index of constant σ_1 test is the least in the three stress paths. The particle breakage index of saturated specimen is higher than that of the dry one with the same initial condition and the gap increases with the confining pressure. The evolution of particle distribution under different stress paths and saturation states is the same. The established relationship between particle breakage index and plastic work considering the strength of the parent rock can well unify the particle breakage index under different stress paths and saturation states.The results can provide valuable references for the elastic-plastic constitutive model considering the particle breakage under complex stress paths and dry and wet conditions.
引文
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[9]刘汉龙,秦红玉,高玉峰,等.堆石粗粒料颗粒破碎试验研究[J].岩土力学,2005,26(4):562-566.LIU Han-long,QIN Yu-hong,GAO Yu-feng,et al.Experimental study on particle breakage of rockfill and coarse aggregates[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(4):562-566.
[10]邹德高,田继荣,刘京茂,等.堆石料三维形状量化及其对颗粒破碎的影响研究[J].岩土力学,2018,39(10):1-6.ZOU De-gao,TIAN Ji-rong,LIU Jing-mao,et al.Three-dimensional shape of rockfill material and its influence on particle breakage[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(10):1-6.
[11]LIU H,ZOU D.Associated generalized plasticity framework for modeling gravelly soils considering particle breakage[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2012,139(5):606-615.
[12]LIU H,ZOU D,LIU J.Constitutive modeling of dense gravelly soils subjected to cyclic loading[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2014,38(14):1503-1518.
[13]刘京茂.堆石料和接触面弹塑性本构模型及其在面板堆石坝中的应用研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2015.LIU Jing-mao.Elasto-plastic constitutive models of rockfill material and soil-structure interface and their applications on concrete-faced rockfill dams[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2015.
[14]尹振宇,许强,胡伟.考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料本构研究:进展及发展[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(12):2170-2180.YIN Zhen-yu,XU Qiang,HU Wei.Constitutive relations for granular materials considering particle crushing:review and development[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2012,34(12):2170-2180.
[15]柏树田,周晓光,晁华怡.应力路径对堆石变形特性的影响[J].水力发电学报,1999(4):76-80.BAI Shu-tian,ZHOU Xiao-guang,CHAO Hua-yi.Effects of stress path on the deformation of rockfill materials[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,1999(4):76-80.
[16]古兴伟,沈蓉,张永全.复杂应力路径下糯扎渡堆石料应力-应变特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):3251-3260.GU Xing-wei,SHEN Rong,ZHANG Yong-quan.Study on stress-strain properties of rockfill materials under different stress paths in Nuozhadu project[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(3):3251-3260.
[17]相彪,张宗亮,迟世春,等.复杂应力路径下堆石料本构关系研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(6):1716-1728.XIANG Biao,ZHANG Zong-liang,CHI Shi-chun,et al.Study of constitutive relations of rockfill under complex stress path[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(6):1716-1728.
[18]张如林.模拟大坝实际应力路径下堆石料本构关系研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2008.ZHANG Ru-lin.Study on constitutive relationship of rockfill under actual stress path of dam[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2008.
[19]樊怀华,刘大才,刘恩龙,等.堆石料在不同应力路径下的颗粒破碎特性[J].人民黄河,2015,37(1):137-139.FAN Huai-hua,LIU Da-cai,LIU En-long,et al.Analysis on particle breakage properties of rockfill materials subjected to different stress paths[J].Yellow River,2015,37(1):137-139.
[20]杨光,张丙印,于玉贞,等.不同应力路径下粗粒料的颗粒破碎试验研究[J].水利学报,2010,41(3):338-342.YANG Guang,ZHANG Bing-yin,YU Yu-zhen,et al.An experimental study on particle breakage of coarse-grained materials under various stress paths[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(3):338-342.
[21]孔宪京,刘京茂,邹德高,等.紫坪铺面板坝堆石料颗粒破碎试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(1):35-40.KONG Xian-jing,LIU Jing-mao,ZOU De-gao,et al.Experimental study of particle breakage of Zipingpu rockfill material[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(1):35-40.
[22]魏松.粗粒料浸水湿化变形特性试验及其数值模型研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.WEI Song.Study on wetting deformation and numerical model of coarse-grained materials[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.
[23]OVALLE C,DANO C,HICHER P Y,et al.Experimental framework for evaluating the mechanical behavior of dry and wet crushable granular materials based on the particle breakage ratio[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2014,52(5):587-598.
[24]南京水利科学院.SL237―1999土工试验规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999.Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute.SL237―1999Specification of soil test[S].Beijing:China Water and Power Press,1999.
[25]EINAV I.Breakage mechanics-part I:theory[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,2007,55(6):1274-1297.
[26]NORIHIKO MIURA,SUKEO O-HARA.Particlecrushing of a decomposed granite soil under shear stresses[J].Soils and Foundations,1979,19(3):1-14.
[27]UENG T S,CHEN T J.Energy aspects of particle breakage in drained shear of sands[J].Geotechnique,2000,50(1):65-72.
[28]INDRARATNA B,SALIM W.Modelling of particle breakage of coarse aggregates incorporating strength and dilatancy[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers:Geotechnical Engineering,2002,155(4):243-252.
[29]HU W,YIN Z,DANO C,et al.A constitutive model for granular materials considering grain breakage[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2011,54(8):2188-2196.
[30]胡伟,尹振宇,CHRISTOPHE D,等.易破碎粒状材料本构研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增刊2):159-165.HU Wei,YIN Zhen-yu,CHRISTOPHE D,et al.Constitutive study of crushable granular materials[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Suppl.2):159-165.
[31]YIN Z Y,HICHER P Y,DANO C,et al.Modeling mechanical behavior of very coarse granular materials[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2016,143(1):C4016006.
[32]INDRARATNA B,WIJEWARDENA L S S,BALASUBRAMANIAM A S.Large-scale triaxial testing of greywacke rockfill[J].Geotechnique,1993,43(1):37-51.
[2]刘京茂,孔宪京,邹德高.考虑振动碾压引起的颗粒破碎对堆石坝变形计算的影响[J].水利学报,2015,46(8):934-942.LIU Jing-mao,KONG Xian-jing,ZOU De-gao.Effects of particle breakage due to vibration compaction on the deformation behavior of rockfill dam[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,46(8):934-942.
[3]MARSAL R J.Large scale testing of rockfill materials[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,1967,93(2):27-43.
[4]HARDIN B O.Crushing of soil particles[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1985,111(10):1177-1192.
[5]SKERMER N A,HILLIS S F.Gradation and shear characteristics of four cohesionless soils[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1970,7(1):62-68.
[6]郭熙灵,胡辉,包承纲.堆石料颗粒破碎对剪胀性及抗剪强度的影响[J].岩土工程学报,1997,19(3):83-88.GUO Xi-ling,HU Hui,BAO Cheng-gang.Experimental studies of the effects of grain breakage on the dilatancy and shear strength of rockfill[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1997,19(3):83-88.
[7]高玉峰,张兵,刘伟.堆石料颗粒破碎特征的大型三轴试验研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(5):1237-1246.GAO Yu-feng,ZHANG Bing,LIU Wei.Experimental study on particle breakage behavior of rockfills in large-scale triaxial tests[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(5):1237-1246.
[8]魏松,朱俊高,钱七虎,等.粗粒料颗粒破碎三轴试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2009,31(4):533-538.WEI Song,ZHU Jun-gao,QIAN Qi-hu,et al.Particle breakage of coarse-grained materials in triaxial tests[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2009,31(4):533-538.
[9]刘汉龙,秦红玉,高玉峰,等.堆石粗粒料颗粒破碎试验研究[J].岩土力学,2005,26(4):562-566.LIU Han-long,QIN Yu-hong,GAO Yu-feng,et al.Experimental study on particle breakage of rockfill and coarse aggregates[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(4):562-566.
[10]邹德高,田继荣,刘京茂,等.堆石料三维形状量化及其对颗粒破碎的影响研究[J].岩土力学,2018,39(10):1-6.ZOU De-gao,TIAN Ji-rong,LIU Jing-mao,et al.Three-dimensional shape of rockfill material and its influence on particle breakage[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(10):1-6.
[11]LIU H,ZOU D.Associated generalized plasticity framework for modeling gravelly soils considering particle breakage[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2012,139(5):606-615.
[12]LIU H,ZOU D,LIU J.Constitutive modeling of dense gravelly soils subjected to cyclic loading[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2014,38(14):1503-1518.
[13]刘京茂.堆石料和接触面弹塑性本构模型及其在面板堆石坝中的应用研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2015.LIU Jing-mao.Elasto-plastic constitutive models of rockfill material and soil-structure interface and their applications on concrete-faced rockfill dams[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2015.
[14]尹振宇,许强,胡伟.考虑颗粒破碎效应的粒状材料本构研究:进展及发展[J].岩土工程学报,2012,34(12):2170-2180.YIN Zhen-yu,XU Qiang,HU Wei.Constitutive relations for granular materials considering particle crushing:review and development[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2012,34(12):2170-2180.
[15]柏树田,周晓光,晁华怡.应力路径对堆石变形特性的影响[J].水力发电学报,1999(4):76-80.BAI Shu-tian,ZHOU Xiao-guang,CHAO Hua-yi.Effects of stress path on the deformation of rockfill materials[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,1999(4):76-80.
[16]古兴伟,沈蓉,张永全.复杂应力路径下糯扎渡堆石料应力-应变特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):3251-3260.GU Xing-wei,SHEN Rong,ZHANG Yong-quan.Study on stress-strain properties of rockfill materials under different stress paths in Nuozhadu project[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(3):3251-3260.
[17]相彪,张宗亮,迟世春,等.复杂应力路径下堆石料本构关系研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(6):1716-1728.XIANG Biao,ZHANG Zong-liang,CHI Shi-chun,et al.Study of constitutive relations of rockfill under complex stress path[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(6):1716-1728.
[18]张如林.模拟大坝实际应力路径下堆石料本构关系研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2008.ZHANG Ru-lin.Study on constitutive relationship of rockfill under actual stress path of dam[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2008.
[19]樊怀华,刘大才,刘恩龙,等.堆石料在不同应力路径下的颗粒破碎特性[J].人民黄河,2015,37(1):137-139.FAN Huai-hua,LIU Da-cai,LIU En-long,et al.Analysis on particle breakage properties of rockfill materials subjected to different stress paths[J].Yellow River,2015,37(1):137-139.
[20]杨光,张丙印,于玉贞,等.不同应力路径下粗粒料的颗粒破碎试验研究[J].水利学报,2010,41(3):338-342.YANG Guang,ZHANG Bing-yin,YU Yu-zhen,et al.An experimental study on particle breakage of coarse-grained materials under various stress paths[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(3):338-342.
[21]孔宪京,刘京茂,邹德高,等.紫坪铺面板坝堆石料颗粒破碎试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(1):35-40.KONG Xian-jing,LIU Jing-mao,ZOU De-gao,et al.Experimental study of particle breakage of Zipingpu rockfill material[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(1):35-40.
[22]魏松.粗粒料浸水湿化变形特性试验及其数值模型研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.WEI Song.Study on wetting deformation and numerical model of coarse-grained materials[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.
[23]OVALLE C,DANO C,HICHER P Y,et al.Experimental framework for evaluating the mechanical behavior of dry and wet crushable granular materials based on the particle breakage ratio[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2014,52(5):587-598.
[24]南京水利科学院.SL237―1999土工试验规程[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999.Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute.SL237―1999Specification of soil test[S].Beijing:China Water and Power Press,1999.
[25]EINAV I.Breakage mechanics-part I:theory[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,2007,55(6):1274-1297.
[26]NORIHIKO MIURA,SUKEO O-HARA.Particlecrushing of a decomposed granite soil under shear stresses[J].Soils and Foundations,1979,19(3):1-14.
[27]UENG T S,CHEN T J.Energy aspects of particle breakage in drained shear of sands[J].Geotechnique,2000,50(1):65-72.
[28]INDRARATNA B,SALIM W.Modelling of particle breakage of coarse aggregates incorporating strength and dilatancy[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers:Geotechnical Engineering,2002,155(4):243-252.
[29]HU W,YIN Z,DANO C,et al.A constitutive model for granular materials considering grain breakage[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2011,54(8):2188-2196.
[30]胡伟,尹振宇,CHRISTOPHE D,等.易破碎粒状材料本构研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增刊2):159-165.HU Wei,YIN Zhen-yu,CHRISTOPHE D,et al.Constitutive study of crushable granular materials[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Suppl.2):159-165.
[31]YIN Z Y,HICHER P Y,DANO C,et al.Modeling mechanical behavior of very coarse granular materials[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,2016,143(1):C4016006.
[32]INDRARATNA B,WIJEWARDENA L S S,BALASUBRAMANIAM A S.Large-scale triaxial testing of greywacke rockfill[J].Geotechnique,1993,43(1):37-51.