Electroacupuncture at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in rats
|
摘要
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture(EA) at ST36 can significantly improve gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in promoting gastrointestinal motility. The automatic nervous system plays a main role in EA, but few studies exist on how vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes affect EA to regulate gastrointestinal motility.AIM To study the role of vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in EA at ST36, as well as the associated receptor subtypes that are involved.METHODS Gastric motility was measured with a manometric balloon placed in the gastric antrum area in anesthetized animals. The peripheral nervous discharge was measured using a platinum electrode hooking the vagus or greater splanchnic nerve, and the central nervous discharge was measured with a glass microelectrode in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus(DMV). The effects and mechanisms of EA at ST36 were explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided in to a control group, vagotomy group, sympathectomy group, and microinjection group [including an artificial cerebrospinal fluid group, glutamate(L-Glu) group, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) group] and in genetically modified male mice [β1β2 receptor-knockout(β1β2~(-/-)) mice, M2M3 receptorknockout(M2M3~(-/-)) mice, and wild-type control mice].RESULTS EA at ST36 promoted gastric motility during 30-120 s. During EA, both vagus and sympathetic nerve discharges increased, with a much higher frequency of vagus nerve discharge than sympathetic discharge. The gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was interdicted by vagotomy. However, gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was increased during 0-120 s by sympathectomy, which eliminated the delay effect of EA during 0-30 s, but it was lower than the control group during 30-120 s. Using gene knockout mice and their wild-type controls to explore the receptor mechanisms, we found that EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility in M2/3~(-/-) mice, and promoted gastric motility in β1/2~(-/-) mice. Extracellular recordings showed that EA at ST36 increased spikes of the DMV. Microinjection of L-Glu into the DMV increased gastric motility, while EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility during 0-60 s, and promoted gastric motility during 60-120 s.Injection of GABA reduced or increased gastric motility, and reduced the promoting gastric motility effect of EA at ST36.CONCLUSION These data suggest that EA at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes mediated through M2/3 and β1/2 receptors, respectively.Sympathetic nerve activity mediated through β1/2 receptors is associated with an early delay in modulation of gastric motility by EA at ST36.
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture(EA) at ST36 can significantly improve gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in promoting gastrointestinal motility. The automatic nervous system plays a main role in EA, but few studies exist on how vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes affect EA to regulate gastrointestinal motility.AIM To study the role of vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in EA at ST36, as well as the associated receptor subtypes that are involved.METHODS Gastric motility was measured with a manometric balloon placed in the gastric antrum area in anesthetized animals. The peripheral nervous discharge was measured using a platinum electrode hooking the vagus or greater splanchnic nerve, and the central nervous discharge was measured with a glass microelectrode in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus(DMV). The effects and mechanisms of EA at ST36 were explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided in to a control group, vagotomy group, sympathectomy group, and microinjection group [including an artificial cerebrospinal fluid group, glutamate(L-Glu) group, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) group] and in genetically modified male mice [β1β2 receptor-knockout(β1β2~(-/-)) mice, M2M3 receptorknockout(M2M3~(-/-)) mice, and wild-type control mice].RESULTS EA at ST36 promoted gastric motility during 30-120 s. During EA, both vagus and sympathetic nerve discharges increased, with a much higher frequency of vagus nerve discharge than sympathetic discharge. The gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was interdicted by vagotomy. However, gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was increased during 0-120 s by sympathectomy, which eliminated the delay effect of EA during 0-30 s, but it was lower than the control group during 30-120 s. Using gene knockout mice and their wild-type controls to explore the receptor mechanisms, we found that EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility in M2/3~(-/-) mice, and promoted gastric motility in β1/2~(-/-) mice. Extracellular recordings showed that EA at ST36 increased spikes of the DMV. Microinjection of L-Glu into the DMV increased gastric motility, while EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility during 0-60 s, and promoted gastric motility during 60-120 s.Injection of GABA reduced or increased gastric motility, and reduced the promoting gastric motility effect of EA at ST36.CONCLUSION These data suggest that EA at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes mediated through M2/3 and β1/2 receptors, respectively.Sympathetic nerve activity mediated through β1/2 receptors is associated with an early delay in modulation of gastric motility by EA at ST36.
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture(EA) at ST36 can significantly improve gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in promoting gastrointestinal motility. The automatic nervous system plays a main role in EA, but few studies exist on how vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes affect EA to regulate gastrointestinal motility.AIM To study the role of vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in EA at ST36, as well as the associated receptor subtypes that are involved.METHODS Gastric motility was measured with a manometric balloon placed in the gastric antrum area in anesthetized animals. The peripheral nervous discharge was measured using a platinum electrode hooking the vagus or greater splanchnic nerve, and the central nervous discharge was measured with a glass microelectrode in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus(DMV). The effects and mechanisms of EA at ST36 were explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided in to a control group, vagotomy group, sympathectomy group, and microinjection group [including an artificial cerebrospinal fluid group, glutamate(L-Glu) group, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) group] and in genetically modified male mice [β1β2 receptor-knockout(β1β2~(-/-)) mice, M2M3 receptorknockout(M2M3~(-/-)) mice, and wild-type control mice].RESULTS EA at ST36 promoted gastric motility during 30-120 s. During EA, both vagus and sympathetic nerve discharges increased, with a much higher frequency of vagus nerve discharge than sympathetic discharge. The gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was interdicted by vagotomy. However, gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was increased during 0-120 s by sympathectomy, which eliminated the delay effect of EA during 0-30 s, but it was lower than the control group during 30-120 s. Using gene knockout mice and their wild-type controls to explore the receptor mechanisms, we found that EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility in M2/3~(-/-) mice, and promoted gastric motility in β1/2~(-/-) mice. Extracellular recordings showed that EA at ST36 increased spikes of the DMV. Microinjection of L-Glu into the DMV increased gastric motility, while EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility during 0-60 s, and promoted gastric motility during 60-120 s.Injection of GABA reduced or increased gastric motility, and reduced the promoting gastric motility effect of EA at ST36.CONCLUSION These data suggest that EA at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes mediated through M2/3 and β1/2 receptors, respectively.Sympathetic nerve activity mediated through β1/2 receptors is associated with an early delay in modulation of gastric motility by EA at ST36.
引文
1 Travagli RA,Hermann GE,Browning KN,Rogers RC.Brainstem circuits regulating gastric function.Annu Rev Physiol 2006;68:279-305[PMID:16460274 DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040504.094635]
2 Kyrmizakis DE,Chimona TS,Kanoupakis EM,Papadakis CE,Velegrakis GA,Helidonis ES.QTprolongation and torsades de pointes associated with concurrent use of cisapride and erythromycin.Am JOtolaryngol 2002;23:303-307[PMID:12239699 DOI:10.1053/ajot.2002.124543]
3 Rochoy M,Auffret M,BénéJ,Gautier S;Réseau fran?ais des centres régionaux de pharmacovigilance.[Antiemetics and cardiac effects potentially linked to prolongation of the QT interval:Case/non-case analysis in the national pharmacovigilance database].Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2017;65:1-8[PMID:27988172 DOI:10.1016/j.respe.2016.06.335]
4 Ehrenpreis ED,Roginsky G,Alexoff A,Smith DG.Domperidone is Commonly Prescribed With QT-Interacting Drugs:Review of a Community-based Practice and a Postmarketing Adverse Drug Event Reporting Database.J Clin Gastroenterol 2017;51:56-62[PMID:27182647 DOI:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000543]
5 Giudicessi JR,Ackerman MJ,Camilleri M.Cardiovascular safety of prokinetic agents:A focus on druginduced arrhythmias.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;30:e13302[PMID:29441683 DOI:10.1111/nmo.13302]
6 Xu S,Hou X,Zha H,Gao Z,Zhang Y,Chen JD.Electroacupuncture accelerates solid gastric emptying and improves dyspeptic symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia.Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:2154-2159[PMID:17082991 DOI:10.1007/s10620-006-9412-x]
7 Chen JDZ,Ni M,Yin J.Electroacupuncture treatments for gut motility disorders.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;30:e13393[PMID:29906324 DOI:10.1111/nmo.13393]
8 Zhang Z,Wang C,Li Q,Zhang M,Zhao H,Dong L,Wang G,Jin Y.Electroacupuncture at ST36accelerates the recovery of gastrointestinal motility after colorectal surgery:A randomised controlled trial.Acupunct Med 2014;32:223-226[PMID:24739815 DOI:10.1136/acupmed-2013-010490]
9 Jin Y,Zhao Q,Zhou K,Jing X,Yu X,Fang J,Liu Z,Zhu B.Acupuncture for Functional Dyspepsia:ASingle Blinded,Randomized,Controlled Trial.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015;2015:904926[PMID:26294930 DOI:10.1155/2015/904926]
10 Song GQ,Sun Y,Liu LS,Pasricha PJ,Chen JD.T1332 Electroacupuncture Improves Impaired Gastric Accommodation and Vagal Activity in a Novel Rodent Model of Functional Dyspepsia.Gastroenterology2008;134:A533-A533[DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62488-9]
11 Imai K,Ariga H,Takahashi T.Electroacupuncture improves imbalance of autonomic function under restraint stress in conscious rats.Am J Chin Med 2009;37:45-55[PMID:19222111 DOI:10.1142/S0192415X0900662X]
12 Zhang S,Li S,Liu Y,Ye F,Yin J,Foreman RD,Wang D,Chen JDZ.Electroacupuncture via chronically implanted electrodes improves gastric dysmotility mediated by autonomic-cholinergic mechanisms in a rodent model of functional dyspepsia.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;30:e13381[PMID:29856090 DOI:10.1111/nmo.13381]
13 Wang H,Liu WJ,Shen GM,Zhang MT,Huang S,He Y.Neural mechanism of gastric motility regulation by electroacupuncture at RN12 and BL21:A paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus-dorsal vagal complexvagus nerve-gastric channel pathway.World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:13480-13489[PMID:26730159DOI:10.3748/wjg.v21.i48.13480]
14 Paxinos G,Watson C.The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates.London:Academic Press 2007;15 Liu JH,Yan J,Yi SX,Chang XR,Lin YP,Hu JM.Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectric activity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats.Neurosci Lett 2004;356:99-102[PMID:14746873 DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.044]
16 Li YQ,Zhu B,Rong PJ,Ben H,Li YH.Neural mechanism of acupuncture-modulated gastric motility.World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:709-716[PMID:17278193 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v13.i5.709]
17 Noguchi E.Mechanism of reflex regulation of the gastroduodenal function by acupuncture.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2008;5:251-256[PMID:18830456 DOI:10.1093/ecam/nem077]
18 Yu Z,Xia YB,Lu MX,Lin J,Yu WJ,Xu B.[Influence of electroacupuncture stimulation of"tianshu"(ST
25),"quchi"(LI 11)and"shangjuxu"(ST 37)and their pairs on gastric motility in the rat].Zhen Ci Yan Jiu2013;38:40-47[PMID:23650799]
19 Sato A,Sato Y,Suzuki A,Uchida S.Neural mechanisms of the reflex inhibition and excitation of gastric motility elicited by acupuncture-like stimulation in anesthetized rats.Neurosci Res 1993;18:53-62[PMID:8134020 DOI:10.1016/0168-0102(93)90105-Y]
20 Smirnov VM,Lychkova AE.Synergism of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the regulation of gastric motility.Bull Exp Biol Med 2002;134:12-14[PMID:12459856 DOI:10.1023/A:1020683916599]
21 Browning KN,Travagli RA.Plasticity of vagal brainstem circuits in the control of gastric function.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:1154-1163[PMID:20804520 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01592.x]
22 Armstrong DM,Manley L,Haycock JW,Hersh LB.Co-localization of choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase within neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.J Chem Neuroanat 1990;3:133-140[PMID:1971179 DOI:10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00031-6]
23 Tobin G,Giglio D,Lundgren O.Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the alimentary tract.J Physiol Pharmacol 2009;60:3-21[PMID:19439804]
24 Lin S,Kajimura M,Takeuchi K,Kodaira M,Hanai H,Kaneko E.Expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat gastric smooth muscle:Effect of M3 selective antagonist on gastric motility and emptying.Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:907-914[PMID:9149041 DOI:10.1023/A:1018808329603]
25 Hu X,Yuan M,Yin Y,Wang Y,Li Y,Zhang N,Sun X,Yu Z,Xu B.Electroacupuncture at LI11promotes jejunal motility via the parasympathetic pathway.BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17:329[PMID:28637453 DOI:10.1186/s12906-017-1826-9]
26 Yu Z,Zhang N,Lu CX,Pang TT,Wang KY,Jiang JF,Zhu B,Xu B.Electroacupuncture at ST25 inhibits jejunal motility:Role of sympathetic pathways and TRPV1.World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:1834-1843[PMID:26855542 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v22.i5.1834]
27 Browning KN,Travagli RA.Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions.Compr Physiol 2014;4:1339-1368[PMID:25428846 DOI:10.1002/cphy.c130055]
28 Babic T,Browning KN,Travagli RA.Differential organization of excitatory and inhibitory synapses within the rat dorsal vagal complex.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;300:G21-G32[PMID:20947702 DOI:10.1152/ajpgi.00363.2010]
29 Sun HZ,Zhao SZ,Cui XY,Ai HB.Hindbrain Effects of L-Glutamate on Gastric Motility in Rats.Gastroenterology Res 2009;2:43-47[PMID:27956950 DOI:10.4021/gr2009.02.1274]
30 Cruz MT,Murphy EC,Sahibzada N,Verbalis JG,Gillis RA.A reevaluation of the effects of stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus on gastric motility in the rat.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007;292:R291-R307[PMID:16990483 DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00863.2005]
31 Pearson RJ,Gatti PJ,Sahibzada N,Massari VJ,Gillis RA.Ultrastructural evidence for selective GABAergic innervation of CNS vagal projections to the antrum of the rat.Auton Neurosci 2011;160:21-26[PMID:21112817 DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.10.010]
32 Andresen MC,Kunze DL.Nucleus tractus solitarius--gateway to neural circulatory control.Annu Rev Physiol 1994;56:93-116[PMID:7912060 DOI:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.000521]
33 Iwa M,Tateiwa M,Sakita M,Fujimiya M,Takahashi T.Anatomical evidence of regional specific effects of acupuncture on gastric motor function in rats.Auton Neurosci 2007;137:67-76[PMID:17884736 DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2007.08.001]
34 Zeng F,Lan L,Tang Y,Liu M,Liu X,Song W,Li Y,Qin W,Sun J,Yu S,Gao X,Tian J,Liang F.Cerebral responses to puncturing at different acupoints for treating meal-related functional dyspepsia.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015;27:559-568[PMID:25693969 DOI:10.1111/nmo.12532]
35 Huang Z,Liu N,Zhong S,Lu J,Zhang N.[The role of nucleus tractus solitarii(NTS)in acupuncture inhibition of visceral-somatic reflex(VSR)].Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 1991;16:43-47[PMID:1873901]
36 He JF,Yan J,Li JS,Liu JH,Wang C,Chang XR,Qu YT.Neuron discharge and c-Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract following electroacupuncture at acupoints of the Yangming Stomach Meridian of Foot.J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013;6:82-88[PMID:23591003 DOI:10.1016/j.jams.2012.12.002]
37 Peng L,Liu M,Chang X,Yang Z,Yi S,Yan J,Peng Y.Role of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the protection of pre-moxibustion on gastric mucosal lesions.Neural Regen Res 2014;9:198-204[PMID:25206801 DOI:10.4103/1673-5374.125350]
2 Kyrmizakis DE,Chimona TS,Kanoupakis EM,Papadakis CE,Velegrakis GA,Helidonis ES.QTprolongation and torsades de pointes associated with concurrent use of cisapride and erythromycin.Am JOtolaryngol 2002;23:303-307[PMID:12239699 DOI:10.1053/ajot.2002.124543]
3 Rochoy M,Auffret M,BénéJ,Gautier S;Réseau fran?ais des centres régionaux de pharmacovigilance.[Antiemetics and cardiac effects potentially linked to prolongation of the QT interval:Case/non-case analysis in the national pharmacovigilance database].Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2017;65:1-8[PMID:27988172 DOI:10.1016/j.respe.2016.06.335]
4 Ehrenpreis ED,Roginsky G,Alexoff A,Smith DG.Domperidone is Commonly Prescribed With QT-Interacting Drugs:Review of a Community-based Practice and a Postmarketing Adverse Drug Event Reporting Database.J Clin Gastroenterol 2017;51:56-62[PMID:27182647 DOI:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000543]
5 Giudicessi JR,Ackerman MJ,Camilleri M.Cardiovascular safety of prokinetic agents:A focus on druginduced arrhythmias.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;30:e13302[PMID:29441683 DOI:10.1111/nmo.13302]
6 Xu S,Hou X,Zha H,Gao Z,Zhang Y,Chen JD.Electroacupuncture accelerates solid gastric emptying and improves dyspeptic symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia.Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:2154-2159[PMID:17082991 DOI:10.1007/s10620-006-9412-x]
7 Chen JDZ,Ni M,Yin J.Electroacupuncture treatments for gut motility disorders.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;30:e13393[PMID:29906324 DOI:10.1111/nmo.13393]
8 Zhang Z,Wang C,Li Q,Zhang M,Zhao H,Dong L,Wang G,Jin Y.Electroacupuncture at ST36accelerates the recovery of gastrointestinal motility after colorectal surgery:A randomised controlled trial.Acupunct Med 2014;32:223-226[PMID:24739815 DOI:10.1136/acupmed-2013-010490]
9 Jin Y,Zhao Q,Zhou K,Jing X,Yu X,Fang J,Liu Z,Zhu B.Acupuncture for Functional Dyspepsia:ASingle Blinded,Randomized,Controlled Trial.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015;2015:904926[PMID:26294930 DOI:10.1155/2015/904926]
10 Song GQ,Sun Y,Liu LS,Pasricha PJ,Chen JD.T1332 Electroacupuncture Improves Impaired Gastric Accommodation and Vagal Activity in a Novel Rodent Model of Functional Dyspepsia.Gastroenterology2008;134:A533-A533[DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62488-9]
11 Imai K,Ariga H,Takahashi T.Electroacupuncture improves imbalance of autonomic function under restraint stress in conscious rats.Am J Chin Med 2009;37:45-55[PMID:19222111 DOI:10.1142/S0192415X0900662X]
12 Zhang S,Li S,Liu Y,Ye F,Yin J,Foreman RD,Wang D,Chen JDZ.Electroacupuncture via chronically implanted electrodes improves gastric dysmotility mediated by autonomic-cholinergic mechanisms in a rodent model of functional dyspepsia.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018;30:e13381[PMID:29856090 DOI:10.1111/nmo.13381]
13 Wang H,Liu WJ,Shen GM,Zhang MT,Huang S,He Y.Neural mechanism of gastric motility regulation by electroacupuncture at RN12 and BL21:A paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus-dorsal vagal complexvagus nerve-gastric channel pathway.World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:13480-13489[PMID:26730159DOI:10.3748/wjg.v21.i48.13480]
14 Paxinos G,Watson C.The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates.London:Academic Press 2007;15 Liu JH,Yan J,Yi SX,Chang XR,Lin YP,Hu JM.Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectric activity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats.Neurosci Lett 2004;356:99-102[PMID:14746873 DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.044]
16 Li YQ,Zhu B,Rong PJ,Ben H,Li YH.Neural mechanism of acupuncture-modulated gastric motility.World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:709-716[PMID:17278193 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v13.i5.709]
17 Noguchi E.Mechanism of reflex regulation of the gastroduodenal function by acupuncture.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2008;5:251-256[PMID:18830456 DOI:10.1093/ecam/nem077]
18 Yu Z,Xia YB,Lu MX,Lin J,Yu WJ,Xu B.[Influence of electroacupuncture stimulation of"tianshu"(ST
25),"quchi"(LI 11)and"shangjuxu"(ST 37)and their pairs on gastric motility in the rat].Zhen Ci Yan Jiu2013;38:40-47[PMID:23650799]
19 Sato A,Sato Y,Suzuki A,Uchida S.Neural mechanisms of the reflex inhibition and excitation of gastric motility elicited by acupuncture-like stimulation in anesthetized rats.Neurosci Res 1993;18:53-62[PMID:8134020 DOI:10.1016/0168-0102(93)90105-Y]
20 Smirnov VM,Lychkova AE.Synergism of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the regulation of gastric motility.Bull Exp Biol Med 2002;134:12-14[PMID:12459856 DOI:10.1023/A:1020683916599]
21 Browning KN,Travagli RA.Plasticity of vagal brainstem circuits in the control of gastric function.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:1154-1163[PMID:20804520 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01592.x]
22 Armstrong DM,Manley L,Haycock JW,Hersh LB.Co-localization of choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase within neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.J Chem Neuroanat 1990;3:133-140[PMID:1971179 DOI:10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00031-6]
23 Tobin G,Giglio D,Lundgren O.Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the alimentary tract.J Physiol Pharmacol 2009;60:3-21[PMID:19439804]
24 Lin S,Kajimura M,Takeuchi K,Kodaira M,Hanai H,Kaneko E.Expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat gastric smooth muscle:Effect of M3 selective antagonist on gastric motility and emptying.Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:907-914[PMID:9149041 DOI:10.1023/A:1018808329603]
25 Hu X,Yuan M,Yin Y,Wang Y,Li Y,Zhang N,Sun X,Yu Z,Xu B.Electroacupuncture at LI11promotes jejunal motility via the parasympathetic pathway.BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17:329[PMID:28637453 DOI:10.1186/s12906-017-1826-9]
26 Yu Z,Zhang N,Lu CX,Pang TT,Wang KY,Jiang JF,Zhu B,Xu B.Electroacupuncture at ST25 inhibits jejunal motility:Role of sympathetic pathways and TRPV1.World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:1834-1843[PMID:26855542 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v22.i5.1834]
27 Browning KN,Travagli RA.Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions.Compr Physiol 2014;4:1339-1368[PMID:25428846 DOI:10.1002/cphy.c130055]
28 Babic T,Browning KN,Travagli RA.Differential organization of excitatory and inhibitory synapses within the rat dorsal vagal complex.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;300:G21-G32[PMID:20947702 DOI:10.1152/ajpgi.00363.2010]
29 Sun HZ,Zhao SZ,Cui XY,Ai HB.Hindbrain Effects of L-Glutamate on Gastric Motility in Rats.Gastroenterology Res 2009;2:43-47[PMID:27956950 DOI:10.4021/gr2009.02.1274]
30 Cruz MT,Murphy EC,Sahibzada N,Verbalis JG,Gillis RA.A reevaluation of the effects of stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus on gastric motility in the rat.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007;292:R291-R307[PMID:16990483 DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00863.2005]
31 Pearson RJ,Gatti PJ,Sahibzada N,Massari VJ,Gillis RA.Ultrastructural evidence for selective GABAergic innervation of CNS vagal projections to the antrum of the rat.Auton Neurosci 2011;160:21-26[PMID:21112817 DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.10.010]
32 Andresen MC,Kunze DL.Nucleus tractus solitarius--gateway to neural circulatory control.Annu Rev Physiol 1994;56:93-116[PMID:7912060 DOI:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.000521]
33 Iwa M,Tateiwa M,Sakita M,Fujimiya M,Takahashi T.Anatomical evidence of regional specific effects of acupuncture on gastric motor function in rats.Auton Neurosci 2007;137:67-76[PMID:17884736 DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2007.08.001]
34 Zeng F,Lan L,Tang Y,Liu M,Liu X,Song W,Li Y,Qin W,Sun J,Yu S,Gao X,Tian J,Liang F.Cerebral responses to puncturing at different acupoints for treating meal-related functional dyspepsia.Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015;27:559-568[PMID:25693969 DOI:10.1111/nmo.12532]
35 Huang Z,Liu N,Zhong S,Lu J,Zhang N.[The role of nucleus tractus solitarii(NTS)in acupuncture inhibition of visceral-somatic reflex(VSR)].Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 1991;16:43-47[PMID:1873901]
36 He JF,Yan J,Li JS,Liu JH,Wang C,Chang XR,Qu YT.Neuron discharge and c-Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract following electroacupuncture at acupoints of the Yangming Stomach Meridian of Foot.J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013;6:82-88[PMID:23591003 DOI:10.1016/j.jams.2012.12.002]
37 Peng L,Liu M,Chang X,Yang Z,Yi S,Yan J,Peng Y.Role of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the protection of pre-moxibustion on gastric mucosal lesions.Neural Regen Res 2014;9:198-204[PMID:25206801 DOI:10.4103/1673-5374.125350]