东南景天玉米轮作体系中黑网或黑膜覆盖对植物生长和镉锌含量的影响
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摘要
通过小区试验对比黑网覆盖、黑膜覆盖以及空白对照的杂草控制率、作物产量以及重金属镉锌含量,衡量覆盖黑网控草的效果。结果表明:在东南景天小区试验中覆盖黑网对杂草的控制率3次分别为93.08%、93.12%、77.99%,覆盖黑膜对杂草的控制率3次分别为100%、98.39%、87.39%,两种控草方法均对杂草具有较好的控制效果;低Cd玉米小区试验的结果与之相似。与空白相比,覆盖黑网能显著增加东南景天产量、Cd含量和提取率;覆盖黑网的玉米小区追施喇叭口肥后地表径流营养元素(N、P、K)浓度低于覆盖黑膜,与对照相当。因此,覆盖黑网能够实现有效控制杂草,且施用化肥时可以不用掀开,适合在Cd污染土壤上应用。
The effects of black-net coverage, black-film coverage, and control(CK), i.e., without coverage, on weed control were studied in order to reduce the labor cost. Weed control rate, crop yield, and Cd and Zn contents of crops were measured. Field experiments were conducted with Cd-contaminated soil. Results showed that, for Sedum alfredii Hance plantings in field plots, the rates of weed control by black-net coverage were 93.08%, 93.12%, and 77.99% for three harvest times of weeds after cropping, whereas those by black-film coverage were100%, 98.39%, and 87.39%, meaning both methods controlled the weeds well. In the second experiment, with low-Cd corn plantings, the re-sults obtained were rather similar. Compared to CK, black-net coverage increased the yield of S. alfredii, Cd content in plants, and total Cdphytoextraction. The nutrient(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium)concentrations in runoff water following additional chemical fertilizationafter the corn flowering with the treatment of black-net coverage were lower than those of black-film coverage and similar to those of CK.Hence, black-net coverage could not only effectively control weeds, but also had advantages of permeating the rainwater through the netsand no need for opening the nets during chemical fertilization. This method is particularly suitable for application in phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
The effects of black-net coverage, black-film coverage, and control(CK), i.e., without coverage, on weed control were studied in order to reduce the labor cost. Weed control rate, crop yield, and Cd and Zn contents of crops were measured. Field experiments were conducted with Cd-contaminated soil. Results showed that, for Sedum alfredii Hance plantings in field plots, the rates of weed control by black-net coverage were 93.08%, 93.12%, and 77.99% for three harvest times of weeds after cropping, whereas those by black-film coverage were100%, 98.39%, and 87.39%, meaning both methods controlled the weeds well. In the second experiment, with low-Cd corn plantings, the re-sults obtained were rather similar. Compared to CK, black-net coverage increased the yield of S. alfredii, Cd content in plants, and total Cdphytoextraction. The nutrient(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium)concentrations in runoff water following additional chemical fertilizationafter the corn flowering with the treatment of black-net coverage were lower than those of black-film coverage and similar to those of CK.Hence, black-net coverage could not only effectively control weeds, but also had advantages of permeating the rainwater through the netsand no need for opening the nets during chemical fertilization. This method is particularly suitable for application in phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
引文
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[9]孙厚俊,赵永强,杨冬静,等.秸秆还田后麦田杂草发生规律及防治技术研究[J].广西农学报,2016,31(6):1-4.SUN Hou-jun,ZHAO Yong-qiang,YANG Dong-jing,et al.Weedsemergence regulation and control technologies research in wheat fieldwith straws returning[J].Journal of Guangxi Agriculture,2016,31(6):1-4.
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[11]李毅,王文焰,门旗,等.宽地膜覆盖条件下土壤温度场特征[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(3):33-36.LI Yi,WANG Wen-yan,MEN Qi,et al.Field characters of soil tem-perature under the wide plastic-mulch[J].Transactions of the Chinese Socienty of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(3):33-36.
[12]Ye H B,Yang X E,He B,et al.Growth response and metal accumula-tion of Sedum alfredii to Cd/Zn complex:Polluted ion levels[J].Bulletin of Botany,2003,45(9):1030-1035.
[13]谭蒙.化学淋洗联合植物修复处理重金属污染土壤研究[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.TAN Meng.Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by chemi-cal leaching and phytoremediation combined technology[D].Guang-zhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[14]中华人民共和国农业部种植业管理司.2017年春季主要农作物科学施肥指导意见[EB/OL].(2017-03-30).http://www.zzys.moa.gov.cn/gdyflgl/201703/t20170330_5546160.htm.Department of Plantation Management of Ministry of Agriculture,Peo-ple's Republic of China.Scientific fertilization guidelines for main crops in spring 2017[EB/OL].(2017-03-30).http://www.zzys.moa.gov.cn/gdyflgl/201703/t20170330_5546160.htm.
[15]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU Ru-kun.Soil and agro-chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Ag-ricultural Science&Technology Press,2000.
[16]史双院,黄晓,代侃韧,等.果园化学控草技术及其注意事项[J].西北园艺:果树专刊,2014(1):9-11.SHI Shuang-yuan,HUANG Xiao,DAI Kan-ren,et al.Chemical weedcontrol technology and correlation matters needing attentions in or-chard[J].Northwest Horticulture:Fruit Tree Special Issue,2014(1):9-11.
[17]朱文达,张朝贤,魏守辉.农作措施对油菜田杂草的生态控制作用[J].华中农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,24(2):125-128.ZHU Wen-da,ZHANG Chao-xian,WEI Shou-hui.Ecological weedcontrol by agronomic practices in rape fields[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University:Natural Science Edition,2005,24(2):125-128.
[18]卫泽斌,郭晓方,吴启堂,等.混合螯合剂的不同施加方式对重金属污染土壤套种修复效果的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2016,37(1):29-34.WEI Ze-bin,GUO Xiao-fang,WU Qi-tang,et al.Effects of differentapplication methods of mixed chelators on remediation of heavy metalcontaminated soil in interplanting system[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,2016,37(1):29-34.
[2]翟夏斐,李强,李富翠,等.秸秆和地膜覆盖模式下土壤水热动态分析[J].土壤,2014,46(4):716-724.ZHAI Xia-fei,LI Qiang,LI Fu-cui,et al.Soil water and heat dynamicanalysis under straw and plastic film mulching modes[J].Soils,2014,46(4):716-724.
[3]Altieri M A.The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,1999,74(1/2/3):19-31.
[4]Lagerl?f J,Wallin H.The abundance of arthropods along two field mar-gins with different types of vegetation composition:An experimentalstudy[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,1993,43(2):141-154.
[5]郑旭霞,毛宇骁,吴嘉璠,等.盛夏覆盖对幼龄茶园土壤温湿度和杂草生长的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(5):918-923.ZHENG Xu-xia,MAO Yu-xiao,WU Jia-fan,et al.Effects of differentmulching materials on soil temperature,moisture and weed growth innew tea gardens during mid-summer[J].Soils,2016,48(5):918-923.
[6]韩敏,李粉华,张海艳,等.不同控草措施对丘陵茶园杂草的防除技术研究[J].江西农业学报,2014,26(7):55-58.HAN Min,LI Fen-hua,ZHANG Hai-yan,et al.Study on weed controlwith different control measures in tea garden in hilly[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2014,26(7):55-58.
[7]韩新忠,朱利群,杨敏芳,等.不同小麦秸秆还田量对水稻生长、土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(11):2192-2199.HAN Xin-zhong,ZHU Li-qun,YANG Min-fang,et al.Effects of differ-ent amount of wheat straw returning on rice growth,soil microbial bio-mass and enzyme activity[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(11):2192-2199.
[8]张星,刘杏认,张晴雯,等.生物炭和秸秆还田对华北农田玉米生育期土壤微生物量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(10):1943-1950.ZHANG Xing,LIU Xing-ren,ZHANG Qing-wen,et al.Effects of bio-char and straw direct return on soil microbial biomass during maizegrowth season in North China Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(10):1943-1950.
[9]孙厚俊,赵永强,杨冬静,等.秸秆还田后麦田杂草发生规律及防治技术研究[J].广西农学报,2016,31(6):1-4.SUN Hou-jun,ZHAO Yong-qiang,YANG Dong-jing,et al.Weedsemergence regulation and control technologies research in wheat fieldwith straws returning[J].Journal of Guangxi Agriculture,2016,31(6):1-4.
[10]杨彩宏,冯莉,田兴山,等.移栽甜玉米田覆盖控草技术[J].杂草学报,2013,31(3):36-39.YANG Cai-hong,FENG Li,TIAN Xing-shan,et al.Coverage of weedcontrol technology in the transplanted sweet corn field[J].Weed Science,2013,31(3):36-39.
[11]李毅,王文焰,门旗,等.宽地膜覆盖条件下土壤温度场特征[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(3):33-36.LI Yi,WANG Wen-yan,MEN Qi,et al.Field characters of soil tem-perature under the wide plastic-mulch[J].Transactions of the Chinese Socienty of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(3):33-36.
[12]Ye H B,Yang X E,He B,et al.Growth response and metal accumula-tion of Sedum alfredii to Cd/Zn complex:Polluted ion levels[J].Bulletin of Botany,2003,45(9):1030-1035.
[13]谭蒙.化学淋洗联合植物修复处理重金属污染土壤研究[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.TAN Meng.Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by chemi-cal leaching and phytoremediation combined technology[D].Guang-zhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[14]中华人民共和国农业部种植业管理司.2017年春季主要农作物科学施肥指导意见[EB/OL].(2017-03-30).http://www.zzys.moa.gov.cn/gdyflgl/201703/t20170330_5546160.htm.Department of Plantation Management of Ministry of Agriculture,Peo-ple's Republic of China.Scientific fertilization guidelines for main crops in spring 2017[EB/OL].(2017-03-30).http://www.zzys.moa.gov.cn/gdyflgl/201703/t20170330_5546160.htm.
[15]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU Ru-kun.Soil and agro-chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Ag-ricultural Science&Technology Press,2000.
[16]史双院,黄晓,代侃韧,等.果园化学控草技术及其注意事项[J].西北园艺:果树专刊,2014(1):9-11.SHI Shuang-yuan,HUANG Xiao,DAI Kan-ren,et al.Chemical weedcontrol technology and correlation matters needing attentions in or-chard[J].Northwest Horticulture:Fruit Tree Special Issue,2014(1):9-11.
[17]朱文达,张朝贤,魏守辉.农作措施对油菜田杂草的生态控制作用[J].华中农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,24(2):125-128.ZHU Wen-da,ZHANG Chao-xian,WEI Shou-hui.Ecological weedcontrol by agronomic practices in rape fields[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University:Natural Science Edition,2005,24(2):125-128.
[18]卫泽斌,郭晓方,吴启堂,等.混合螯合剂的不同施加方式对重金属污染土壤套种修复效果的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2016,37(1):29-34.WEI Ze-bin,GUO Xiao-fang,WU Qi-tang,et al.Effects of differentapplication methods of mixed chelators on remediation of heavy metalcontaminated soil in interplanting system[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,2016,37(1):29-34.