草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究进展
|
摘要
全球变化背景下降水格局发生了显著改变,主要表现在年降水量、降水季节分配以及降水事件特征(单次降水事件雨量大小、两次降水之间的间隔时长和一年中降水事件的次数等)等几个方面,降水格局的改变将显著影响陆地生态系统功能,尤其是对生产力的影响.草原生态系统是对降水格局改变最敏感的生态系统之一,因此有必要了解草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究现状及存在的问题.本文首先综述了草原生态系统生产力对降水格局各个特征响应的国内外研究进展,进而从长期观测、控制试验、模型模拟3方面综述了目前降水格局对生产力影响的研究方法,最后从理论研究、研究方法两个方面提出了目前研究存在的问题以及未来的研究方向.本文将为预测草原生态系统如何响应未来气候变化以及在气候变化情景下进行草原生态系统管理提供重要科学依据.
Under global change scenario, precipitation pattern has significantly changed, mainly in the aspects of annual precipitation amount, precipitation seasonal distribution and precipitation event characteristics(size of individual precipitation event, periods length between two precipitation events, and number of precipitation events in a year), which combined to affect various processes of terrestrial ecosystems, especially productivity. Grassland ecosystem is one of the most sensitive ecosystems to the changes of precipitation regime. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the responses of productivity to altered precipitation regime in grasslands. In this study, I firstly reviewed the responses of grassland productivity to each characteristic of the altered precipitation regime. Then, I summarized the methods that employed in the study of productivity-precipitation relationship, including long-term observations, manipulative field experiments, and modelling. Finally, I came up with several theoretical and methodological problems that needed to be solved in the future. This work would facilitate the understanding of how grasslands response to the global climate change, with implications for grassland management in the context of climate change.
Under global change scenario, precipitation pattern has significantly changed, mainly in the aspects of annual precipitation amount, precipitation seasonal distribution and precipitation event characteristics(size of individual precipitation event, periods length between two precipitation events, and number of precipitation events in a year), which combined to affect various processes of terrestrial ecosystems, especially productivity. Grassland ecosystem is one of the most sensitive ecosystems to the changes of precipitation regime. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the responses of productivity to altered precipitation regime in grasslands. In this study, I firstly reviewed the responses of grassland productivity to each characteristic of the altered precipitation regime. Then, I summarized the methods that employed in the study of productivity-precipitation relationship, including long-term observations, manipulative field experiments, and modelling. Finally, I came up with several theoretical and methodological problems that needed to be solved in the future. This work would facilitate the understanding of how grasslands response to the global climate change, with implications for grassland management in the context of climate change.
引文
[1] Weltzin JF,Loik ME,Schwinning S,et al.Assessing the response of terrestrial ecosystems to potential changes in precipitation.BioScience,2003,53:941-952
[2] Easterling DR,Meehl GA,Parmesan C,et al.Climate extremes:Observations,modeling,and impacts.Science,2000,289:2068-2074
[3] IPCC.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013
[4] Groisman PY,Roisman G,Knight RW,et al.Trends in intense precipitation in the climate record.Journal of Climate,2005,18:1326-1350
[5] Groisman PY,Knight RW.Prolonged dry episodes over the conterminous united states:New tendencies emerging during the last 40 years.Journal of Climate,2008,21:1850-1862
[6] Reynolds JF,Smith DMS.Do humans cause deserts// Reynolds JF,Stafford DM,eds.Global Desertification:Do Humans Cause Deserts?Berlin,Germany:Dahlem University Press,2002:1-21
[7] Chase JM,Leibold MA,Downing AL,et al.The effects of productivity,herbivory,and plant species turnover in grassland food webs.Ecology,2000,81:2485-2497
[8] McNaughton SJ,Oesterheld M,Frank DA,et al.Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habits.Nature,1989,341:142-144
[9] Noy-Meir I.Desert ecosystems:Environment and producers.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973,4:23-51
[10] Knapp AK,Smith MD.Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production.Science,2001,291:481-484
[11] Cable DR.Influenece of precipitation on perennial grass production in semidesert Southwest.Ecology,1975,56:981-986
[12] Fang J,Piao S,Tang Z,et al.Interannual variability in net primary production and precipitation.Science,2001,293:1723
[13] Knapp AK,Carroll CJ,Griffin-Nolan RJ,et al.A rea-lity check for climate change experiments:Do they reflect the real world?Ecology,2018,99:2145-2151
[14] Lehouerou HN,Bingham RL,Skerbek W.Relationship between the variability of primary production and the variability of annual precipitation in world arid lands.Journal of Arid Environments,1988,15:1-18
[15] Fan JW,Wang K,Harris W,et al.Allocation of vegetation biomass across a climate-related gradient in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia.Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73:521-528
[16] Knapp AK,Ciais P,Smith MD.Reconciling inconsis-tencies in precipitation-productivity relationships:Implications for climate change.New Phytologist,2017,214:41-47
[17] Bai Y,Wu J,Xing Q,et al.Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau.Ecology,2008,89:2140-2153
[18] Briggs JM,Knapp AK.Interannual variability in primary production in tallgrass prairie:Climate,soil moisture,topographic position,and fire as determinants of aboveground biomass.American Journal of Botany,1995,82:1024-1030
[19] Guo R,Wang X,Ouyang Z,et al.Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,2006,18:1024-1030
[20] McNaughton SJ.Ecology of a grazing ecosystem:The Serengeti.Ecological Monographs,1985,55:259-294
[21] O’Connor TG,Haines LM,Snyman HA.Influence of precipitation and species composition on phytomass of a semi-arid African grassland.Journal of Ecology,2001,89:850-860
[22] Paruelo JM,Lauenroth WK,Burke IC,et al.Grassland precipitation-use efficiency varies across a resource gradient.Ecosystems,1999,2:64-68
[23] Sala OE,Parton WJ,Joyce LA,et al.Primary production of the central grassland region of the United States.Ecology,1988,69:40-45
[24] Sun J,Cheng G,Li W.Meta-analysis of relationships between environmental factors and aboveground biomass in the alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau.Biogeosciences,2013,10:1707-1715
[25] Hu Z,Fan J,Zhong H,et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics of aboveground primary productivity along a precipitation gradient in Chinese temperate grassland.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2007,50:754-764
[26] Hu Z,Yu G,Fan J,et al.Precipitation-use efficiency along a 4500-km grassland transect.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2010,19:842-851
[27] Ma W,Yang Y,He J,et al.Above- and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands,Inner Mongolia.Science in China Series C:Life Sciences,2008,51:263-270
[28] Guo Q,Hu Z,Li S,et al.Spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland:Effects of mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution.Global Change Biology,2012,18:3624-3631
[29] Kanniah KD,Beringer J,Hutley LB.Environmental controls on the spatial variability of savanna productivity in the Northern Territory,Australia.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151:1429-1439
[30] Yang Y,Fang J,Ma W,et al.Relationship between variability in aboveground net primary production and precipitation in global grasslands.Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35:10.1029/2008GL035408
[31] Heisler-White JL,Blair JM,Kelly EF,et al.Contingent productivity responses to more extreme rainfall regimes across a grassland biome.Global Change Biology,2009,15:2894-2904
[32] Thomey ML,Collins SL,Vargas R,et al.Effect of precipitation variability on net primary production and soil respiration in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland.Global Change Biology,2011,17:1505-1515
[33] Xiao X,Wang Y,Jiang S,et al.Interannual variation in the climate and above-ground biomass of Leymus chinense steppe and Stipa grandis steppe in the Xilin River basin,Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Environments,1995,31:283-299
[34] Sala OE,Lauenroth WK,Parton WJ.Long-term soil-water dynamics in the shortgrass steppe.Ecology,1992,73:1175-1181
[35] Sala OE,Gherardi LA,Reichmann L,et al.Legacies of precipitation fluctuations on primary production:Theory and data synthesis.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2012,367:3135-3144
[36] Hsu JS,Adler PB.Anticipating changes in variability of grassland production due to increases in interannual precipitation variability.Ecosphere,2014,5:art 58
[37] Hsu JS,Powell J,Adler PB.Sensitivity of mean annual primary production to precipitation.Global Change Bio-logy,2012,18:2246-2255
[38] Luo Y,Jiang L,Niu S,et al.Nonlinear responses of land ecosystems to variation in precipitation.New Phytologist,2017,214:5-7
[39] Zhang BW,Tan X,Wang S,et al.Asymmetric sensiti-vity of ecosystem carbon and water processes in response to precipitation change in a semi-arid steppe.Functional Ecology,2017,31:1301-1311
[40] Estiarte M,Vicca J,Peňuelas J,et al.Few multiyear precipitation-reduction experiments find a shift in the productivity-precipitation relationship.Global Change Biology,2016,22:2570-2581
[41] Kaisermann A,de Vries FT,Griffiths RI,et al.Legacy effects of drought on plant-soil feedbacks and plant-plant interactions.New Phytologist,2017,215:1413-1424
[42] Wilcox KR,JM Blair,Smith MD,et al.Does ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation at the site-level conform to regional-scale predictions?Ecology,2016,97:561-568
[43] Hursh A,Ballantyne AP,Cooper L,et al.The sensiti-vity of soil respiration to soil temperature,moisture,and carbon supply at the global scale.Global Change Bio-logy,2017,23:2090-2103
[44] Friedlingstein P,Cox PM,Betts RA,et al.Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis:Results from the (CMIP)-M-4 model intercomparison.Journal of Climate,2006,19:3337-3353
[45] Huxman TE,Smith MD,Fay PA,et al.Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency.Nature,2004,429:651-654
[46] Shi Z,Lin Y,Wilcox KR,et al.Successional change in species composition alters climate sensitivity of grassland productivity.Global Change Biology,2018,24:4993-5003
[47] Hu Z,Guo Q,Li S,et al.Shifts in the dynamics of productivity signal ecosystem state transitions at the biome-scale.Ecology Letters,2018,21:1457-1466
[48] Jobbágy EG,Sala OE.Controls of grass and shrub aboveground production in the Patagonian steppe.Ecological Applications,2000,10:541-549
[49] Fernandez RJ,Sala OE,Golluscio RA.Woody and herbaceous aboveground production of a Patagonian steppe.Journal of Range Management,1991,44:434-437
[50] Lauenroth WK,Sala OE.Long-term forage production of North-American shortgrass steppe.Ecological Applications,1992,2:397-403
[51] Beatley JC.Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave-Desert ecosystems.Ecology,1974,55:856-863
[52] Smoliak S.Influence of climatic conditiongs on production of Stipa-Bouteloua prairie over a 50-year period.Journal of Range Management,1986,39:100-103
[53] Wang J,Price KP,Rich PM.Spatial patterns of NDVI in response to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains.International Journal of Remote Sen-sing,2001,22:3827-3844
[54] Wang J,Rich PM,Price KP.Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains,USA.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2003,24:2345-2364
[55] Hanson CL,Wight JR,Smith JP,et al.Use of historical yield data to forcast range herbage production.Journal of Range Management,1982,35:614-616
[56] Oesterheld M,Loreti J,Semmartin M,et al.Inter-annual variation in primary production of a semi-arid grassland related to previous-year production.Journal of Vegetation Science,2001,12:137-142
[57] Gibbens RP,Beck RF.Changes in grass basal area and forb densities over a 64-year period on grassland types of the Jornada Experimental Range.Journal of Range Management,1988,41:186-192
[58] Long H-L (龙慧灵),Li X-B (李晓兵),Huang L-M (黄玲梅),et al.Net primary productivity in grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia and its relationship with climate.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2010,34(7):781-791 (in Chinese)
[59] Zhang G-L (张戈丽),Xu X-L (徐兴良),Zhou C-P (周才平),et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir Grassland in past 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报),2011,66(1):47-58 (in Chinese)
[60] Bai Y-F (白永飞).Influence of seasonal distribution of precipitation on primary productivity of Stipa Krylovii community.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报),1999,23(2):155-160 (in Chinese)
[61] Wang Y-H (王玉辉),Zhou G-S (周广胜).Responses of temporal dynamics of aboveground net primary productivity of Leymus chinensis community to precipitation fluctuation in Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2004,24(6):1140-1145 (in Chinese)
[62] Yuan W-P (袁文平),Zhou G-S (周广胜).Responses of three-Stipa-communities net primary productivity along Northeast China Transect to seasonal distribution of precipitation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2005,16(4):605-609 (in Chinese)
[63] Bai YF,Wu JG,Pan QM,et al.Positive linear relationship between productivity and diversity:Evidence from the Eurasian Steppe.Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,44:1023-1034
[64] Swemmer AM,Knapp AK,Snyman HA.Intra-seasonal precipitation patterns and above-ground productivity in three perennial grasslands.Journal of Ecology,2007,95:780-788
[65] Cui MY,Caldwell MM.A large ephemeral release of nitrogen upon wetting of dry soil and corresponding root responses in the field.Plant and Soil,1997,191:291-299
[66] Ostfeld RS,Keesing F.Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems.Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000,15:232-237
[67] Xiong PF,Shu JL,Zhang H,et al.Small rainfall pulses affected leaf photosynthesis rather than biomass production of dominant species in semiarid grassland community on Loess Plateau of China.Functional Plant Biology,2017,44:1229-1242
[68] Austin AT,Yahdjian L,Stark JM,et al.Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semiarid ecosystems.Oecologia,2004,141:221-235
[69] Belnap J,Phillips SL,Miller ME.Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency.Oecologia,2004,141:306-316
[70] Schwinning S,Starr BI,Ehleringer JR.Dominant cold desert plants do not partition warm season precipitation by event size.Oecologia,2003,136:252-260
[71] Hao YB,Wang YF,Mei XR,et al.The sensitivity of temperate steppe CO2 exchange to the quantity and timing of natural interannual rainfall.Ecological Informatics,2010,5:222-228
[72] Loik ME,Breshears DD,Lauenroth WK,et al.A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems:Climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA.Oecologia,2004,141:269-281
[73] Sala OE,Lauenroth WK,Parton WJ.Plant-recovery following prolonged drought in a shortgrass steppe.Agricultural Meteorology,1982,27:49-58
[74] Li X-R (李新荣),Ma F-Y (马凤云),Long L-Q (龙立群),et al.Soil water dynamics under sand-fixing vegetation in Shapotou Area.Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠),2001,21(3):217-222 (in Chinese)
[75] Clark FE.Internal cycling of 15N in shortgrass prairie.Ecology,1977,58:1322-1333
[76] Cole CV,Innis GS,Stewart JWB.Simulation of phosphorus cycling in semiarid grasslands.Ecology,1977,58:1-15
[77] Sala OE,Lauenroth WK.Small rainfall events:An ecological role in semi-arid regions.Oecologia,1982,53:301-304
[78] Schwinning S,Sala OE.Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.Oecologia,2004,141:211-220
[79] Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.Contrasting responses of gross primary productivity to precipitation events in a water-limited and a temperature-limited grassland ecosystem.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,214-215:169-177
[80] Coupland RT.Ecology of mixed prairie in Canada.Ecological Monographs,1950,20:273-315
[81] Chen SP,Lin GH,Huang JH,et al.Dependence of carbon sequestration on the differential responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to rain pulses in a semiarid steppe.Global Change Biology,2009,15:2450-2461
[82] Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.Responses of gross primary productivity to different sizes of precipitation events in a temperate grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Land,2016,8:36-46
[83] Hao YB,Wang YF,Mei XR,et al.The response of ecosystem CO2 exchange to small precipitation pulses over a temperate steppe.Plant Ecology,2010,209:335-347
[84] Heisler-White JL,Knapp AK,Kelly EF.Increasing precipitation event size increases aboveground net primary productivity in a semi-arid grassland.Oecologia,2008,158:129-140
[85] Ross I,Misson L,Rambal S,et al.How do variations in the temporal distribution of rainfall events affect ecosystem fluxes in seasonally water-limited Northern Hemisphere shrublands and forests?Biogeosciences,2012,9:1007-1024
[86] Zhang YG,Moran MS,Nearing MA,et al.Extreme precipitation patterns and reductions of terrestrial ecosystem production across biomes.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2013,118:148-157
[87] Knapp AK,Fay PA,Blair JM,et al.Rainfall variabi-lity,carbon cycling,and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland.Science,2002,298:2201-2205
[88] Stampfli A,Bloor JM,Fischer M,et al.High land-use intensity exacerbates shifts in grassland vegetation composition after severe experimental drought.Global Change Biology,2018,24:2021-2034
[89] Fay PA,Carlisle JD,Knapp AK,et al.Productivity responses to altered rainfall patterns in a C4-dominated grassland.Oecologia,2003,137:245-251
[90] Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.Contrasting responses of gross primary productivity to precipitation events in a water-limited and a temperature-limited grassland ecosystem.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,214:169-177
[91] Harper CW,Blair JM,Fay PA,et al.Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil CO2 flux in a grassland ecosystem.Global Change Biology,2005,11:322-334
[92] Knapp AK,Beier C,Briske DD,et al.Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems.BioScience,2008,58:811-821
[93] Goldstein LJ,Suding KN.Intra-annual rainfall regime shifts competitive interactions between coastal sage scrub and invasive grasses.Ecology,2014,95:425-435
[94] Kulmatiski A,Beard KH.Woody plant encroachment facilitated by increased precipitation intensity.Nature Climate Change,2013,3:833-837
[95] Zhao JX,Luo TX,Li RC,et al.Precipitation alters temperature effects on ecosystem respiration in Tibetan alpine meadows.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,252:121-129
[96] Nijp JJ,Limpens J,Metselaar K,et al.Rain events decrease boreal peatland net CO2 uptake through reduced light availability.Global Change Biology,2015,21:2309-2320
[97] Hao YB,Kang XM,Wu X,et al.Is frequency or amount of precipitation more important in controlling CO2 fluxes in the 30-year-old fenced and the moderately grazed temperate steppe?Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2013,171:63-71
[98] Hanson PJ,Wullschleger SD.North American Tempe-rate Deciduous Forest Responses to Changing Precipitation Regimes.New York:Springer,2003
[99] Dong G,Guo JX,Chen JQ,et al.Effects of spring drought on carbon sequestration,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in the Songnen Meadow Steppe in Northeast China.Ecohydrology,2011,4:211-224
[100] Ru JY,Zhou YQ,Hui DF,et al.Shifts of growing-season precipitation peaks decrease soil respiration in a semiarid grassland.Global Change Biology,2018,24:1001-1011
[101] Huang G,Li Y,Padilla FM.Ephemeral plants mediate responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to increased precipitation in a temperate desert.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,201:141-152
[102] Fu G,Shen ZX,Zhang XZ.Increased precipitation has stronger effects on plant production of an alpine mea-dow than does experimental warming in the Northern Tibetan Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,249:11-21
[103] Li WB,Wu JB,Bai E,et al.Response of terrestrial carbon dynamics to snow cover change:A meta-analysis of experimental manipulation.Ⅱ.Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2016,103:388-393
[104] Xu X,Sherry RA,Niu SL,et al.Net primary productivity and rain-use efficiency as affected by warming,altered precipitation,and clipping in a mixed-grass prairie.Global Change Biology,2013,19:2753-2764
[105] Pfeifer-Meister L,Bridgham SD,Reynolds LL,et al.Climate change alters plant biogeography in Mediterranean prairies along the West Coast,USA.Global Change Biology,2016,22:845-855
[106] Prevey JS,Seastedt TR.Seasonality of precipitation interacts with exotic species to alter composition and phenology of a semi-arid grassland.Journal of Ecology,2014,102:1549-1561
[107] Bell CW,Tissue DT,Loik ME,et al.Soil microbial and nutrient responses to 7 years of seasonally altered precipitation in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland.Global Change Biology,2014,20:1657-1673
[108] Yahdjian L,Sala OE.Vegetation structure constrains primary production response to water availability in the Patagonian steppe.Ecology,2006,87:952-962
[109] Vogel A,Eisenhauer N,Weigelt A,et al.Plant diversity does not buffer drought effects on early-stage litter mass loss rates and microbial properties.Global Change Biology,2013,19:2795-2803
[110] Liu DJ,Estiarte M,Ogaya R,et al.Shift in community structure in an early-successional Mediterranean shrubland driven by long-term experimental warming and drought and natural extreme droughts.Global Change Biology,2017,23:4267-4279
[111] Ochoa-Hueso R,Collins SL,Delgado-Baquerizo M,et al.Drought consistently alters the composition of soil fungal and bacterial communities in grasslands from two continents.Global Change Biology,2018,24:2818-2827
[112] Gherardi LA,Sala OE.Enhanced precipitation variability decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112:12735-12740
[113] Yahdjian L,Sala OE.Size of precipitation pulses controls nitrogen transformation and losses in an arid patagonian ecosystem.Ecosystems,2010,13:575-585
[114] Liu L,Wang X,Lajeunesse MJ,et al.A cross-biome synthesis of soil respiration and its determinants under simulated precipitation changes.Global Change Bio-logy,2016,22:1394-1405
[115] Zhou L,Zhou X,Shao J,et al.Interactive effects of global change factors on soil respiration and its components:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,2016,22:3157-3169
[116] Yue K,Fornara DA,Yang W,et al.Influence of multiple global change drivers on terrestrial carbon storage:Additive effects are common.Ecology Letters,2017,20:663-672
[117] DeMalach N,Zaady E,Kadmon R.Contrasting effects of water and nutrient additions on grassland communities:A global meta-analysis.Global Ecology and Bio-geography,2017,26:983-992
[118] Zhou Z,Wang C,Luo Y,Response of soil microbial communities to altered precipitation:A global synthesis.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2018,27:1121-1136
[119] Wu Z,Dijkstra P,Koch GW,et al.Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change:A meta-analysis of experimental manipulation.Global Change Biology,2011,17:927-942
[120] Gherardi LA,Sala OE.Effect of interannual precipitation variability on dryland productivity:A global synthesis.Global Change Biology,2019,25:269-276
[121] Liu H,Mi Z,Lin L,et al.Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4051-4056
[122] Peng S,Piao S,Shen Z,et al.Precipitation amount,seasonality and frequency regulate carbon cycling of a semi-arid grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,China:A modeling analysis.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,178:46-55
[123] Lei L,Xia J,Li X,et al.Water response of ecosystem respiration regulates future projection of net ecosystem productivity in a semiarid grassland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,252:175-191
[124] Wu D,Ciais P,Viovy N,et al.Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to altered precipitation simulated by ecosystem models across three long-term grassland sites.Biogeosciences,2018,15:3421-3437
[125] Knapp AK,Hoover DL,Wilcox KR,et al.Characterizing differences in precipitation regimes of extreme wet and dry years:Implications for climate change experiments.Global Change Biology,2015,21:2624-2633
[126] Hoover DL,Wilcox KR,Young KE.Experimental droughts with rainout shelters:A methodological review.Ecosphere,2018,9:e02088,doi:10.1002/ecs2.2088
[127] Langley JA,Chapman SK,La Pierre KJ,et al.Am-bient changes exceed treatment effects on plant species abundance in global change experiments.Global Change Biology,2018,24:5668-5679
[2] Easterling DR,Meehl GA,Parmesan C,et al.Climate extremes:Observations,modeling,and impacts.Science,2000,289:2068-2074
[3] IPCC.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013
[4] Groisman PY,Roisman G,Knight RW,et al.Trends in intense precipitation in the climate record.Journal of Climate,2005,18:1326-1350
[5] Groisman PY,Knight RW.Prolonged dry episodes over the conterminous united states:New tendencies emerging during the last 40 years.Journal of Climate,2008,21:1850-1862
[6] Reynolds JF,Smith DMS.Do humans cause deserts// Reynolds JF,Stafford DM,eds.Global Desertification:Do Humans Cause Deserts?Berlin,Germany:Dahlem University Press,2002:1-21
[7] Chase JM,Leibold MA,Downing AL,et al.The effects of productivity,herbivory,and plant species turnover in grassland food webs.Ecology,2000,81:2485-2497
[8] McNaughton SJ,Oesterheld M,Frank DA,et al.Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habits.Nature,1989,341:142-144
[9] Noy-Meir I.Desert ecosystems:Environment and producers.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973,4:23-51
[10] Knapp AK,Smith MD.Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production.Science,2001,291:481-484
[11] Cable DR.Influenece of precipitation on perennial grass production in semidesert Southwest.Ecology,1975,56:981-986
[12] Fang J,Piao S,Tang Z,et al.Interannual variability in net primary production and precipitation.Science,2001,293:1723
[13] Knapp AK,Carroll CJ,Griffin-Nolan RJ,et al.A rea-lity check for climate change experiments:Do they reflect the real world?Ecology,2018,99:2145-2151
[14] Lehouerou HN,Bingham RL,Skerbek W.Relationship between the variability of primary production and the variability of annual precipitation in world arid lands.Journal of Arid Environments,1988,15:1-18
[15] Fan JW,Wang K,Harris W,et al.Allocation of vegetation biomass across a climate-related gradient in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia.Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73:521-528
[16] Knapp AK,Ciais P,Smith MD.Reconciling inconsis-tencies in precipitation-productivity relationships:Implications for climate change.New Phytologist,2017,214:41-47
[17] Bai Y,Wu J,Xing Q,et al.Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau.Ecology,2008,89:2140-2153
[18] Briggs JM,Knapp AK.Interannual variability in primary production in tallgrass prairie:Climate,soil moisture,topographic position,and fire as determinants of aboveground biomass.American Journal of Botany,1995,82:1024-1030
[19] Guo R,Wang X,Ouyang Z,et al.Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,2006,18:1024-1030
[20] McNaughton SJ.Ecology of a grazing ecosystem:The Serengeti.Ecological Monographs,1985,55:259-294
[21] O’Connor TG,Haines LM,Snyman HA.Influence of precipitation and species composition on phytomass of a semi-arid African grassland.Journal of Ecology,2001,89:850-860
[22] Paruelo JM,Lauenroth WK,Burke IC,et al.Grassland precipitation-use efficiency varies across a resource gradient.Ecosystems,1999,2:64-68
[23] Sala OE,Parton WJ,Joyce LA,et al.Primary production of the central grassland region of the United States.Ecology,1988,69:40-45
[24] Sun J,Cheng G,Li W.Meta-analysis of relationships between environmental factors and aboveground biomass in the alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau.Biogeosciences,2013,10:1707-1715
[25] Hu Z,Fan J,Zhong H,et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics of aboveground primary productivity along a precipitation gradient in Chinese temperate grassland.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2007,50:754-764
[26] Hu Z,Yu G,Fan J,et al.Precipitation-use efficiency along a 4500-km grassland transect.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2010,19:842-851
[27] Ma W,Yang Y,He J,et al.Above- and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands,Inner Mongolia.Science in China Series C:Life Sciences,2008,51:263-270
[28] Guo Q,Hu Z,Li S,et al.Spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland:Effects of mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution.Global Change Biology,2012,18:3624-3631
[29] Kanniah KD,Beringer J,Hutley LB.Environmental controls on the spatial variability of savanna productivity in the Northern Territory,Australia.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151:1429-1439
[30] Yang Y,Fang J,Ma W,et al.Relationship between variability in aboveground net primary production and precipitation in global grasslands.Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35:10.1029/2008GL035408
[31] Heisler-White JL,Blair JM,Kelly EF,et al.Contingent productivity responses to more extreme rainfall regimes across a grassland biome.Global Change Biology,2009,15:2894-2904
[32] Thomey ML,Collins SL,Vargas R,et al.Effect of precipitation variability on net primary production and soil respiration in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland.Global Change Biology,2011,17:1505-1515
[33] Xiao X,Wang Y,Jiang S,et al.Interannual variation in the climate and above-ground biomass of Leymus chinense steppe and Stipa grandis steppe in the Xilin River basin,Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Environments,1995,31:283-299
[34] Sala OE,Lauenroth WK,Parton WJ.Long-term soil-water dynamics in the shortgrass steppe.Ecology,1992,73:1175-1181
[35] Sala OE,Gherardi LA,Reichmann L,et al.Legacies of precipitation fluctuations on primary production:Theory and data synthesis.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2012,367:3135-3144
[36] Hsu JS,Adler PB.Anticipating changes in variability of grassland production due to increases in interannual precipitation variability.Ecosphere,2014,5:art 58
[37] Hsu JS,Powell J,Adler PB.Sensitivity of mean annual primary production to precipitation.Global Change Bio-logy,2012,18:2246-2255
[38] Luo Y,Jiang L,Niu S,et al.Nonlinear responses of land ecosystems to variation in precipitation.New Phytologist,2017,214:5-7
[39] Zhang BW,Tan X,Wang S,et al.Asymmetric sensiti-vity of ecosystem carbon and water processes in response to precipitation change in a semi-arid steppe.Functional Ecology,2017,31:1301-1311
[40] Estiarte M,Vicca J,Peňuelas J,et al.Few multiyear precipitation-reduction experiments find a shift in the productivity-precipitation relationship.Global Change Biology,2016,22:2570-2581
[41] Kaisermann A,de Vries FT,Griffiths RI,et al.Legacy effects of drought on plant-soil feedbacks and plant-plant interactions.New Phytologist,2017,215:1413-1424
[42] Wilcox KR,JM Blair,Smith MD,et al.Does ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation at the site-level conform to regional-scale predictions?Ecology,2016,97:561-568
[43] Hursh A,Ballantyne AP,Cooper L,et al.The sensiti-vity of soil respiration to soil temperature,moisture,and carbon supply at the global scale.Global Change Bio-logy,2017,23:2090-2103
[44] Friedlingstein P,Cox PM,Betts RA,et al.Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis:Results from the (CMIP)-M-4 model intercomparison.Journal of Climate,2006,19:3337-3353
[45] Huxman TE,Smith MD,Fay PA,et al.Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency.Nature,2004,429:651-654
[46] Shi Z,Lin Y,Wilcox KR,et al.Successional change in species composition alters climate sensitivity of grassland productivity.Global Change Biology,2018,24:4993-5003
[47] Hu Z,Guo Q,Li S,et al.Shifts in the dynamics of productivity signal ecosystem state transitions at the biome-scale.Ecology Letters,2018,21:1457-1466
[48] Jobbágy EG,Sala OE.Controls of grass and shrub aboveground production in the Patagonian steppe.Ecological Applications,2000,10:541-549
[49] Fernandez RJ,Sala OE,Golluscio RA.Woody and herbaceous aboveground production of a Patagonian steppe.Journal of Range Management,1991,44:434-437
[50] Lauenroth WK,Sala OE.Long-term forage production of North-American shortgrass steppe.Ecological Applications,1992,2:397-403
[51] Beatley JC.Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave-Desert ecosystems.Ecology,1974,55:856-863
[52] Smoliak S.Influence of climatic conditiongs on production of Stipa-Bouteloua prairie over a 50-year period.Journal of Range Management,1986,39:100-103
[53] Wang J,Price KP,Rich PM.Spatial patterns of NDVI in response to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains.International Journal of Remote Sen-sing,2001,22:3827-3844
[54] Wang J,Rich PM,Price KP.Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains,USA.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2003,24:2345-2364
[55] Hanson CL,Wight JR,Smith JP,et al.Use of historical yield data to forcast range herbage production.Journal of Range Management,1982,35:614-616
[56] Oesterheld M,Loreti J,Semmartin M,et al.Inter-annual variation in primary production of a semi-arid grassland related to previous-year production.Journal of Vegetation Science,2001,12:137-142
[57] Gibbens RP,Beck RF.Changes in grass basal area and forb densities over a 64-year period on grassland types of the Jornada Experimental Range.Journal of Range Management,1988,41:186-192
[58] Long H-L (龙慧灵),Li X-B (李晓兵),Huang L-M (黄玲梅),et al.Net primary productivity in grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia and its relationship with climate.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2010,34(7):781-791 (in Chinese)
[59] Zhang G-L (张戈丽),Xu X-L (徐兴良),Zhou C-P (周才平),et al.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir Grassland in past 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报),2011,66(1):47-58 (in Chinese)
[60] Bai Y-F (白永飞).Influence of seasonal distribution of precipitation on primary productivity of Stipa Krylovii community.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报),1999,23(2):155-160 (in Chinese)
[61] Wang Y-H (王玉辉),Zhou G-S (周广胜).Responses of temporal dynamics of aboveground net primary productivity of Leymus chinensis community to precipitation fluctuation in Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2004,24(6):1140-1145 (in Chinese)
[62] Yuan W-P (袁文平),Zhou G-S (周广胜).Responses of three-Stipa-communities net primary productivity along Northeast China Transect to seasonal distribution of precipitation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2005,16(4):605-609 (in Chinese)
[63] Bai YF,Wu JG,Pan QM,et al.Positive linear relationship between productivity and diversity:Evidence from the Eurasian Steppe.Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,44:1023-1034
[64] Swemmer AM,Knapp AK,Snyman HA.Intra-seasonal precipitation patterns and above-ground productivity in three perennial grasslands.Journal of Ecology,2007,95:780-788
[65] Cui MY,Caldwell MM.A large ephemeral release of nitrogen upon wetting of dry soil and corresponding root responses in the field.Plant and Soil,1997,191:291-299
[66] Ostfeld RS,Keesing F.Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems.Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000,15:232-237
[67] Xiong PF,Shu JL,Zhang H,et al.Small rainfall pulses affected leaf photosynthesis rather than biomass production of dominant species in semiarid grassland community on Loess Plateau of China.Functional Plant Biology,2017,44:1229-1242
[68] Austin AT,Yahdjian L,Stark JM,et al.Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semiarid ecosystems.Oecologia,2004,141:221-235
[69] Belnap J,Phillips SL,Miller ME.Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency.Oecologia,2004,141:306-316
[70] Schwinning S,Starr BI,Ehleringer JR.Dominant cold desert plants do not partition warm season precipitation by event size.Oecologia,2003,136:252-260
[71] Hao YB,Wang YF,Mei XR,et al.The sensitivity of temperate steppe CO2 exchange to the quantity and timing of natural interannual rainfall.Ecological Informatics,2010,5:222-228
[72] Loik ME,Breshears DD,Lauenroth WK,et al.A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems:Climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA.Oecologia,2004,141:269-281
[73] Sala OE,Lauenroth WK,Parton WJ.Plant-recovery following prolonged drought in a shortgrass steppe.Agricultural Meteorology,1982,27:49-58
[74] Li X-R (李新荣),Ma F-Y (马凤云),Long L-Q (龙立群),et al.Soil water dynamics under sand-fixing vegetation in Shapotou Area.Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠),2001,21(3):217-222 (in Chinese)
[75] Clark FE.Internal cycling of 15N in shortgrass prairie.Ecology,1977,58:1322-1333
[76] Cole CV,Innis GS,Stewart JWB.Simulation of phosphorus cycling in semiarid grasslands.Ecology,1977,58:1-15
[77] Sala OE,Lauenroth WK.Small rainfall events:An ecological role in semi-arid regions.Oecologia,1982,53:301-304
[78] Schwinning S,Sala OE.Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.Oecologia,2004,141:211-220
[79] Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.Contrasting responses of gross primary productivity to precipitation events in a water-limited and a temperature-limited grassland ecosystem.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,214-215:169-177
[80] Coupland RT.Ecology of mixed prairie in Canada.Ecological Monographs,1950,20:273-315
[81] Chen SP,Lin GH,Huang JH,et al.Dependence of carbon sequestration on the differential responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to rain pulses in a semiarid steppe.Global Change Biology,2009,15:2450-2461
[82] Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.Responses of gross primary productivity to different sizes of precipitation events in a temperate grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Land,2016,8:36-46
[83] Hao YB,Wang YF,Mei XR,et al.The response of ecosystem CO2 exchange to small precipitation pulses over a temperate steppe.Plant Ecology,2010,209:335-347
[84] Heisler-White JL,Knapp AK,Kelly EF.Increasing precipitation event size increases aboveground net primary productivity in a semi-arid grassland.Oecologia,2008,158:129-140
[85] Ross I,Misson L,Rambal S,et al.How do variations in the temporal distribution of rainfall events affect ecosystem fluxes in seasonally water-limited Northern Hemisphere shrublands and forests?Biogeosciences,2012,9:1007-1024
[86] Zhang YG,Moran MS,Nearing MA,et al.Extreme precipitation patterns and reductions of terrestrial ecosystem production across biomes.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,2013,118:148-157
[87] Knapp AK,Fay PA,Blair JM,et al.Rainfall variabi-lity,carbon cycling,and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland.Science,2002,298:2201-2205
[88] Stampfli A,Bloor JM,Fischer M,et al.High land-use intensity exacerbates shifts in grassland vegetation composition after severe experimental drought.Global Change Biology,2018,24:2021-2034
[89] Fay PA,Carlisle JD,Knapp AK,et al.Productivity responses to altered rainfall patterns in a C4-dominated grassland.Oecologia,2003,137:245-251
[90] Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.Contrasting responses of gross primary productivity to precipitation events in a water-limited and a temperature-limited grassland ecosystem.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,214:169-177
[91] Harper CW,Blair JM,Fay PA,et al.Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil CO2 flux in a grassland ecosystem.Global Change Biology,2005,11:322-334
[92] Knapp AK,Beier C,Briske DD,et al.Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems.BioScience,2008,58:811-821
[93] Goldstein LJ,Suding KN.Intra-annual rainfall regime shifts competitive interactions between coastal sage scrub and invasive grasses.Ecology,2014,95:425-435
[94] Kulmatiski A,Beard KH.Woody plant encroachment facilitated by increased precipitation intensity.Nature Climate Change,2013,3:833-837
[95] Zhao JX,Luo TX,Li RC,et al.Precipitation alters temperature effects on ecosystem respiration in Tibetan alpine meadows.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,252:121-129
[96] Nijp JJ,Limpens J,Metselaar K,et al.Rain events decrease boreal peatland net CO2 uptake through reduced light availability.Global Change Biology,2015,21:2309-2320
[97] Hao YB,Kang XM,Wu X,et al.Is frequency or amount of precipitation more important in controlling CO2 fluxes in the 30-year-old fenced and the moderately grazed temperate steppe?Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2013,171:63-71
[98] Hanson PJ,Wullschleger SD.North American Tempe-rate Deciduous Forest Responses to Changing Precipitation Regimes.New York:Springer,2003
[99] Dong G,Guo JX,Chen JQ,et al.Effects of spring drought on carbon sequestration,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in the Songnen Meadow Steppe in Northeast China.Ecohydrology,2011,4:211-224
[100] Ru JY,Zhou YQ,Hui DF,et al.Shifts of growing-season precipitation peaks decrease soil respiration in a semiarid grassland.Global Change Biology,2018,24:1001-1011
[101] Huang G,Li Y,Padilla FM.Ephemeral plants mediate responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to increased precipitation in a temperate desert.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,201:141-152
[102] Fu G,Shen ZX,Zhang XZ.Increased precipitation has stronger effects on plant production of an alpine mea-dow than does experimental warming in the Northern Tibetan Plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,249:11-21
[103] Li WB,Wu JB,Bai E,et al.Response of terrestrial carbon dynamics to snow cover change:A meta-analysis of experimental manipulation.Ⅱ.Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2016,103:388-393
[104] Xu X,Sherry RA,Niu SL,et al.Net primary productivity and rain-use efficiency as affected by warming,altered precipitation,and clipping in a mixed-grass prairie.Global Change Biology,2013,19:2753-2764
[105] Pfeifer-Meister L,Bridgham SD,Reynolds LL,et al.Climate change alters plant biogeography in Mediterranean prairies along the West Coast,USA.Global Change Biology,2016,22:845-855
[106] Prevey JS,Seastedt TR.Seasonality of precipitation interacts with exotic species to alter composition and phenology of a semi-arid grassland.Journal of Ecology,2014,102:1549-1561
[107] Bell CW,Tissue DT,Loik ME,et al.Soil microbial and nutrient responses to 7 years of seasonally altered precipitation in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland.Global Change Biology,2014,20:1657-1673
[108] Yahdjian L,Sala OE.Vegetation structure constrains primary production response to water availability in the Patagonian steppe.Ecology,2006,87:952-962
[109] Vogel A,Eisenhauer N,Weigelt A,et al.Plant diversity does not buffer drought effects on early-stage litter mass loss rates and microbial properties.Global Change Biology,2013,19:2795-2803
[110] Liu DJ,Estiarte M,Ogaya R,et al.Shift in community structure in an early-successional Mediterranean shrubland driven by long-term experimental warming and drought and natural extreme droughts.Global Change Biology,2017,23:4267-4279
[111] Ochoa-Hueso R,Collins SL,Delgado-Baquerizo M,et al.Drought consistently alters the composition of soil fungal and bacterial communities in grasslands from two continents.Global Change Biology,2018,24:2818-2827
[112] Gherardi LA,Sala OE.Enhanced precipitation variability decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112:12735-12740
[113] Yahdjian L,Sala OE.Size of precipitation pulses controls nitrogen transformation and losses in an arid patagonian ecosystem.Ecosystems,2010,13:575-585
[114] Liu L,Wang X,Lajeunesse MJ,et al.A cross-biome synthesis of soil respiration and its determinants under simulated precipitation changes.Global Change Bio-logy,2016,22:1394-1405
[115] Zhou L,Zhou X,Shao J,et al.Interactive effects of global change factors on soil respiration and its components:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,2016,22:3157-3169
[116] Yue K,Fornara DA,Yang W,et al.Influence of multiple global change drivers on terrestrial carbon storage:Additive effects are common.Ecology Letters,2017,20:663-672
[117] DeMalach N,Zaady E,Kadmon R.Contrasting effects of water and nutrient additions on grassland communities:A global meta-analysis.Global Ecology and Bio-geography,2017,26:983-992
[118] Zhou Z,Wang C,Luo Y,Response of soil microbial communities to altered precipitation:A global synthesis.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2018,27:1121-1136
[119] Wu Z,Dijkstra P,Koch GW,et al.Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change:A meta-analysis of experimental manipulation.Global Change Biology,2011,17:927-942
[120] Gherardi LA,Sala OE.Effect of interannual precipitation variability on dryland productivity:A global synthesis.Global Change Biology,2019,25:269-276
[121] Liu H,Mi Z,Lin L,et al.Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4051-4056
[122] Peng S,Piao S,Shen Z,et al.Precipitation amount,seasonality and frequency regulate carbon cycling of a semi-arid grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,China:A modeling analysis.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,178:46-55
[123] Lei L,Xia J,Li X,et al.Water response of ecosystem respiration regulates future projection of net ecosystem productivity in a semiarid grassland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,252:175-191
[124] Wu D,Ciais P,Viovy N,et al.Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to altered precipitation simulated by ecosystem models across three long-term grassland sites.Biogeosciences,2018,15:3421-3437
[125] Knapp AK,Hoover DL,Wilcox KR,et al.Characterizing differences in precipitation regimes of extreme wet and dry years:Implications for climate change experiments.Global Change Biology,2015,21:2624-2633
[126] Hoover DL,Wilcox KR,Young KE.Experimental droughts with rainout shelters:A methodological review.Ecosphere,2018,9:e02088,doi:10.1002/ecs2.2088
[127] Langley JA,Chapman SK,La Pierre KJ,et al.Am-bient changes exceed treatment effects on plant species abundance in global change experiments.Global Change Biology,2018,24:5668-5679