大国博弈背景下孟加拉湾海上安全治理:新动力、困境与前景
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摘要
从目前来看,各利益攸关方,尤其是域内外大国都加大了对孟加拉湾海上安全及治理事务的关注和参与力度,给该地区安全治理增加了新动力。诚然,该地区的安全治理也面临诸多困境,比如大国围绕地缘战略和地缘经济的博弈,以及一些大国借用治理之名谋求私利的行为,使得各类资源难以整合及有效利用。另外,与其他全球治理案例面临的困境一样,各利益攸关方的安全观、治理理念、治理能力不同、利益需求不对称以及治理优先议题设置存有差距,使得各方难形成统一认知、采取统一行动,治理呈现碎片化特征。未来,除了继续鼓励现有几种治理模式外,还需进一步寻求治理模式创新,"大国协调带动地区和谐联动"模式值得尝试。
At present, the stakeholders both inside and outside the region have enhanced their attention and investments on the security governance in the Bay of Bengal. State and non-state actors have increased their participation in current governance practices. The present governance is encountered with many challenges such as big powers games around geo-strategy and geo-economy, differed security/governance concepts and governance capabilities,etc. In the future, in addition to existing governance models, further Innovation need to be encouraged. "The concert of great powers to promote regional harmony linkage" might be a model worth trying.
At present, the stakeholders both inside and outside the region have enhanced their attention and investments on the security governance in the Bay of Bengal. State and non-state actors have increased their participation in current governance practices. The present governance is encountered with many challenges such as big powers games around geo-strategy and geo-economy, differed security/governance concepts and governance capabilities,etc. In the future, in addition to existing governance models, further Innovation need to be encouraged. "The concert of great powers to promote regional harmony linkage" might be a model worth trying.
引文
(1)朱天祥:“多层全球治理:地区间与次国家层次的意义”,载刘鸣、旺舒明:《21世纪的全球治理:制度变迁和战略选择》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016年,第61页。
(2)CONSTANTINO XAVIER,DARSHANA M. BARUAH,“Connecting the Bay of Bengal:The Problem”Carnegieindia report,March 01,2018,https:∥carnegieindia. org/2018/03/01/connecting-bay-of-bengal-problem-pub-75710.
(1)CONSTANTINO XAVIER,DARSHANA M. BARUAH,“Connecting the Bay of Bengal:The Problem”Carnegieindia report,March 01,2018,https:∥carnegieindia. org/2018/03/01/connecting-bay-of-bengal-problem-pub-75710.
(2)Arvind Gupta,“Securitization of BIMSTEC can protect the Blue Economy of Bay of Bengal,” VIF Article,April 15,2018.
(3)李益波:“中日应携手“照亮”环孟加拉湾地区”,《世界知识》,2018年第21期。
(4)CONSTANTINO XAVIER,DARSHANA M. BARUAH,“Connecting the Bay of Bengal:The Problem”carnegieindia report,March 01,2018,https:∥carnegieindia. org/2018/03/01/connecting-bay-of-bengal-problem-pub-75710.
(5)资料来源于维基百科,“Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal”。
(6)“Island claimed by India and Bangladesh sinks below waves,”The Guardian,Mar. 24,2010,https:∥www. theguardian.com/world/cif-green/2010/mar/24/india-bangladesh-sea-levels.
(7)Ibid.
(8)“孟加拉国东部和南部孟加拉湾沿岸地区海盗猖獗”,新华网,2004-11-19,http:∥news. 163. com/41119/1 /15J5H4IM0001121S. html。
(1)亚洲共报告了64起海盗及武装劫持船舶事件(包括50起实际事件和14起未遂事件)。与2017年1月至9月相比,2018年1月至9月期间报告的事件总数增加了3%。但是,期间报告的事件中,实际事件数量为2009—2018年10年间同期最低水平。“Re CAAP:1-9月亚洲海盗事件降至十年来新低”,载瀛海科技航运新闻,2018年10月19日,http:∥www. yinghaikeji. com/FRCommon Info Detial Action_init. action? main MenuId=MENU_03&pkId=10cde787-d61e-4f18-81ae-3e263defd748。
(2)同上。
(3)Masuma Parveen,“India:Illegal Fishing Off West Bengal Causing Fish Scarcity,”2016-02-12,https:∥www.benarnews. org/english/news/bengali/bengal-fishing-02122016131907. html.
(4)Commodore RS Vasan IN,“BIMSTEC at 20-Traditional and Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats,”in South Asia Analysis Group Paper,No. 6095,2016-04-07,http:∥www. southasiaanalysis. org/node/1967.
(5)Ibid.
(6)Rajni Gamage,“Maritime security governance prospects in the Bay of Bengal,”East Asia Forum,17 February 2017,http:∥www. org/2017/02/17/maritime-security-governance-prospects-in-the-bay-of-bengal/.
(7)“一些据说已抵达马国缅孟多批罗兴亚人乘船出逃”,《联合早报》,2018年11月10日,http:∥www. zaobao.com/news/sea/story20181110-906267。
(8)Kathleen Newland,“Irregular Maritime Migration in the Bay of Bengal:The Challenges of Protection,Management,and Cooperation,” IOM§MPI Issue Brief, JULY 2015, https:∥www. migrationpolicy. org/sites/default/files/publications/MPI-IOM%20Brief%20No%20%2013-FINAL. pdf.
(9)贾宇、密晨曦:“2012年国际海洋法法庭审理案件的新发展”,《中国国际法年刊》(2012),第614页。
(10)“刘劲松临时代办撰文强调通过双边谈判解决海上争端主张中印加强海洋合作”中华人民共和国驻印度人民共和国大使馆新闻,2016/06/09,https:∥www. fmprc. gov. cn/ce/cein/chn/sgxw/t1370819. htm。
(1)Commodore RS Vasan IN,“BIMSTEC at 20-Traditional and Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats,” in South Asia Analysis Group Paper,No. 6095,07-Apr-2016,http:∥www. southasiaanalysis. org/node/1967.
(2)除了全球环境基金的资金外,瑞典和挪威政府也提供了财政资源,以支持该项目2009—2017年的初始阶段。“FAO-led Bay of Bengal fisheries and environment management project re-energized with US$15 million from The Global Environment Facility,” News From FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,25/06/2018,http:∥www. fao. org/asiapacific/news/detail-events/en/c/1142550/。
(3)“FAO-led Bay of Bengal fisheries and environment management project re-energized with US$15 million from The Global Environment Facility,” News From FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,25/06/2018,http:∥www. fao. org/asiapacific/news/detail-events/en/c/1142550/.
(4)“印度、斯里兰卡、马尔代夫签署《印度洋安全条约》”,国际在线,2013-07-11,http:∥news. cri. cn/gb/42071/2013/07/11/6651s4178752. htm。
(5)“环孟加拉湾多领域经济技术合作倡议第四届峰会闭幕”,中国新闻网,2018年08月31日,http:∥www. chinanews. com/gj/2018/08-31/8615861. shtml。
(6)尼泊尔和泰国未参加。
(1)U. S Department of State Press,“U. S. Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Region,” August 4,2018,https:∥www. state. gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/284927. htm.
(2)U. S Department of State Press,“U. S. Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Region,” August 4,2018,https:∥www. state. gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/284927. htm.
(3)David Brewster,“Japan is back in the Bay of Bengal,”The Interpreter,https:∥www. lowyinstitute. org/theinterpreter/japan-back-bay-bengal.
(4)Anirban Bhaumik,“India wants Bay of Bengal to be'common security space',”Deccanherald,August 22,2018,https:∥www. deccanherald. com/national/india-wants-bay-bengal-be-688774. html.
(5)2017中国同孟加拉国举行首轮海上合作对话. 2018年7月13日,中国—印度第二轮海上合作对话在北京举行,双方就海洋发展战略、海上安全形势和中印海上合作深入交换意见,同意以两国领导人重要共识为指引,加强政策沟通,拓展海军交流、海洋科技、海上搜救等领域的务实合作,保持在多边事务中的协调配合,促进地区安全和共同繁荣。
(6)“‘海上丝绸之路’”海洋环境预报保障系统试运行服务沿线102个城市,”自然资源部网站,2018-12-28,http:∥www. gov. cn/xinwen/2018-12/28/content_5352933. htm。
(1)“Synergizing for Collaborative Maritime Management,”2018 Galle Dialogue,http:∥galledialogue. lk/.
(2)“Island claimed by India and Bangladesh sinks below waves,” The Guardian,March 24,2010,https:∥www. theguardian. com/world/cif-green/2010/mar/24/india-bangladesh-sea-levels.
(3)Arvind Gupta,“Securitization of BIMSTEC can protect the Blue Economy of Bay of Bengal,” VIF Article,April 15,2018.
(4)Indian Ministry of External Affairs,“Prime Minister's Message on 20th Anniversary of Establishment of BIMSTEC,”6June 2017,http:∥www. mea. gov. in/Speeches-Statements. htm? dtl/28514/Prime_Ministers_message_on_20th_anniversary_of_establishment_of_BIMSTEC.
(1)“印尼海啸预警系统坏了6年政府下决心购买新设备”,海外网(北京),2018-12-25,http:∥news. 163. com/18 /1225/11/E3S9JVBR0001875O. html。
(2)BERTIL LINTNER,“Nepal,Thailand only observers at BIMSTEC military exercise,” Asia Times,September 12,2018,http:∥www. atimes. com/article/nepal-thailand-only-observers-at-bimstec-military-exercise/.
(1)Kapila Waidyaratne,“2018 Galle Dialogue Keynote Address,”http:∥galledialogue. lk/assets/template/images/GD_2018/reasearch_papers/papers/kapila_waidyarathna. pdf.
(2)CONSTANTINO XAVIER,DARSHANA M. BARUAH,“Connecting the Bay of Bengal:The Problem”Carnegieindia report,March 01,2018,https:∥carnegieindia. org/2018/03/01/connecting-bay-of-bengal-problem-pub-75710.
(1)CONSTANTINO XAVIER,DARSHANA M. BARUAH,“Connecting the Bay of Bengal:The Problem”Carnegieindia report,March 01,2018,https:∥carnegieindia. org/2018/03/01/connecting-bay-of-bengal-problem-pub-75710.
(2)Arvind Gupta,“Securitization of BIMSTEC can protect the Blue Economy of Bay of Bengal,” VIF Article,April 15,2018.
(3)李益波:“中日应携手“照亮”环孟加拉湾地区”,《世界知识》,2018年第21期。
(4)CONSTANTINO XAVIER,DARSHANA M. BARUAH,“Connecting the Bay of Bengal:The Problem”carnegieindia report,March 01,2018,https:∥carnegieindia. org/2018/03/01/connecting-bay-of-bengal-problem-pub-75710.
(5)资料来源于维基百科,“Countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal”。
(6)“Island claimed by India and Bangladesh sinks below waves,”The Guardian,Mar. 24,2010,https:∥www. theguardian.com/world/cif-green/2010/mar/24/india-bangladesh-sea-levels.
(7)Ibid.
(8)“孟加拉国东部和南部孟加拉湾沿岸地区海盗猖獗”,新华网,2004-11-19,http:∥news. 163. com/41119/1 /15J5H4IM0001121S. html。
(1)亚洲共报告了64起海盗及武装劫持船舶事件(包括50起实际事件和14起未遂事件)。与2017年1月至9月相比,2018年1月至9月期间报告的事件总数增加了3%。但是,期间报告的事件中,实际事件数量为2009—2018年10年间同期最低水平。“Re CAAP:1-9月亚洲海盗事件降至十年来新低”,载瀛海科技航运新闻,2018年10月19日,http:∥www. yinghaikeji. com/FRCommon Info Detial Action_init. action? main MenuId=MENU_03&pkId=10cde787-d61e-4f18-81ae-3e263defd748。
(2)同上。
(3)Masuma Parveen,“India:Illegal Fishing Off West Bengal Causing Fish Scarcity,”2016-02-12,https:∥www.benarnews. org/english/news/bengali/bengal-fishing-02122016131907. html.
(4)Commodore RS Vasan IN,“BIMSTEC at 20-Traditional and Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats,”in South Asia Analysis Group Paper,No. 6095,2016-04-07,http:∥www. southasiaanalysis. org/node/1967.
(5)Ibid.
(6)Rajni Gamage,“Maritime security governance prospects in the Bay of Bengal,”East Asia Forum,17 February 2017,http:∥www. org/2017/02/17/maritime-security-governance-prospects-in-the-bay-of-bengal/.
(7)“一些据说已抵达马国缅孟多批罗兴亚人乘船出逃”,《联合早报》,2018年11月10日,http:∥www. zaobao.com/news/sea/story20181110-906267。
(8)Kathleen Newland,“Irregular Maritime Migration in the Bay of Bengal:The Challenges of Protection,Management,and Cooperation,” IOM§MPI Issue Brief, JULY 2015, https:∥www. migrationpolicy. org/sites/default/files/publications/MPI-IOM%20Brief%20No%20%2013-FINAL. pdf.
(9)贾宇、密晨曦:“2012年国际海洋法法庭审理案件的新发展”,《中国国际法年刊》(2012),第614页。
(10)“刘劲松临时代办撰文强调通过双边谈判解决海上争端主张中印加强海洋合作”中华人民共和国驻印度人民共和国大使馆新闻,2016/06/09,https:∥www. fmprc. gov. cn/ce/cein/chn/sgxw/t1370819. htm。
(1)Commodore RS Vasan IN,“BIMSTEC at 20-Traditional and Non-Traditional Maritime Security Threats,” in South Asia Analysis Group Paper,No. 6095,07-Apr-2016,http:∥www. southasiaanalysis. org/node/1967.
(2)除了全球环境基金的资金外,瑞典和挪威政府也提供了财政资源,以支持该项目2009—2017年的初始阶段。“FAO-led Bay of Bengal fisheries and environment management project re-energized with US$15 million from The Global Environment Facility,” News From FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,25/06/2018,http:∥www. fao. org/asiapacific/news/detail-events/en/c/1142550/。
(3)“FAO-led Bay of Bengal fisheries and environment management project re-energized with US$15 million from The Global Environment Facility,” News From FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,25/06/2018,http:∥www. fao. org/asiapacific/news/detail-events/en/c/1142550/.
(4)“印度、斯里兰卡、马尔代夫签署《印度洋安全条约》”,国际在线,2013-07-11,http:∥news. cri. cn/gb/42071/2013/07/11/6651s4178752. htm。
(5)“环孟加拉湾多领域经济技术合作倡议第四届峰会闭幕”,中国新闻网,2018年08月31日,http:∥www. chinanews. com/gj/2018/08-31/8615861. shtml。
(6)尼泊尔和泰国未参加。
(1)U. S Department of State Press,“U. S. Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Region,” August 4,2018,https:∥www. state. gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/284927. htm.
(2)U. S Department of State Press,“U. S. Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Region,” August 4,2018,https:∥www. state. gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/284927. htm.
(3)David Brewster,“Japan is back in the Bay of Bengal,”The Interpreter,https:∥www. lowyinstitute. org/theinterpreter/japan-back-bay-bengal.
(4)Anirban Bhaumik,“India wants Bay of Bengal to be'common security space',”Deccanherald,August 22,2018,https:∥www. deccanherald. com/national/india-wants-bay-bengal-be-688774. html.
(5)2017中国同孟加拉国举行首轮海上合作对话. 2018年7月13日,中国—印度第二轮海上合作对话在北京举行,双方就海洋发展战略、海上安全形势和中印海上合作深入交换意见,同意以两国领导人重要共识为指引,加强政策沟通,拓展海军交流、海洋科技、海上搜救等领域的务实合作,保持在多边事务中的协调配合,促进地区安全和共同繁荣。
(6)“‘海上丝绸之路’”海洋环境预报保障系统试运行服务沿线102个城市,”自然资源部网站,2018-12-28,http:∥www. gov. cn/xinwen/2018-12/28/content_5352933. htm。
(1)“Synergizing for Collaborative Maritime Management,”2018 Galle Dialogue,http:∥galledialogue. lk/.
(2)“Island claimed by India and Bangladesh sinks below waves,” The Guardian,March 24,2010,https:∥www. theguardian. com/world/cif-green/2010/mar/24/india-bangladesh-sea-levels.
(3)Arvind Gupta,“Securitization of BIMSTEC can protect the Blue Economy of Bay of Bengal,” VIF Article,April 15,2018.
(4)Indian Ministry of External Affairs,“Prime Minister's Message on 20th Anniversary of Establishment of BIMSTEC,”6June 2017,http:∥www. mea. gov. in/Speeches-Statements. htm? dtl/28514/Prime_Ministers_message_on_20th_anniversary_of_establishment_of_BIMSTEC.
(1)“印尼海啸预警系统坏了6年政府下决心购买新设备”,海外网(北京),2018-12-25,http:∥news. 163. com/18 /1225/11/E3S9JVBR0001875O. html。
(2)BERTIL LINTNER,“Nepal,Thailand only observers at BIMSTEC military exercise,” Asia Times,September 12,2018,http:∥www. atimes. com/article/nepal-thailand-only-observers-at-bimstec-military-exercise/.
(1)Kapila Waidyaratne,“2018 Galle Dialogue Keynote Address,”http:∥galledialogue. lk/assets/template/images/GD_2018/reasearch_papers/papers/kapila_waidyarathna. pdf.