致密砂砾岩储层裂缝形成及储层评价:以黄河口凹陷沙二段为例
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摘要
研究致密储层裂缝的特征、成因及控制因素对储层有效评价和优质储层预测具有重要意义。利用岩心、铸体薄片、普通薄片、钻井中途测试(DST)、测井、地震等资料,对研究区沙二段特低、超低孔-超低渗砂砾岩储层裂缝特征进行了分析,探讨了裂缝发育的主控因素,并对储层进行了分类评价。结果表明:(1)研究区发育构造缝、原生缝和成岩缝。(2)构造缝多尖灭于其他裂缝,多呈半充填-未充填状,连通性较好,将储层渗透率提高了2～4个数量级;原生缝和成岩缝大多呈全充填状,有效性较差。(3)构造缝受抬升褶皱与沉积因素影响,背斜轴部与水下分流河道底部沉积微相的叠合区是最有利的构造缝形成区带,构造缝形成早于主成藏期;原生缝、成岩缝等早期裂缝的发育提供了应力薄弱带,有利于晚期构造缝的形成。(4)利用常规测井数据和矿物成分2种方法计算储层的脆性,结果显示脆性越大裂缝越发育,两者相关性较好。(5)测试资料、裂缝刻画及孔隙结构分析表明裂缝发育带储层质量最好,发育Ⅰ类储层,次裂缝发育带Ⅰ和Ⅱ次之,致密带储层质量最差。
It is important to study characteristics,origin and controlling factors of fractures in tight reservoir,for evaluating reservoir effectively and predicting high quality reservoir.Based on cores,thin sections,DST testing,well logging and seismic data,this paper analyzes fracture characteristics of ultra lowextremely low porosity,extremely low permeability glutenite reservoir of the second member of Shahejie Formation,and discusses the controlling factors of fractures,and the evaluation of the reservoirs classified.The result shows that:(1)Tight glutenite reservoir in the study area is developed with tectonic fractures,protogenetic fractures and diagenetic fractures;(2)Tectonic fractures preferably terminate other fracture,mostly half filled-unfilled with smooth connectivity,improving the permeability to 2-4order of magnitudes,while protogenetic fractures and diagenetic fractures are mostly full filled with blocking connectivity;(3)The tectonic fractures are controlled by uplift folding and sedimentary factors,and the position that axis of anticline overlapping underwater bottom of distributary channel microfacies is the mostfracture-developed area,with generation time of tectonic fractures earlier than main hydrocarbon accumulation;and protogenetic fractures and diagenetic fractures are in the stress weak zone,benefiting the formation of later tectonic fracture;(4)Reservoir brittleness calculated by conventional logging data and mineral content indicates that brittleness has a positive correlation with fracture quantity;(5)The analysis of the reservoir quality utilizing testing data,fracture characterization and pore structure shows that the fractureconcentrated zone has the best reservoir quality with Ⅰ class reservoir,while fracture-hypoconcentrated zonesⅠandⅡhave the second-rate reservoir,and the tight zone has the worst reservoir quality.
It is important to study characteristics,origin and controlling factors of fractures in tight reservoir,for evaluating reservoir effectively and predicting high quality reservoir.Based on cores,thin sections,DST testing,well logging and seismic data,this paper analyzes fracture characteristics of ultra lowextremely low porosity,extremely low permeability glutenite reservoir of the second member of Shahejie Formation,and discusses the controlling factors of fractures,and the evaluation of the reservoirs classified.The result shows that:(1)Tight glutenite reservoir in the study area is developed with tectonic fractures,protogenetic fractures and diagenetic fractures;(2)Tectonic fractures preferably terminate other fracture,mostly half filled-unfilled with smooth connectivity,improving the permeability to 2-4order of magnitudes,while protogenetic fractures and diagenetic fractures are mostly full filled with blocking connectivity;(3)The tectonic fractures are controlled by uplift folding and sedimentary factors,and the position that axis of anticline overlapping underwater bottom of distributary channel microfacies is the mostfracture-developed area,with generation time of tectonic fractures earlier than main hydrocarbon accumulation;and protogenetic fractures and diagenetic fractures are in the stress weak zone,benefiting the formation of later tectonic fracture;(4)Reservoir brittleness calculated by conventional logging data and mineral content indicates that brittleness has a positive correlation with fracture quantity;(5)The analysis of the reservoir quality utilizing testing data,fracture characterization and pore structure shows that the fractureconcentrated zone has the best reservoir quality with Ⅰ class reservoir,while fracture-hypoconcentrated zonesⅠandⅡhave the second-rate reservoir,and the tight zone has the worst reservoir quality.
引文
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[17]赵向原,曾联波,祖克威,等.致密储层脆性特征及对天然裂缝的控制作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37:62-71.
[18]巩磊,曾联波,陈树民,等.致密砾岩储层微观裂缝特征及对储层的贡献[J].大地构造与成矿学,2014,40(1):38-46.
[19]袁静,李春堂,杨学君,等.东营凹陷盐家地区沙四段砂砾岩储层裂缝发育特征[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2016,47(5):1649-1659.
[20]周勇,纪友亮,张善文,等.胶莱盆地莱阳凹陷莱阳组低渗透砂岩储层特征及物性控制因素[J].石油学报,2011,32(4):611-620.
[21]Catherine L H,Lorenz J,Lawrence T I,et al.Lithological and structural controls on natural distribution and behavior in the Lisburne Group,northeastern Brooks Range and north slope subsurface,Alaska[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(4):355-362.
[22]Hou Lianhua,Yang Chun,Yang Fan,et al.Petroleum geology of Carboniferous volcanic weathered crust in northern Xinjiang,China[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2015,63(2):171-191.
[23]李燕,金振奎,金婷,等.岩浆岩砾石磨圆度地质意义的研究[J].沉积学报,2014,32(2):189-197.
[24]Breton E L,Cobbold P R,Zanella A.Cenozoic reactivation of the Great Glen fault,Scotland:Additional evidence and possible causes[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2013,170:403-415.
[25]邓金根,程远方,陈勉,等.井壁稳定预测技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社.2008.
[26]周文,高雅琴,单钰铭,等.川西新场气田沙二段致密砂岩储层岩石力学性质[J].天然气工业,2008,28(2):34-37.
[27]Grieser W V,Bray J M.Identification of production potential in unconventional reservoirs[J].SPE,2007,106623.
[28]Sondergeld C H,Newsham K E,Comisky J T,et al.Petrophysical considerations in evaluating and producing shale gas resources[J].SPE,2010,131768.
[29]孙和风,周心怀,彭文绪,等.渤海南部黄河口凹陷晚期成藏特征及富集模式[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(3):307-313.
[30]Christopher K Z,Peter H H.Complex fracture development related to stratigraphic architecture:Challenges for structural deformation prediction,Tensleep sandstone at the Alcova anticline,Wyoming[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(11):1427-1446.
[31]Ghosh K,Mitra S.Structural controls of fracture orientations,intensity and connectivity,Teton anticline,Sawtooth Range,Montana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(8):995-1014.
[2]鞠玮,侯贵廷,冯胜斌,等.鄂尔多斯盆地庆城-合水地区延长组长63储层构造裂缝定量预测[J].地学前缘,2014,21(6):310-320.
[3]丁文龙,王兴华,胡秋嘉,等.致密砂岩储层裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(7):737-750.
[4]董立生,罗红梅,胡广.砂砾岩扇体叠合期次及有利储层预测:以东营凹陷北部陡坡带丰深1井区为例[J].地质科技情报,2015,34(3):96-100.
[5]邹妞妞,张大权,史基安,等.准噶尔西北缘玛北地区扇三角洲砂砾岩岩相分类及储集意义[J].地质学报,2017,91(2):440-452.
[6]郑丽婧,操应长,姜在兴,等.东营凹陷民丰北带古近系砂砾岩体孔隙度量化表征[J].石油学报,2015,36(5):573-583.
[7] Shanley K W,Cluff R M.The evolution of pore-scale fluid-saturation in low-permeability sandstone reservoir[J].AAPG Bulletin,2015,99(10):1957-1990.
[8]李道伦,杨景海,闫术,等.致密油大规模多段压裂水平试井解释及外区渗透率对试井曲线的影响[J].地球科学,2017,42(8):1324-1332.
[9]曾联波.低渗透砂岩储层裂缝的形成与分布[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[10]黄保纲,汪利兵,赵春明,等.JZS油田潜山裂缝储层形成机制及分布预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32:710-717.
[11]王柯,张荣虎,戴俊生,等.低渗透储层裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学与环境学报,2015,37(2):44-58.
[12]何建华,丁文龙,王哲,等.页岩储层体积压裂网形成的主控因素及评价方法[J].地质科技情报,2015,34(4):108-118.
[13]Stenphenson B J,Koopman A,Hillgartner H,et al.Structural and stratigraphic controls on fold-related fracturing in the Zagros Mountains,Iran:implications for reservoir development[C]∥Lonergan L,Jolly R J H,Rawnsley K,et al.Fractured reservoirs.London:Geological Society,2007:1-22.
[14]范存辉,秦启荣,姚卫江,等.小拐油田二叠系佳木河组储层裂缝发育特征[J].地质科技情报,2012,31(4):17-21.
[15]Wennberg O P,Azizzadeh M,Aqrawi A A M,et al.The Khaviz anticline:An outcrop analogue to giant fractured Asmari formation reservoirs in SW Iran[C]∥Lonergan L,Jolly R J H,Rawnsley K,et al.Fractured reservoirs.London:Geological Society,2007:23-42.
[16]吕文雅,曾联波,刘静,等.致密低渗透储层裂缝研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2016,35(4):74-83.
[17]赵向原,曾联波,祖克威,等.致密储层脆性特征及对天然裂缝的控制作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37:62-71.
[18]巩磊,曾联波,陈树民,等.致密砾岩储层微观裂缝特征及对储层的贡献[J].大地构造与成矿学,2014,40(1):38-46.
[19]袁静,李春堂,杨学君,等.东营凹陷盐家地区沙四段砂砾岩储层裂缝发育特征[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2016,47(5):1649-1659.
[20]周勇,纪友亮,张善文,等.胶莱盆地莱阳凹陷莱阳组低渗透砂岩储层特征及物性控制因素[J].石油学报,2011,32(4):611-620.
[21]Catherine L H,Lorenz J,Lawrence T I,et al.Lithological and structural controls on natural distribution and behavior in the Lisburne Group,northeastern Brooks Range and north slope subsurface,Alaska[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(4):355-362.
[22]Hou Lianhua,Yang Chun,Yang Fan,et al.Petroleum geology of Carboniferous volcanic weathered crust in northern Xinjiang,China[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2015,63(2):171-191.
[23]李燕,金振奎,金婷,等.岩浆岩砾石磨圆度地质意义的研究[J].沉积学报,2014,32(2):189-197.
[24]Breton E L,Cobbold P R,Zanella A.Cenozoic reactivation of the Great Glen fault,Scotland:Additional evidence and possible causes[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2013,170:403-415.
[25]邓金根,程远方,陈勉,等.井壁稳定预测技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社.2008.
[26]周文,高雅琴,单钰铭,等.川西新场气田沙二段致密砂岩储层岩石力学性质[J].天然气工业,2008,28(2):34-37.
[27]Grieser W V,Bray J M.Identification of production potential in unconventional reservoirs[J].SPE,2007,106623.
[28]Sondergeld C H,Newsham K E,Comisky J T,et al.Petrophysical considerations in evaluating and producing shale gas resources[J].SPE,2010,131768.
[29]孙和风,周心怀,彭文绪,等.渤海南部黄河口凹陷晚期成藏特征及富集模式[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(3):307-313.
[30]Christopher K Z,Peter H H.Complex fracture development related to stratigraphic architecture:Challenges for structural deformation prediction,Tensleep sandstone at the Alcova anticline,Wyoming[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(11):1427-1446.
[31]Ghosh K,Mitra S.Structural controls of fracture orientations,intensity and connectivity,Teton anticline,Sawtooth Range,Montana[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(8):995-1014.