石膏/蚯蚓粪肥对赤泥团聚体结构稳定性的影响
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摘要
赤泥是氧化铝工业生产过程中排放的高碱性固体废弃物,迄今尚无经济有效的处置方法。以华中地区某堆场赤泥为研究对象,通过土培实验研究改良剂(石膏、蚯蚓粪肥、石膏+蚯蚓粪肥)对赤泥团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:石膏的添加能显著降低赤泥pH,而蚯蚓粪肥能显著增加赤泥有机碳含量。土培60 d时,石膏添加后赤泥pH由10.54降到8.75,蚯蚓粪肥添加后赤泥有机碳含量由3.54 g·kg~(-1)增加至14.31 g·kg~(-1)。土培180 d时,石膏、蚯蚓粪肥、石膏+蚯蚓粪肥添加后赤泥水稳性团聚体含量由12.04%分别增加到23.49%、29.24%、33.94%;团聚体平均重量直径由0.15 mm分别增加到0.26、0.30、0.34 mm;可蚀性因子由0.36分别降低到0.31、0.30、0.29。石膏和蚯蚓粪肥的添加促进水稳性团聚体形成,提高赤泥团聚体稳定性。基质改良对赤泥团聚体稳定性的影响效果依次为:石膏+蚯蚓粪肥>蚯蚓粪肥>石膏。研究结果对赤泥土壤化处置和规模化消纳研究有科学参考意义。
Bauxite residue is a highly alkaline waste produced during the production of alumina and there is no economical and effective disposal strategy at the present. In this study, gypsum and vermicompost were selected as the ameliorants to investigate their effects on aggregate stability of bauxite residue in the laboratory incubation experiments with different incubation periods. After 60 d incubation, 2%(w/w) gypsum addition reduced the pH from 10.54 to 8.75, whilst 8%(w/w) vermicompost addition increased organic carbon content(TOC) from 3.54 g/kg to 14.31 g/kg. After 180 d incubation, additions of gypsum, vermicompost, and the combination increased the contents of water-stable aggregates from 12.04% to 23.49%, 29.24%, and 33.94%, increased the mean weight diameters(MWD) from 0.15 mm to 0.26, 0.30, and 0.34 mm, and decreased the erodibility factors(K) from 0.36 to 0.31, 0.30, and 0.29, respectively. This study demonstrated that gypsum and vermicompost amendments stimulate water-stable aggregate formation and improve aggregate stability of bauxite residue. Effectiveness of the ameliorants on aggregate stability of bauxite residue decreased in the order: the combination>vermicompost>gypsum. The results provide scientific information for soil formation and large-scale disposal of bauxite residue.
Bauxite residue is a highly alkaline waste produced during the production of alumina and there is no economical and effective disposal strategy at the present. In this study, gypsum and vermicompost were selected as the ameliorants to investigate their effects on aggregate stability of bauxite residue in the laboratory incubation experiments with different incubation periods. After 60 d incubation, 2%(w/w) gypsum addition reduced the pH from 10.54 to 8.75, whilst 8%(w/w) vermicompost addition increased organic carbon content(TOC) from 3.54 g/kg to 14.31 g/kg. After 180 d incubation, additions of gypsum, vermicompost, and the combination increased the contents of water-stable aggregates from 12.04% to 23.49%, 29.24%, and 33.94%, increased the mean weight diameters(MWD) from 0.15 mm to 0.26, 0.30, and 0.34 mm, and decreased the erodibility factors(K) from 0.36 to 0.31, 0.30, and 0.29, respectively. This study demonstrated that gypsum and vermicompost amendments stimulate water-stable aggregate formation and improve aggregate stability of bauxite residue. Effectiveness of the ameliorants on aggregate stability of bauxite residue decreased in the order: the combination>vermicompost>gypsum. The results provide scientific information for soil formation and large-scale disposal of bauxite residue.
引文
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[11] 江春玉,刘萍,刘明,等.不同肥力红壤水稻土根际团聚体组成和碳氮分布动态[J].土壤学报,2017,54(1):138-149.
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[14] 朱锋,韩福松,薛生国,等.氧化铝赤泥堆场团聚体的分形特征[J].中国有色金属学报,2016,26(6):1 316-1 323.
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[19] Courtney R,Kirwan L.Gypsum amendment of alkaline bauxite residue:plant available aluminium and implications for grassland restoration[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,42:279-282.
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[21] Saha D,Kukal S S.Soil structural stability and water retention characteristics under different land uses of degraded lower himalayas of North-West india[J].Land Degradation & Development,2015,26(3):263-271.
[22] Falsone G,Celi L,Stanchi S,et al.Relative importance of mineralogy and organic matter characteristics on macroaggregate and colloid dynamics in MG-Silicate dominated soils[J].Land Degradation & Development,2016,27(7):1 700-1 708.
[23] Sinha R K,Agarwal S,Chauhan K,et al.The wonders of earthworms &Its vermicompost in farm production:Charles Darwin’s ‘friends of farmers’,with potential to replace destructive chemical fertilizers[J].Agricultural Sciences,2010,1(2):76-94.
[24] Zhu F,Hou J T,Xue S G,et al.Vermicompost and gypsum amendments improve aggregate formation in bauxite residue[J].Land Degradation & Development,2017,28(7):2 109-2 120.
[25] Wu C,Wang Q L,Xue,S G,et al.Do aeration conditions affect arsenic and phosphate accumulation and phosphate transporter expression in rice (Oryza sativa L.) [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(1):43-51.
[26] Jones B E H,Haynes R J,Phillips I R.Influence of organic waste and residue mud additions on chemical,physical and microbial properties of bauxite residue sand[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2011,18(2):199-211.
[27] Ma R,Cai C,Li Z,et al.Evaluation of soil aggregate microstructure and stability under wetting and drying cycles in two Ultisols using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2015,149:1-11.
[28] 刘雷,安韶山,黄华伟.应用Le Bissonnais法研究黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(20):6 670-6 680.
[29] Courtney R G,Timpson J P.Nutrient status of vegetation grown in alkaline bauxite processing residue amended with gypsum and thermally dried sewage sludge:a two year field study[J].Plant and Soil,2004,266:187-194.
[30] Verdenelli R A,Lamarque A L,Meriles J M.Short-term effects of combined iprodione and vermicompost applications on soil microbial community structure[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,414:210-219.
[31] Cheng M,Xiang Y,Xue Z,et al.Soil aggregation and intra-aggregate carbon fractions in relation to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2015,124:77-84.
[32] 尹建道,张鹏程,张建唐,等.土壤改良基质对天津滨海盐土的改良效果研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(2):419-424.
[33] Levy G J,Stern R,Agassi M,et al.Microaggregate stability of kaolinitic and illitic soils determined by ultrasonic energy[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993,57(3):803-808.
[34] Harris M A,Rengasamy P.Sodium affected subsoils,gypsum,and green-manure:inter-actions and implications for amelioration of toxic red mud wastes[J].Environmental Geology,2004,45(8):1 118-1 130.
[35] Tisdall J M,Oades J M.Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils[J].Journal of Soil Science,1982,33:141-163.
[36] 石宗琳,王加旭,梁化学,等.渭北不同园龄苹果园土壤团聚体状况及演变趋势研究[J].土壤学报,2017,54(2):387-399.
[37] Villar M C,Petrikova V,Díaz-Raviňa M,et al.Changes in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability following burning and soil rehabilitation[J].Geoderma,2004,122(1):73-82.
[38] Kong X F,Li M,Xue S G,et al.Acid transformation of bauxite residue:conversion of its alkaline characteristics[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,324:382-390.
[39] Zhang K.L,Shu A P,Xu X L,et al.Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soils in China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(6):1 002-1 011.
[2] Xue S G,Kong X F,Zhu F,et al.Proposal for management and alkalinity transformation of bauxite residue in China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(13):12 822-12 834.
[3] Xue S G,Zhu F,Kong X F,et al.A review of the characterization and revegetation of bauxite residues (red mud)[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(2):1 120-1 132.
[4] Liu X M,Zhang N,Sun H H,et al.Structural investigation relating to the cementitious activity of bauxite residue:red mud[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2011,41(8):847-853.
[5] Liu Y J,Naidu R.Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud):recovery of metals[J].Waste Management,2014,34(12):2 662-2 673.
[6] Liu W C,Chen X Q,Li W X,et al.Environmental assessment,management and utilization of red mud in China[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2014,84:606-610.
[7] Jones B E H,Haynes R J.Bauxite processing residue:a critical review of its formation,properties,storage,and revegetation[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2011,41(3):271-315.
[8] 朱锋,李萌,薛生国,等.自然风化过程对赤泥团聚体有机碳组分的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(4):1 174-1 183.
[9] Kong X F,Tian T,Xue S G,et al.Development of alkaline electrochemical characteristics demonstrates soil formation in bauxite residue undergoing natural rehabilitation[J].Land Degradation & Development,2018,29(1):58-67.
[10] 程乙,任昊,刘鹏,等.不同栽培管理模式对农田土壤团聚体组成及其碳、氮分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(11):3 521-3 528.
[11] 江春玉,刘萍,刘明,等.不同肥力红壤水稻土根际团聚体组成和碳氮分布动态[J].土壤学报,2017,54(1):138-149.
[12] 刘恩科,赵秉强,梅旭荣,等.不同施肥处理对土壤水稳定性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(4):1 035-1 041.
[13] Zhu F,Xue S G,Hartley W,et al.Novel predictors of soil genesis following natural weathering processes of bauxite residues[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(3):2 856-2 863.
[14] 朱锋,韩福松,薛生国,等.氧化铝赤泥堆场团聚体的分形特征[J].中国有色金属学报,2016,26(6):1 316-1 323.
[15] Santini T C,Fey M V.Spontaneous vegetation encroachment upon bauxite residue (red mud) as an indicator and facilitator of in situ remediation processes[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47(21):12 089-12 096.
[16] Zhu F,Liao J X,Xue S G,et al.Evaluation of aggregate microstructures following natural regeneration in bauxite residue as characterized by synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,573:155-163.
[17] Zhu F,Cheng Q Y,Xue S G,et al.Influence of natural regeneration on fractal features of residue microaggregates in bauxite residue disposal areas.Land[J].Land Degradation & Development,2018,29(1):138-149.
[18] Jones B E H,Haynes R J,Phillips I R.Influence of organic waste and residue mud additions on chemical,physical and microbial properties of bauxite residue sand[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2011,18(2):199-211.
[19] Courtney R,Kirwan L.Gypsum amendment of alkaline bauxite residue:plant available aluminium and implications for grassland restoration[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,42:279-282.
[20] Courtney R G,Jordan S N,Harrington T.Physico-chemical changes in bauxite residue following application of spent mushroom compost and gypsum[J].Land Degradation & Development,2009,20(5):572-581.
[21] Saha D,Kukal S S.Soil structural stability and water retention characteristics under different land uses of degraded lower himalayas of North-West india[J].Land Degradation & Development,2015,26(3):263-271.
[22] Falsone G,Celi L,Stanchi S,et al.Relative importance of mineralogy and organic matter characteristics on macroaggregate and colloid dynamics in MG-Silicate dominated soils[J].Land Degradation & Development,2016,27(7):1 700-1 708.
[23] Sinha R K,Agarwal S,Chauhan K,et al.The wonders of earthworms &Its vermicompost in farm production:Charles Darwin’s ‘friends of farmers’,with potential to replace destructive chemical fertilizers[J].Agricultural Sciences,2010,1(2):76-94.
[24] Zhu F,Hou J T,Xue S G,et al.Vermicompost and gypsum amendments improve aggregate formation in bauxite residue[J].Land Degradation & Development,2017,28(7):2 109-2 120.
[25] Wu C,Wang Q L,Xue,S G,et al.Do aeration conditions affect arsenic and phosphate accumulation and phosphate transporter expression in rice (Oryza sativa L.) [J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(1):43-51.
[26] Jones B E H,Haynes R J,Phillips I R.Influence of organic waste and residue mud additions on chemical,physical and microbial properties of bauxite residue sand[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2011,18(2):199-211.
[27] Ma R,Cai C,Li Z,et al.Evaluation of soil aggregate microstructure and stability under wetting and drying cycles in two Ultisols using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2015,149:1-11.
[28] 刘雷,安韶山,黄华伟.应用Le Bissonnais法研究黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(20):6 670-6 680.
[29] Courtney R G,Timpson J P.Nutrient status of vegetation grown in alkaline bauxite processing residue amended with gypsum and thermally dried sewage sludge:a two year field study[J].Plant and Soil,2004,266:187-194.
[30] Verdenelli R A,Lamarque A L,Meriles J M.Short-term effects of combined iprodione and vermicompost applications on soil microbial community structure[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,414:210-219.
[31] Cheng M,Xiang Y,Xue Z,et al.Soil aggregation and intra-aggregate carbon fractions in relation to vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2015,124:77-84.
[32] 尹建道,张鹏程,张建唐,等.土壤改良基质对天津滨海盐土的改良效果研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(2):419-424.
[33] Levy G J,Stern R,Agassi M,et al.Microaggregate stability of kaolinitic and illitic soils determined by ultrasonic energy[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993,57(3):803-808.
[34] Harris M A,Rengasamy P.Sodium affected subsoils,gypsum,and green-manure:inter-actions and implications for amelioration of toxic red mud wastes[J].Environmental Geology,2004,45(8):1 118-1 130.
[35] Tisdall J M,Oades J M.Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils[J].Journal of Soil Science,1982,33:141-163.
[36] 石宗琳,王加旭,梁化学,等.渭北不同园龄苹果园土壤团聚体状况及演变趋势研究[J].土壤学报,2017,54(2):387-399.
[37] Villar M C,Petrikova V,Díaz-Raviňa M,et al.Changes in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability following burning and soil rehabilitation[J].Geoderma,2004,122(1):73-82.
[38] Kong X F,Li M,Xue S G,et al.Acid transformation of bauxite residue:conversion of its alkaline characteristics[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,324:382-390.
[39] Zhang K.L,Shu A P,Xu X L,et al.Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soils in China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(6):1 002-1 011.