金融企业网络视角下长三角城市群权力空间结构特征
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摘要
城市群权力空间是个体城市在区域空间网络中的地位表现,即基于关联网络量化个体城市在区域内的控制范围和控制程度。立足于权力空间与空间生产理论,通过爬取长三角金融企业总部及其分支的名录数据,应用ArcGIS与UCINET构建其空间属性数据库,采用网络分析法对长三角城市群的权力空间结构特征进行研究。结果发现:①在控制力指数中,上海市达到120.72,其余25个城市除南京外均小于50;在中心性指数中,上海市达到0.263 2,南京、杭州和合肥分别为0.132 4、0.098 8和0.044 1,城市间权力空间差距显著,完全形成了"中心-边缘"的权力空间结构且存在两极分化趋势;②权力空间的凝聚子群层次分明:浙皖两省与江苏省省内关联强度分别低于100和200,而上海与苏南地区关联强度则接近400;③中心性、控制力与凝聚子群的显著差异说明城市权力空间格局是资本要素流动下的非均衡形态,同时也是物质和制度空间生产的重要结果。以上揭示了城市群的空间生产过程中城市作为权力主体时刻进行着资本互动,金融资本的逐利倾向将城市权力在网络中的差异进一步扩大。
The power space of urban agglomeration is the status of individual cities in a regional spatial network, and the control scope and degree of control of individual cities within the region are quantified based on the associated network. According to the theory of power space and space production, crawled directory data of financial enterprise headquarters and their branches in the Yangtze River Delta region are used to construct spatial attribute database through ArcGIS and UCINET, and the power space structure of urban agglomeration by network analysis method. The results showed that:(1) The control index of Shanghai reached 120.72, and the remaining 25 cities showed less than 50 except Nanjing; the central index of Shanghai reached 0.263 2, and Nanjing, Hangzhou and Hefei were 0.132 4, 0.098 8 and 0.044 1, respectively. The gap in power space between cities is significant, completely forming a "central-edge" power space structure and presenting a polarization trend.(2) The Condensed-Subgroups of the power space are clearly defined: the correlation strength between Zhejiang, Anhui provinces and Jiangsu Province is lower than 100 and 200, respectively, while the correlation strength between Shanghai and region of "South-Jiangsu Province" is close to 400.(3) The significant difference between centrality, control power and cohesive subgroups indicates that the spatial pattern of urban power is a non-equilibrium form under the flow of capital elements, and also an important result of the production of material and institutional space. The above reveals that in the process of spatial production of urban agglomerations, the city interacts as a power subject at the moment, and the profit-seeking tendency of financial capital further expands the differences in urban power in the network.
The power space of urban agglomeration is the status of individual cities in a regional spatial network, and the control scope and degree of control of individual cities within the region are quantified based on the associated network. According to the theory of power space and space production, crawled directory data of financial enterprise headquarters and their branches in the Yangtze River Delta region are used to construct spatial attribute database through ArcGIS and UCINET, and the power space structure of urban agglomeration by network analysis method. The results showed that:(1) The control index of Shanghai reached 120.72, and the remaining 25 cities showed less than 50 except Nanjing; the central index of Shanghai reached 0.263 2, and Nanjing, Hangzhou and Hefei were 0.132 4, 0.098 8 and 0.044 1, respectively. The gap in power space between cities is significant, completely forming a "central-edge" power space structure and presenting a polarization trend.(2) The Condensed-Subgroups of the power space are clearly defined: the correlation strength between Zhejiang, Anhui provinces and Jiangsu Province is lower than 100 and 200, respectively, while the correlation strength between Shanghai and region of "South-Jiangsu Province" is close to 400.(3) The significant difference between centrality, control power and cohesive subgroups indicates that the spatial pattern of urban power is a non-equilibrium form under the flow of capital elements, and also an important result of the production of material and institutional space. The above reveals that in the process of spatial production of urban agglomerations, the city interacts as a power subject at the moment, and the profit-seeking tendency of financial capital further expands the differences in urban power in the network.
引文
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[11] 大卫·哈维.资本的限度[M].张寅,译.北京:中信出版社,2017.
[12] 安宁,朱竑,刘晨.文学旅游地的空间重构研究——以凤凰古城为例[J].地理科学,2014,34(12):1462-1469.AN N,ZHU H,LIU C.The reconstruction of literary tourist destination:A case study of Fenghuang [J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(12):1462-1469.
[13] 魏开,许学强.城市空间生产批判—新马克思主义空间研究范式述评[J].城市问题,2009(4):83-87.WEI K,XU X Q.Criticism of urban spatial production-a review of the paradigm of new Marxism in space research[J].Urban Problems,2009(4):83-87.
[14] 叶超,柴彦威,张小林.“空间的生产”理论、研究进展及其对中国城市研究的启示[J].经济地理,2011,31(3):409-413.YE C,CHAI Y W,ZHANG X L.Review on studies on production of urban space [J].Economic Geography,2011,31(3):409-413.
[15] 王丰龙,刘云刚.尺度概念的演化与尺度的本质:基于二次抽象的尺度认识论[J].人文地理,2015,30(1):9-15.WANG F L,LIU Y G.An analytical framework of scale based on second abstraction[J].Human Geography,2015,30 (1):9-15.
[16] 刘云刚,叶清露,许晓霞.空间、权力与领域:领域的政治地理研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2015,30(3):1-6.LIU Y G,YE Q L,XU X X.Space,power and territory:A review on territory in political geography[J].Human Geography,2015,30 (3):1-6.
[17] 罗小龙,殷洁,田冬.不完全的再领域化与大都市区行政区划重组——以南京市江宁撤县设区为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1746-1756.LUO X L,YIN J,TIAN D.Administrative boundary re-organization in Nanjing metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(10):1746-1756.
[18] 杜德斌,段德忠,杨文龙,等.中国经济权力空间格局演化研究——基于国家间相互依存的敏感性与脆弱性分析[J].地理学报,2016,71(10):1741-1751.DU D B,DUAN D Z,YANG W L,et al.Spatial evolution pattern of Chinese economic power based onthe sensitivity and vulnerability of states interdependence[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1741-1751.
[19] CASTELLS M.The rise of network society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1996:376-482.
[20] 王成,王茂军,柴箐.城市网络地位与网络权力的关系——以中国汽车零部件交易链接网络为例[J].地理学报,2015,70(12):1953-1972.WANG C,WANG M J,CHAI Y.The relationship between centrality and power in the city network [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70 (12):1953-1972.
[21] 曹小曙,阎小培.经济发达地区交通网络演化对通达性空间格局的影响——以广东省东莞市为例[J].地理研究,2003 (3):305-312.CAO X S,YAN X P.The impact of the evolution of land network on spatial structure of accessibility in the developed areas:the case of Dongguan city in Guangdong province[J].Geographical Research,2003(3):305-312.
[22] 金凤君,王成金,李秀伟.中国区域交通优势的甄别方法及应用分析[J].地理学报,2008(8):787-798.JIN F J,WANG C J,LI X W.Discrimination method and its application analysis of regional transport superiority[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008 (8):787-798.
[23] JIN F J,WANG C J,LI X W,et al.China’s regional transport dominance:Density,proximity and accessibility[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2010,20(2):295-309.
[24] 赵梓渝,魏冶,庞瑞秋,等.基于人口省际流动的中国城市网络转变中心性与控制力研究——兼论递归理论用于城市网络研究的条件性[J].地理学报,2017,72(6):1032-1048.ZHAO Z Y,WEI Y,PANG R Q et al.Alter-based centrality and power of Chinese city network using inter-provincial population flow[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(6):1032-1048.
[25] 赵梓渝,魏冶,王士君,等.有向加权城市网络的转变中心性与控制力测度——以中国春运人口流动网络为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(4):647-660.ZHAO Z Y,WEI Y,WANG S J et al.Measurement of directed alternative centricity and power of directed weighted urban network:A case of population flow network of China during “Chun-yun” period[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(4):647-660.
[26] 曹有挥,曹卫东,金世胜,等.中国沿海集装箱港口体系的形成演化机理[J].地理学报,2003 (3):424-432.CAO Y H,CAO W D,JIN S S,et al.The evolution mechanism of the coastal container portsystem of China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003 (3):424-432.
[27] 吕康娟著.复杂城市网络及复杂产业网络的理论与实证研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[28] 企查查.企查查全国企业信息公示数据库 [EB/OL].https://www.qichacha.com,2017-9-08-10.
[29] 朱查松,王德,罗震东.中心性与控制力:长三角城市网络结构的组织特征及演化——企业联系的视角[J].城市规划学刊,2014 (4):24-30.ZHU C S,WANG D,LUO Z D.Centrality and power:A method of analyzing city network spatialstructure[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014 (4):24-30.
[30] 王聪,曹有挥,陈国伟.基于生产性服务业的长江三角洲城市网络[J].地理研究,2014,33(2):323-335.WANG C,CAO Y H,CHEN G W.Study on urban network of Yangtze River Delta region based on producer services[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(2):323-335.
[31] NEAL Z.Differentiating centrality and power in the world city network[J].Urban Studies,2011,48(13):2733-2748.
[32] FRIDEMAN J R.The world city hypothesis:development and change[J].Urban Studies,1986,23(2):59-137.
[33] 王丰龙,刘云刚.空间的生产研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2011,26(2):13-19+30.WANG F L,LIU Y G.A review of researches on the production of space[J].Human Geography,2011,26(2):13-19+30.
[2] 赵永琪,陶伟.权力空间的研究进展:理论视角与研究主题[J].世界地理研究,2017,26(4):1-10.ZHAO Y Q,TAO W.Progress and prospects of power space:Theoretical perspective and research topics[J].World Regional Studies.2017,26(4):1-10.
[3] 余婷.曼纽尔·卡斯特的流动空间理论研究[D].南京:南京大学,2014.
[4] 岳华.解读空间中的权力[J].中外建筑,2010(3):55-59.YUE H.Interpretation of power in space[J].Chinese & Overseas Architecture,2010(3):55-59.
[5] FOUCAULT M.Power/knowledge[M].Brighton:Harvester Press,1980.
[6] 周和军.空间与权力——福柯空间观解析[J].江西社会科学,2007 (4):58-60.ZHOU H J.Space and power:An analysis of Foucault's space view [J].Jiangxi Social Sciences,2007 (4):58-60.
[7] 包亚明.现代性与空间的生产[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003.
[8] LEFEBVRE H.The production of space[M].Oxford:Blackwell Ltd,1991.
[9] 韩勇,余斌,朱媛媛,等.英美国家关于列斐伏尔空间生产理论的新近研究进展及启示[J].经济地理,2016,36(7):19-26.HAN Y,YU B,ZHU Y Y,et al.Recent Research Progress and Inspiration on Lefebvre’s production of Space in the United States and England[J].Economic Geography,2016,36(7):19-26.
[10] 王丰龙,刘云刚.空间生产再考:从哈维到福柯[J].地理科学,2013,33(11):1293-1301.WANG F L,LIU Y G.Revisiting production of space:From Harvey to Foucault[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33 (11):1293-1301.
[11] 大卫·哈维.资本的限度[M].张寅,译.北京:中信出版社,2017.
[12] 安宁,朱竑,刘晨.文学旅游地的空间重构研究——以凤凰古城为例[J].地理科学,2014,34(12):1462-1469.AN N,ZHU H,LIU C.The reconstruction of literary tourist destination:A case study of Fenghuang [J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(12):1462-1469.
[13] 魏开,许学强.城市空间生产批判—新马克思主义空间研究范式述评[J].城市问题,2009(4):83-87.WEI K,XU X Q.Criticism of urban spatial production-a review of the paradigm of new Marxism in space research[J].Urban Problems,2009(4):83-87.
[14] 叶超,柴彦威,张小林.“空间的生产”理论、研究进展及其对中国城市研究的启示[J].经济地理,2011,31(3):409-413.YE C,CHAI Y W,ZHANG X L.Review on studies on production of urban space [J].Economic Geography,2011,31(3):409-413.
[15] 王丰龙,刘云刚.尺度概念的演化与尺度的本质:基于二次抽象的尺度认识论[J].人文地理,2015,30(1):9-15.WANG F L,LIU Y G.An analytical framework of scale based on second abstraction[J].Human Geography,2015,30 (1):9-15.
[16] 刘云刚,叶清露,许晓霞.空间、权力与领域:领域的政治地理研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2015,30(3):1-6.LIU Y G,YE Q L,XU X X.Space,power and territory:A review on territory in political geography[J].Human Geography,2015,30 (3):1-6.
[17] 罗小龙,殷洁,田冬.不完全的再领域化与大都市区行政区划重组——以南京市江宁撤县设区为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1746-1756.LUO X L,YIN J,TIAN D.Administrative boundary re-organization in Nanjing metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(10):1746-1756.
[18] 杜德斌,段德忠,杨文龙,等.中国经济权力空间格局演化研究——基于国家间相互依存的敏感性与脆弱性分析[J].地理学报,2016,71(10):1741-1751.DU D B,DUAN D Z,YANG W L,et al.Spatial evolution pattern of Chinese economic power based onthe sensitivity and vulnerability of states interdependence[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1741-1751.
[19] CASTELLS M.The rise of network society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1996:376-482.
[20] 王成,王茂军,柴箐.城市网络地位与网络权力的关系——以中国汽车零部件交易链接网络为例[J].地理学报,2015,70(12):1953-1972.WANG C,WANG M J,CHAI Y.The relationship between centrality and power in the city network [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70 (12):1953-1972.
[21] 曹小曙,阎小培.经济发达地区交通网络演化对通达性空间格局的影响——以广东省东莞市为例[J].地理研究,2003 (3):305-312.CAO X S,YAN X P.The impact of the evolution of land network on spatial structure of accessibility in the developed areas:the case of Dongguan city in Guangdong province[J].Geographical Research,2003(3):305-312.
[22] 金凤君,王成金,李秀伟.中国区域交通优势的甄别方法及应用分析[J].地理学报,2008(8):787-798.JIN F J,WANG C J,LI X W.Discrimination method and its application analysis of regional transport superiority[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008 (8):787-798.
[23] JIN F J,WANG C J,LI X W,et al.China’s regional transport dominance:Density,proximity and accessibility[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2010,20(2):295-309.
[24] 赵梓渝,魏冶,庞瑞秋,等.基于人口省际流动的中国城市网络转变中心性与控制力研究——兼论递归理论用于城市网络研究的条件性[J].地理学报,2017,72(6):1032-1048.ZHAO Z Y,WEI Y,PANG R Q et al.Alter-based centrality and power of Chinese city network using inter-provincial population flow[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(6):1032-1048.
[25] 赵梓渝,魏冶,王士君,等.有向加权城市网络的转变中心性与控制力测度——以中国春运人口流动网络为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(4):647-660.ZHAO Z Y,WEI Y,WANG S J et al.Measurement of directed alternative centricity and power of directed weighted urban network:A case of population flow network of China during “Chun-yun” period[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(4):647-660.
[26] 曹有挥,曹卫东,金世胜,等.中国沿海集装箱港口体系的形成演化机理[J].地理学报,2003 (3):424-432.CAO Y H,CAO W D,JIN S S,et al.The evolution mechanism of the coastal container portsystem of China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003 (3):424-432.
[27] 吕康娟著.复杂城市网络及复杂产业网络的理论与实证研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[28] 企查查.企查查全国企业信息公示数据库 [EB/OL].https://www.qichacha.com,2017-9-08-10.
[29] 朱查松,王德,罗震东.中心性与控制力:长三角城市网络结构的组织特征及演化——企业联系的视角[J].城市规划学刊,2014 (4):24-30.ZHU C S,WANG D,LUO Z D.Centrality and power:A method of analyzing city network spatialstructure[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014 (4):24-30.
[30] 王聪,曹有挥,陈国伟.基于生产性服务业的长江三角洲城市网络[J].地理研究,2014,33(2):323-335.WANG C,CAO Y H,CHEN G W.Study on urban network of Yangtze River Delta region based on producer services[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(2):323-335.
[31] NEAL Z.Differentiating centrality and power in the world city network[J].Urban Studies,2011,48(13):2733-2748.
[32] FRIDEMAN J R.The world city hypothesis:development and change[J].Urban Studies,1986,23(2):59-137.
[33] 王丰龙,刘云刚.空间的生产研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2011,26(2):13-19+30.WANG F L,LIU Y G.A review of researches on the production of space[J].Human Geography,2011,26(2):13-19+30.