北京山区侧柏人工林林内景观质量分级技术
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摘要
北京山区侧柏Platycladus orientalis人工林在发挥生态服务功能的同时,其景观质量也备受关注,林内景观质量受美学质量和林分结构质量共同影响。综合考虑美学质量与林分结构质量,对北京山区侧柏人工林进行林内景观质量分级。通过相关分析筛选与林内美景度显著相关的林分结构指标,通过因子分析和逐步回归分析构建美景度模型,使用TOPSIS法和系统聚类分析对林内景观质量进行分级。结果显示:①平均胸径、林分密度、平均枝下高、灌木盖度、透视距离、郁闭度、径高比与美景度呈显著相关(P<0.05),林下有效空间与美景度呈极显著相关(P<0.01);②二次多项式逐步回归模型能够更好地解释林分结构与美景度间的关系;③将山区侧柏人工林分为高质(Ⅰ级)、中等(Ⅱ级)、低质(Ⅲ级)3个等级,选择在各等级间差异显著的平均胸径、林分密度、平均枝下高、径高比、林下有效空间指标作为划分等级的主要参考依据。林内景观质量等级较高的林地,树木粗壮且长势较好,林分密度不宜过大,枝下高较高且林下灌木较低矮,具有一定的林下空间,林内可进入性较高。图1表5参27
Platycladus orientalis plantations in the Beijing m ountainous areas provide an ecological service function paying much attention to its landscape aesthetic quality with forest landscape quality being influenced by aesthetic quality and quality of stand structure. This study considered both aesthetic quality and stand structure for Beijing mountainous area biota of P. orientalis plantation forests for landscape grading quality. The forest structural indexes strongly related to scenic beauty in the forest were selected through a correlation analysis; then the landscape model was constructed by factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis; and finally the forest landscape quality was classified by the TOPSIS method and systematic cluster analysis. Results showed(1) the average diameter at breast height(DBH)(r = 0.284), forest density(r =-0.285), average height of the clear bole(r = 0.274), shrub coverage(r = 0.307), perspective distance(r = 0.311), density(r =-0.323), and diameter to height ratio(r = 0.307) were significantly correlated with scenic beauty(P<0.05).The effective space under the forest had a highly significant correlation to scenic beauty(r = 0.457, P<0.01).(2) The Quadratic Polynomial Stepwise Regression Model better explained the relationship between forest fractional structure and landscape degree.(3) The mountainous area of P. orientalis was divided into three levels:high quality(Level Ⅰ), medium grade(Level Ⅱ), and low quality(Level Ⅲ). The average DBH, forest density, average clear bole height, diameter to height ratio, and effective spatial index under the forest were selected as the main references for classification. Thus, the forest landscape with high quality was thick and strong with the density of trees relatively favorable, the density of the forest not too large, a higher clear bole, and a relatively low forest underbrush, having a certain undergrowth space and higher accessibility of the forest. [Ch,1 fig. 5 tab. 27 ref.]
Platycladus orientalis plantations in the Beijing m ountainous areas provide an ecological service function paying much attention to its landscape aesthetic quality with forest landscape quality being influenced by aesthetic quality and quality of stand structure. This study considered both aesthetic quality and stand structure for Beijing mountainous area biota of P. orientalis plantation forests for landscape grading quality. The forest structural indexes strongly related to scenic beauty in the forest were selected through a correlation analysis; then the landscape model was constructed by factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis; and finally the forest landscape quality was classified by the TOPSIS method and systematic cluster analysis. Results showed(1) the average diameter at breast height(DBH)(r = 0.284), forest density(r =-0.285), average height of the clear bole(r = 0.274), shrub coverage(r = 0.307), perspective distance(r = 0.311), density(r =-0.323), and diameter to height ratio(r = 0.307) were significantly correlated with scenic beauty(P<0.05).The effective space under the forest had a highly significant correlation to scenic beauty(r = 0.457, P<0.01).(2) The Quadratic Polynomial Stepwise Regression Model better explained the relationship between forest fractional structure and landscape degree.(3) The mountainous area of P. orientalis was divided into three levels:high quality(Level Ⅰ), medium grade(Level Ⅱ), and low quality(Level Ⅲ). The average DBH, forest density, average clear bole height, diameter to height ratio, and effective spatial index under the forest were selected as the main references for classification. Thus, the forest landscape with high quality was thick and strong with the density of trees relatively favorable, the density of the forest not too large, a higher clear bole, and a relatively low forest underbrush, having a certain undergrowth space and higher accessibility of the forest. [Ch,1 fig. 5 tab. 27 ref.]
引文
[1]董建文,翟明普,徐程扬,等.京郊侧柏刺槐混交林植物物种组成特征对林内景观美精度的影响[J].江西农业大学学报, 2007, 29(5):756-761.DONG Jianwen, ZHAI Mingpu, XU Chengyang, et al. Effect of the character s of species composition on scenic beauty of in-forest landscape of Platycladus orientalis-Robinia pseudoacacia plantation forest in the suburbs of Beijing[J].Acta Agric Univ Jiangxi, 2007, 29(5):756-761.
[2]赵匡记,汪加魏,施侃侃,等.北京市西山林场游憩林抚育的森林健康评价[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014, 34(10):66-69.ZHAO Kuangji, WANG Jiawei, SHI Kankan, et al. Forest health evaluation for tending of recreational forest in Xishan forest farm in Beijing City[J]. J Cent South Univ For Technol, 2014, 34(10):66-69.
[3]KARDAN O, DEMIRALP E, HOUT M C, et al. Is the preference of natural versus man-made scenes driven by bottomup processing of the visual features of nature?[J]. Front Psychol, 2015, 6:471. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00471.
[4]GRIFFON S, NESPOULOUS A, CHEYLAN J P, et al. Virtual reality for cultural landscape visualization[J]. Virtual Reality, 2011, 15(4):279-294.
[5]FANAROTU I, SKURAS D. The contribution of scenic beauty indicators in estimating environmental welfare measure:a case study[J]. Soc Indic Res, 2004, 6(5):145-165.
[6]肖欣,丁松,欧阳勋志.井冈山国家自然保护区典型常绿阔叶林林分空间结构分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 44(3):134-139.XIAO Xin, DING Song, OUYANG Xunzhi. Stand spatial structure of typical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve[J]. J Northwest A&F Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2016, 44(3):134-139.
[7]邓超.基于多功能经营的杉木生态公益林空间结构优化研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学, 2016.DENG Chao. Study on Optimization of Spatial Structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata Ecological Public Welfare based on Multi-Functional Management[D]. Changsha:Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 2016.
[8]游晓庆,彭诗涛,郭孝玉,等.闽楠天然次生林林分空间结构研究[J].江西农业大学学报, 2016, 38(4):660-667.YOU Xiaoqing, PENG Shitao, GUO Xiaoyu, et al. A study on the spatial structure of natural secondary Phoebe bournei forest[J]. Acta Agric Univ Jiangxi, 2016, 38(4):660-667.
[9]汤孟平.森林空间结构研究现状与发展趋势[J].林业科学, 2010, 46(1):117-122.TANG Mengping. Advances in study of forest spatial structure[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2010, 46(1):117-122.
[10]POMMERENING A. Evaluating structural indices by reversing forest structural analysis[J]. For Ecol Manage, 2006,223(3):266-277.
[11]周建勤.北京低山风景区残次林评价与改造研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2012.ZHOU Jianqin. Study on the Assessment and Reforms of Scenic Spot Relict Forest in the Low Mountain of Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2012.
[12]王晓荣,刘学全,唐万鹏,等.丹江口库区龙口林场水源涵养林林分质量评价[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 37(4):63-68.WANG Xiaorong, LIU Xuequan, TANG Wanpeng. et al. Evaluation on stand quality of water conservation forest in Longkou Forest Farm on Danjiangkou reservoir area[J]. J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2013, 37(4):63-68.
[13]韦新良,何莹.生态景观林景观效果构成特性定量分析[J].西北林学院学报, 2011, 26(6):181-185.WEI Xinliang, HE Ying. Quantity analysis on scenery effect factor of ecological landscape forest[J]. J Northwest For Univ, 2011, 26(6):181-185.
[14]欧阳勋志,廖为明,彭世揆.天然阔叶林景观质量评价及其垂直结构优化技术[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(6):1388-1392.OUYANG Xunzhi LIAO Weiming, PENG Shikui. Landscape quality evaluation and vertical structure optimization of natural broad leaf forest[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2007, 18(6):1388-1392.
[15]毛斌,徐程扬,李乐,等.人工油松风景林的林木分级技术[J].林业科学, 2014, 50(10):49-58.MAO Bin, XU Chengyang, LI Le, et al. Tree classification for Pinus tabulaeformis scenic plantation[J]. Sci Silv Sin,2014, 50(10):49-58.
[16]陈瑜,徐程扬,李乐,等.阔叶红松风景林单木景观质量评价与模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 2014, 36(5):87-93.CHEN Yu, XU Chengyang, LI Le, et al. Assessment and model research on scenic forest individual tree landscape quality in broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forests[J]. J Beijing For Univ, 2014, 36(5):87-93.
[17]章志都.京郊低山风景游憩林质量评价及调控关键技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2010.ZHANG Zhidu. Quality Assessing and Key Adjusting Technologies for Scenic-Recreational Forests in the Lower Mountains of Suburbans in Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2010.
[18]黄广远.北京市城区城市森林结构及景观美学评价研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2012.HUANG Guangyuan. Studies on Species Composition and Landscape Aesthetics Evaluation of Urban Forest in Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2012.
[19]曹小玉,李际平.林分空间结构指标研究进展[J].林业资源管理, 2016(4):65-73.CAO Xiaoyu, LI Jiping. Research progress on indicators of the stand spatial structure[J]. For Resour Manage, 2016(4):65-73.
[20]白超,惠刚盈.林木直径大小多样性量化测度指数的比较研究[J].林业科学研究, 2016, 29(3):340-347.BAI Chao, HUI Gangying. Study on diversity indices of tree diameter size[J]. For Res, 2016, 29(3):340-347.
[21]ARTHUR L M. Predicting scenic beauty of forest environments:someempirical tests[J]. For Sci, 1977, 23(2):151-160.
[22]陈伯扬. TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用[J].现代地质, 2008, 22(6):1003-1009.CHEN Boyang. Application of TOPSIS method to the environment quality evaluation of soil[J]. Geoscience, 2008,22(6):1003-1009.
[23]陈鑫峰,贾黎明.京西山区森林林内景观评价研究[J].林业科学, 2003, 39(4):59-66.CHEN Xinfeng, JIA Liming. Research on evaluation of in-forest landscapes in west Beijing mountain area[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2003, 39(4):59-66.
[24]毛斌,徐程扬,李翠翠.不同修枝强度对侧柏、油松人工林林内景观美景度的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2013, 28(3):123-125.MAO Bin, XU Chengyang, LI Cuicui. Effects of pruning intensity on in-forest landscape of Playtycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis plantations[J]. J Northwest For Univ, 2013, 28(3):123-125.
[25]毛斌.北京中幼龄人工油松、侧柏风景林抚育技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2015.MAO Bin. Studies on Tending Technique of Scenic Forest of Young and Half-mature Planted Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientals in Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2015.
[26]梁爽,张洁,戚继忠,等.次生林为主的自然风景林林内景观质量评价[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2015, 39(6):119-124.LIANG Shuang, ZHANG Jie, QI Jizhong. The forest landscape quality evaluation of the natural scenic beauty mainly made of secondary forest[J]. J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2015, 39(6):119-124.
[27]张凯旋,凌焕然,达良俊.上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略[J].生态学报, 2012, 32(17):5521-5531.ZHANG Kaixuan, LING Huanran, DA Liangjun. Optimization strategies and an aesthetic evaluation of typical plant communities in the Shanghai Green Belt[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2012, 32(17):5521-5531.
[2]赵匡记,汪加魏,施侃侃,等.北京市西山林场游憩林抚育的森林健康评价[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2014, 34(10):66-69.ZHAO Kuangji, WANG Jiawei, SHI Kankan, et al. Forest health evaluation for tending of recreational forest in Xishan forest farm in Beijing City[J]. J Cent South Univ For Technol, 2014, 34(10):66-69.
[3]KARDAN O, DEMIRALP E, HOUT M C, et al. Is the preference of natural versus man-made scenes driven by bottomup processing of the visual features of nature?[J]. Front Psychol, 2015, 6:471. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00471.
[4]GRIFFON S, NESPOULOUS A, CHEYLAN J P, et al. Virtual reality for cultural landscape visualization[J]. Virtual Reality, 2011, 15(4):279-294.
[5]FANAROTU I, SKURAS D. The contribution of scenic beauty indicators in estimating environmental welfare measure:a case study[J]. Soc Indic Res, 2004, 6(5):145-165.
[6]肖欣,丁松,欧阳勋志.井冈山国家自然保护区典型常绿阔叶林林分空间结构分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 44(3):134-139.XIAO Xin, DING Song, OUYANG Xunzhi. Stand spatial structure of typical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve[J]. J Northwest A&F Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2016, 44(3):134-139.
[7]邓超.基于多功能经营的杉木生态公益林空间结构优化研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学, 2016.DENG Chao. Study on Optimization of Spatial Structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata Ecological Public Welfare based on Multi-Functional Management[D]. Changsha:Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 2016.
[8]游晓庆,彭诗涛,郭孝玉,等.闽楠天然次生林林分空间结构研究[J].江西农业大学学报, 2016, 38(4):660-667.YOU Xiaoqing, PENG Shitao, GUO Xiaoyu, et al. A study on the spatial structure of natural secondary Phoebe bournei forest[J]. Acta Agric Univ Jiangxi, 2016, 38(4):660-667.
[9]汤孟平.森林空间结构研究现状与发展趋势[J].林业科学, 2010, 46(1):117-122.TANG Mengping. Advances in study of forest spatial structure[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2010, 46(1):117-122.
[10]POMMERENING A. Evaluating structural indices by reversing forest structural analysis[J]. For Ecol Manage, 2006,223(3):266-277.
[11]周建勤.北京低山风景区残次林评价与改造研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2012.ZHOU Jianqin. Study on the Assessment and Reforms of Scenic Spot Relict Forest in the Low Mountain of Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2012.
[12]王晓荣,刘学全,唐万鹏,等.丹江口库区龙口林场水源涵养林林分质量评价[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 37(4):63-68.WANG Xiaorong, LIU Xuequan, TANG Wanpeng. et al. Evaluation on stand quality of water conservation forest in Longkou Forest Farm on Danjiangkou reservoir area[J]. J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2013, 37(4):63-68.
[13]韦新良,何莹.生态景观林景观效果构成特性定量分析[J].西北林学院学报, 2011, 26(6):181-185.WEI Xinliang, HE Ying. Quantity analysis on scenery effect factor of ecological landscape forest[J]. J Northwest For Univ, 2011, 26(6):181-185.
[14]欧阳勋志,廖为明,彭世揆.天然阔叶林景观质量评价及其垂直结构优化技术[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 18(6):1388-1392.OUYANG Xunzhi LIAO Weiming, PENG Shikui. Landscape quality evaluation and vertical structure optimization of natural broad leaf forest[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2007, 18(6):1388-1392.
[15]毛斌,徐程扬,李乐,等.人工油松风景林的林木分级技术[J].林业科学, 2014, 50(10):49-58.MAO Bin, XU Chengyang, LI Le, et al. Tree classification for Pinus tabulaeformis scenic plantation[J]. Sci Silv Sin,2014, 50(10):49-58.
[16]陈瑜,徐程扬,李乐,等.阔叶红松风景林单木景观质量评价与模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 2014, 36(5):87-93.CHEN Yu, XU Chengyang, LI Le, et al. Assessment and model research on scenic forest individual tree landscape quality in broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forests[J]. J Beijing For Univ, 2014, 36(5):87-93.
[17]章志都.京郊低山风景游憩林质量评价及调控关键技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2010.ZHANG Zhidu. Quality Assessing and Key Adjusting Technologies for Scenic-Recreational Forests in the Lower Mountains of Suburbans in Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2010.
[18]黄广远.北京市城区城市森林结构及景观美学评价研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2012.HUANG Guangyuan. Studies on Species Composition and Landscape Aesthetics Evaluation of Urban Forest in Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2012.
[19]曹小玉,李际平.林分空间结构指标研究进展[J].林业资源管理, 2016(4):65-73.CAO Xiaoyu, LI Jiping. Research progress on indicators of the stand spatial structure[J]. For Resour Manage, 2016(4):65-73.
[20]白超,惠刚盈.林木直径大小多样性量化测度指数的比较研究[J].林业科学研究, 2016, 29(3):340-347.BAI Chao, HUI Gangying. Study on diversity indices of tree diameter size[J]. For Res, 2016, 29(3):340-347.
[21]ARTHUR L M. Predicting scenic beauty of forest environments:someempirical tests[J]. For Sci, 1977, 23(2):151-160.
[22]陈伯扬. TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用[J].现代地质, 2008, 22(6):1003-1009.CHEN Boyang. Application of TOPSIS method to the environment quality evaluation of soil[J]. Geoscience, 2008,22(6):1003-1009.
[23]陈鑫峰,贾黎明.京西山区森林林内景观评价研究[J].林业科学, 2003, 39(4):59-66.CHEN Xinfeng, JIA Liming. Research on evaluation of in-forest landscapes in west Beijing mountain area[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2003, 39(4):59-66.
[24]毛斌,徐程扬,李翠翠.不同修枝强度对侧柏、油松人工林林内景观美景度的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2013, 28(3):123-125.MAO Bin, XU Chengyang, LI Cuicui. Effects of pruning intensity on in-forest landscape of Playtycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis plantations[J]. J Northwest For Univ, 2013, 28(3):123-125.
[25]毛斌.北京中幼龄人工油松、侧柏风景林抚育技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2015.MAO Bin. Studies on Tending Technique of Scenic Forest of Young and Half-mature Planted Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientals in Beijing[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2015.
[26]梁爽,张洁,戚继忠,等.次生林为主的自然风景林林内景观质量评价[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2015, 39(6):119-124.LIANG Shuang, ZHANG Jie, QI Jizhong. The forest landscape quality evaluation of the natural scenic beauty mainly made of secondary forest[J]. J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2015, 39(6):119-124.
[27]张凯旋,凌焕然,达良俊.上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略[J].生态学报, 2012, 32(17):5521-5531.ZHANG Kaixuan, LING Huanran, DA Liangjun. Optimization strategies and an aesthetic evaluation of typical plant communities in the Shanghai Green Belt[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2012, 32(17):5521-5531.