气候变化对渔区感知指数、生计策略和生态效应的影响
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摘要
气候变化已对全球海洋生态环境产生了直接影响,并对渔业资源、渔业生产与渔户生计造成巨大的负面影响,而渔户也通过生计适应影响海洋生态环境。迄今为止,关于渔户对气候变化的感知、生计适应及其生态效应的研究成果较少,基于家庭调查的实证研究更鲜见于报道。选取中国东南沿海的一个典型渔区——福建省霞浦县牙城镇,采用参与式农村评估法(Participatory Rural Appraisal,PRA),基于158份渔户家庭的有效数据,构建气候变化影响感知指数,揭示气候变化影响感知指数与生计资本的内在关联,并进一步探究渔户的生计适应策略及其产生的生态效应。结果表明:(1)渔户对气候变化及其影响的感知较为强烈;(2)渔户的气候变化影响感知指数与生计资本呈现一定的相关性;(3)渔户主要调整了生计生产方式和多样化收入经营两方面策略;(4)渔户生计适应策略的调整会对海洋生态环境产生正面和负面的影响。在此基础上,提出保护渔户生计安全、防范气候变化风险、保护海洋生态环境的政策建议,为当地及其他典型渔区更好地应对气候变化提供有益参考。
Climate change has caused direct impacts on the global marine ecological environment,and it has caused tremendous negative impacts on fishery resources, fishery production, and the livelihood of fishermen. Conversely,fishermen's families also affect the marine ecological environment by adapting their livelihoods to accommodate a climate change scenario. So far,there are few research achievements on the perceptions of livelihood,the livelihood adaptation of fishermen's to climate change,and ecological effects,and there are few empirical research based on household. This work selects Yacheng,a town of Xiapu County in Fujian,as a study area. This is a typical fishing area located on the southeast coast of China,and the index of the perception of climate change's impact was built using data from 158 families using the Participatory Rural Appraisal( PRA) to reveal the inherent connection between the index and livelihood capital. Theadjustment of the adaptive strategies of fishermen' s families and the ecological effects of these strategies were further explored. The results showed that:( 1) fishermen's perceptions of climate change and its impacts are relatively strong;( 2)the index of the perception of climate change's impact and the livelihood capital of fishermen are correlated;( 3) fishermen have mainly adjusted their livelihood strategies and diversified their incomes; and( 4) the adjustment and adaptive strategies of fishermen's livelihoods cause both positive and negative impacts on the marine ecological environment. Based on these results,we put forth some policy suggestions to provide a useful reference on coping with climate change for local fishing areas,and offer recommendations for protecting the security of fishermen's livelihood,avoiding the risks of climate change,and protecting the marine ecological environment.
Climate change has caused direct impacts on the global marine ecological environment,and it has caused tremendous negative impacts on fishery resources, fishery production, and the livelihood of fishermen. Conversely,fishermen's families also affect the marine ecological environment by adapting their livelihoods to accommodate a climate change scenario. So far,there are few research achievements on the perceptions of livelihood,the livelihood adaptation of fishermen's to climate change,and ecological effects,and there are few empirical research based on household. This work selects Yacheng,a town of Xiapu County in Fujian,as a study area. This is a typical fishing area located on the southeast coast of China,and the index of the perception of climate change's impact was built using data from 158 families using the Participatory Rural Appraisal( PRA) to reveal the inherent connection between the index and livelihood capital. Theadjustment of the adaptive strategies of fishermen' s families and the ecological effects of these strategies were further explored. The results showed that:( 1) fishermen's perceptions of climate change and its impacts are relatively strong;( 2)the index of the perception of climate change's impact and the livelihood capital of fishermen are correlated;( 3) fishermen have mainly adjusted their livelihood strategies and diversified their incomes; and( 4) the adjustment and adaptive strategies of fishermen's livelihoods cause both positive and negative impacts on the marine ecological environment. Based on these results,we put forth some policy suggestions to provide a useful reference on coping with climate change for local fishing areas,and offer recommendations for protecting the security of fishermen's livelihood,avoiding the risks of climate change,and protecting the marine ecological environment.
引文
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[18]汪洋,雷连春,马云霄.福建省霞浦县滩涂开发经济效益研究.财经界,2015,32(12):22-22.
[19]Silvestri S,Bryan E,Ringler C,Herrero M,Okoba B.Climate change perception and adaptation of agro-pastoral communities in Kenya.Regional Environmental Change,2012,12(4):791-802.
[20]赵雪雁.不同生计方式农户的环境感知--以甘南高原为例.生态学报,2012,32(21):6776-6787.
[21]张大维.生计资本视角下连片特困区的现状与治理--以集中连片特困地区武陵山区为对象.华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2011,50(4):16-23.
[22]Sharp K.Measuring Destitution:Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the Analysis of survey data.Brighton,United Kingdom:Institute of Development Studies,2003.
[23]Moser C O N.The asset vulnerability framework:Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies.World Development,1998,26(1):1-19.
[24]武艳娟,李月娥.气候变化对生计影响的研究进展.中国农业气象,2009,30(1):8-13.
[25]Ellis F.Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification.The Journal of Development Studies,1998,35(1):1-38.
[26]Block S,Webb P.The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia.Food Policy,2001,26(4):333-350.
[27]赵蕾.全球气候变化与海洋渔业的互动关系初探.海洋开发与管理,2008,25(8):87-93.
[2]Adger W N,Huq S,Brown K,Conway D,Hulme M.Adaptation to climate change in the developing world.Progress in Development Studies,2003,3(3):179-195.
[3]Acosta-Michlik L,Kelkar U,Sharma U.A critical overview:Local evidence on vulnerabilities and adaptations to global environmental change in developing countries.Global Environmental Change,2008,18(4):539-542.
[4]蔡榕硕,齐庆华.气候变化与全球海洋:影响、适应和脆弱性评估之解读.气候变化研究进展,2014,10(3):185-190.
[5]韦兴平,石峰,樊景凤,杨青.气候变化对海洋生物及生态系统的影响.海洋科学进展,2011,29(2):241-252.
[6]王慧,周晓丹.气候变化对海洋生物资源的影响及其应对之策.环境保护与循环经济,2014,17(10):4-9.
[7]何霄嘉,张九天,仉天宇,仲平,王文涛.海平面上升对我国沿海地区的影响及其适应对策.海洋预报,2012,29(6):84-91.
[8]王有基,李丽莎,李琼珍,吕为群.海洋酸化和全球变暖对贝类生理生态的影响研究进展.生态学报,2014,34(13):3499-3508.
[9]蔡榕硕,陈际龙,黄荣辉.我国近海和邻近海的海洋环境对最近全球气候变化的响应.大气科学,2006,30(5):1019-1033.
[10]Gebrehiwot T,van der Veen A.Farm level adaptation to climate change:the case offarmer's in the Ethiopian highlands.Environmental Management,2013,52(1):29-44.
[11]Gentle P,Maraseni T N.Climate change,poverty and livelihoods:adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal.Environmental Science&Policy,2012,21(21):24-34.
[12]阎建忠,吴莹莹,张镱锂,周绍宾,石玉林.青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化.地理学报,2009,64(2):221-233.
[13]谭智心.农民对气候变化的认知及适应行为:山东证据.重庆社会科学,2011,7(3):56-61.
[14]刘华民,王立新,杨劼,梁存柱,王炜.气候变化对农牧民生计影响及适应性研究--以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例.资源科学,2012,34(2):248-255.
[15]霞浦县地方志编纂委员会.霞浦县志.北京:方志出版社,1999.
[16]宁德市统计局.宁德市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报.(2011-06-08)[2016-09-29].http://www.stats-fjnd.gov.cn/cms/www2/www.ningdetjj.gov.cn/79A9A654FA4BAFD543560D2565F62D9B/2011-06-08/D12254B0CE11A03DBDB31BBA8D109D21.html
[17]黄长芳.浅谈沿海县域水产品精深加工瓶颈的化解--以福建霞浦县为例.科技展望,2014,23(22):194-196,198-198.
[18]汪洋,雷连春,马云霄.福建省霞浦县滩涂开发经济效益研究.财经界,2015,32(12):22-22.
[19]Silvestri S,Bryan E,Ringler C,Herrero M,Okoba B.Climate change perception and adaptation of agro-pastoral communities in Kenya.Regional Environmental Change,2012,12(4):791-802.
[20]赵雪雁.不同生计方式农户的环境感知--以甘南高原为例.生态学报,2012,32(21):6776-6787.
[21]张大维.生计资本视角下连片特困区的现状与治理--以集中连片特困地区武陵山区为对象.华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2011,50(4):16-23.
[22]Sharp K.Measuring Destitution:Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the Analysis of survey data.Brighton,United Kingdom:Institute of Development Studies,2003.
[23]Moser C O N.The asset vulnerability framework:Reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies.World Development,1998,26(1):1-19.
[24]武艳娟,李月娥.气候变化对生计影响的研究进展.中国农业气象,2009,30(1):8-13.
[25]Ellis F.Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification.The Journal of Development Studies,1998,35(1):1-38.
[26]Block S,Webb P.The dynamics of livelihood diversification in post-famine Ethiopia.Food Policy,2001,26(4):333-350.
[27]赵蕾.全球气候变化与海洋渔业的互动关系初探.海洋开发与管理,2008,25(8):87-93.