黑河上游地表冻融指数与径流关系
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摘要
[目的]探讨黑河上游地表冻融指数与径流的关系,为该流域的径流预测及水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]利用1979—2006年黑河上游西支水文站和气象站的月平均径流、降水和气温资料,对该流域冻融指数变化、融化和冻结阶段径流变化进行分析,并对地表冻融指数与径流的关系做了进一步探讨。[结果]冻结指数和融化指数分别具有明显减少和增加的趋势,且在1990—2005年表现更为突出。径流在融化阶段变化趋势不明显,在冻结阶段呈现减少趋势,其中冬季径流减少趋势较为明显。季节冻融过程对冬季径流减少具有较为重要的影响,主要表现为冻结指数显著减小,表明土壤季节冻结过程中气温升高,这很可能使得冬季地表积雪更多地进行升华,从而削减了对径流的补给,导致了径流量的减少;融化指数显著增大,导致土壤季节融化深度增加了13~14cm,从而增加了土壤的调蓄空间,使得部分地表水储存于活动层,导致地表冬季径流量减少。[结论]季节冻融变化是影响黑河上游径流的一个不可忽视的特殊因子。
[Objective]The relationship between surface freezing/thawing index and runoff over the upper reaches of Heihe River in Western China was discussed in order to provide scientific basis for the runoff prediction and the rational development and utilization of water resources in this basin.[Methods]The impacts of precipitation,air temperature and surface freezing/thawing index on runoff during the period from1979 to 2006 were investigated over the upper reaches of Heihe River basin in Western China.Changes in freezing/thawing index and river runoff in freezing/thawing period and the relationships between surface freezing/thawing index and runoff were further explored.[Results]There was a significant decrease trend in freezing while a significant increase trend in thawing index,and the most significant change occurred in1990—2005.The variation of runoff was not obvious in thawing period,while it decreased dramatically in freezing period,especially in winter.The reduction of winter runoff was influenced by the variation in soil seasonal freezing and thawing.The freezing index was reduced significantly,indicating that air temperature increased in seasonal soil freezing process,and more snow sublimated in winter,so that the supply of runoffwas reduced.The thawing index increased significantly,leading to a 13~14 cm increase in the depth of seasonal thawing soil,which resulted in an increase of the soil storage space to store part of the groundwater and a decrease in winter runoff.[Conclusion]Changes in the soil seasonal freezing and thawing play significant roles in the runoff of the upper reaches of Heihe River in Western China.
[Objective]The relationship between surface freezing/thawing index and runoff over the upper reaches of Heihe River in Western China was discussed in order to provide scientific basis for the runoff prediction and the rational development and utilization of water resources in this basin.[Methods]The impacts of precipitation,air temperature and surface freezing/thawing index on runoff during the period from1979 to 2006 were investigated over the upper reaches of Heihe River basin in Western China.Changes in freezing/thawing index and river runoff in freezing/thawing period and the relationships between surface freezing/thawing index and runoff were further explored.[Results]There was a significant decrease trend in freezing while a significant increase trend in thawing index,and the most significant change occurred in1990—2005.The variation of runoff was not obvious in thawing period,while it decreased dramatically in freezing period,especially in winter.The reduction of winter runoff was influenced by the variation in soil seasonal freezing and thawing.The freezing index was reduced significantly,indicating that air temperature increased in seasonal soil freezing process,and more snow sublimated in winter,so that the supply of runoffwas reduced.The thawing index increased significantly,leading to a 13~14 cm increase in the depth of seasonal thawing soil,which resulted in an increase of the soil storage space to store part of the groundwater and a decrease in winter runoff.[Conclusion]Changes in the soil seasonal freezing and thawing play significant roles in the runoff of the upper reaches of Heihe River in Western China.
引文
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[15]陈仁升,康尔泗,吉喜斌,等.黑河源区高山草甸的冻土及水文过程初步研究[J].冰川冻土,2007,29(3):387-396.
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[20]赵红岩,江灏,王可丽,等.青藏铁路沿线地表融冻指数的计算分析[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):617-623.
[21]King L,Herz T,Hartmann H,et al.The PACE monitoring strategy:A concept for permafrost research in Qinghai-Tibet[J].Quaternary International,2006,154:149-157.
[22]Zhang Tingjun,Osterkamp T E,Stamnes K.Effects of Climate on the Active Layer and Permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska,U.S.A.[J].Permafrost&Periglacial Processes,2015,8(1):45-67.
[23]丁永建,叶伯生.青藏高原大尺度冻土水文监测研究[J].科学通报,2000,45(2):208-214.
[24]Wu Qingbai,Li Shuxun,Liu Yongzhi.The impact of climate warming on permafrost and Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Engineering Sciences,2006,4(2):92-97.
[25]牛丽,叶柏生,李静,等.中国西北地区典型流域冻土退化对水文过程的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(1):85-92.
[2]王金叶,康尔泗,金博文.黑河上游林区冻土的水文功能[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(S1):30-34.
[3]程国栋,周幼吾.中国冻土学的现状和展望[J].冰川冻土,1988,10(3):221-227.
[4]阳勇,陈仁升.冻土水文研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(7):711-723.
[5]Woo M K,Kane D L,Carey S K,et al.Progress in permafrost hydrology in the new millennium[J].Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,2008,19(2):237-254.
[6]马巍,金会军.正在变暖的地球上的多年冻土:2008年第九届国际冻土大会(NICOP)综述[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(5):843-854.
[7]张廷军.全球多年冻土与气候变化研究进展[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(1):27-38.
[8]李林,王振宇,汪青春.黑河上游地区气候变化对径流量的影响研究[J].地理科学,2006,26(1):40-46.
[9]王顺利,刘贤德,金铭,等.祁连山区气候变化与流域径流特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(1):162-165.
[10]张耀宗,张勃,吕永清.祁连山区流域径流变化及影响因子研究:以讨赖河为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(7):109-114.
[11]Woo M K,Young K L.High Arctic wetlands:Their occurrence,hydrological characteristics and sustainability[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,320(3):432-450.
[12]Young K L,Assini J,Abnizova A,et al.Hydrology of hillslope-wetland streams,Polar Bear Pass,Nunavut,Canada[J].Hydrological Processes,2010,24(23):3345-3358.
[13]Haldorsen S,Heim M,Dale B,et al.Sensitivity to long-term climate change of subpermafrost groundwater systems in Svalbard[J].Quaternary Research,2010,73(2):393-402.
[14]程国栋,肖洪浪,陈亚宁,等.中国西部典型内陆河生态—水文研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2010:28-29.
[15]陈仁升,康尔泗,吉喜斌,等.黑河源区高山草甸的冻土及水文过程初步研究[J].冰川冻土,2007,29(3):387-396.
[16]崔科超,李云武.札马什克(二)水文站流量资料插补延长分析[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2013,49(10):3-5.
[17]Harris S A,French H M,Heginbottom J A,et al.Glossary of permafrost and related ground-ice terms[M].Canada:Technical Memorandum,1988.
[18]Frauenfeld O W,Zhang Tingjun,Mccreight J L.Northern hemisphere freezing/thawing index variations over the twentieth century[J].International Journal of Climatology,2010,27(1):47-63.
[19]庞强强,李述训,吴通华,等.青藏高原冻土区活动层厚度分布模拟[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(3):390-395.
[20]赵红岩,江灏,王可丽,等.青藏铁路沿线地表融冻指数的计算分析[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):617-623.
[21]King L,Herz T,Hartmann H,et al.The PACE monitoring strategy:A concept for permafrost research in Qinghai-Tibet[J].Quaternary International,2006,154:149-157.
[22]Zhang Tingjun,Osterkamp T E,Stamnes K.Effects of Climate on the Active Layer and Permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska,U.S.A.[J].Permafrost&Periglacial Processes,2015,8(1):45-67.
[23]丁永建,叶伯生.青藏高原大尺度冻土水文监测研究[J].科学通报,2000,45(2):208-214.
[24]Wu Qingbai,Li Shuxun,Liu Yongzhi.The impact of climate warming on permafrost and Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Engineering Sciences,2006,4(2):92-97.
[25]牛丽,叶柏生,李静,等.中国西北地区典型流域冻土退化对水文过程的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(1):85-92.