乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其来源分析
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摘要
利用七波段黑碳仪对2016年8月—2017年7月乌鲁木齐河源区大气中黑碳气溶胶进行了实时监测,并结合同时期气象资料对该区域黑碳气溶胶浓度变化特征、影响因子和可能来源进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳浓度在102～1525 ng·m~(-3)之间变化,均值为520 ng·m~(-3).春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的浓度分别为425、536、686和427 ng·m~(-3),呈秋季最高,夏季次之,冬、春季低的季节变化特点.日内变化具有明显的双峰双谷特征,在当地时间8:00—9:00(与北京时间的时差为2小时,即为北京时间10:00—11:00,下同)和16:00—19:00有两个明显的峰值,可能与当地的排放和气象因素有关.乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳的本底浓度在春季、夏季和秋季分别为253、271和290 ng·m~(-3),而冬季黑碳的本底浓度仅为162 ng·m~(-3).与其他偏远地区相比,乌鲁木齐河源区因受较多排放源影响,黑碳浓度本底值较高.黑碳气溶胶浓度与气象因素相关性显著,当风速小于2 m·s~(-1)时,黑碳的平均浓度明显偏高,当相对湿度大于55%时,黑碳浓度明显偏低.由浓度权重轨迹分析和波长吸收指数(AAE)可知,乌鲁木齐河源区的黑碳浓度,除了受本地化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧排放的影响以外,还可能受到中亚地区远距离传输的影响.
Based on one year real-time measurements of seven-wavelength aethalometer and combined with meteorological data during August 2016—July 2017 at the headwater of Urumqi River, the change characteristics, influencing factors and potential sources of black carbon aerosol have been analyzed. The results showed that daily BC concentration during the studied period was 520 ng·m~(-3), fluctuating in the range of 102～1525 ng·m~(-3). The BC concentration was 425, 536, 686 and 427 ng·m~(-3) in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Seasonal BC concentrations were highest in autumn, followed by summer and low in winter and spring. The two peaks in diurnal variations of BC were observed during morning between 8:00 and 9:00 local time(UTC+6) and in the evening around 16:00—19:00 local time, which is strongly related to the local emission sources, and meteorological factors. The BC background concentration was 253, 271, 290 and 162 ng·m~(-3) in the four seasons. By the influence of more emission sources, the BC concentrations at the headwater of Urumqi River are larger than the other remote areas. There was a strong correlation between BC concentration and meteorological factors. The higher BC concentration was more associated with the winds smaller than 2 m·s~(-1). Meanwhile, the lower BC concentration were more associated with the relative humidity large than 55%. The concentration weighted trajectory(CWT) analysis and AAE showed long-distance from Central Asia could be important contributors to BC concentrations at the headwater of Urumqi River, same as fossil fuel and biomass burning sources from nearby.
Based on one year real-time measurements of seven-wavelength aethalometer and combined with meteorological data during August 2016—July 2017 at the headwater of Urumqi River, the change characteristics, influencing factors and potential sources of black carbon aerosol have been analyzed. The results showed that daily BC concentration during the studied period was 520 ng·m~(-3), fluctuating in the range of 102～1525 ng·m~(-3). The BC concentration was 425, 536, 686 and 427 ng·m~(-3) in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Seasonal BC concentrations were highest in autumn, followed by summer and low in winter and spring. The two peaks in diurnal variations of BC were observed during morning between 8:00 and 9:00 local time(UTC+6) and in the evening around 16:00—19:00 local time, which is strongly related to the local emission sources, and meteorological factors. The BC background concentration was 253, 271, 290 and 162 ng·m~(-3) in the four seasons. By the influence of more emission sources, the BC concentrations at the headwater of Urumqi River are larger than the other remote areas. There was a strong correlation between BC concentration and meteorological factors. The higher BC concentration was more associated with the winds smaller than 2 m·s~(-1). Meanwhile, the lower BC concentration were more associated with the relative humidity large than 55%. The concentration weighted trajectory(CWT) analysis and AAE showed long-distance from Central Asia could be important contributors to BC concentrations at the headwater of Urumqi River, same as fossil fuel and biomass burning sources from nearby.
引文
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Qian Y,Yasunari T J,Doherty S J,et al.2015.Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice:Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,32(1):64-91
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Schwartz J,Litonjua A,Suh H,et al.2005.Traffic related pollution and heart rate variability in a panel of elderly subjects[J].Thorax,60(6):455-461
Song S,Wu Y,Xu J,et al.2013.Black carbon at a roadside site in Beijing:Temporal variations and relationships with carbon monoxide and particle number size distribution[J].Atmospheric Environment,77(7):213-221
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Wang M,Xu B Q,Wang N,et al.2012.Two distinct patterns of seasonal variation of airborne black carbon over Tibetan Plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,573:1041-1052
Weingartner E,Saathoff H,Schnaiter M,et al.2003.Absorption of light by soot particles:determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,34(10):1445-1463
王圣杰,张明军,王飞腾,等.2012.天山典型冰川区雪冰中碳质气溶胶浓度特征研究[J].环境科学,33(3):679-686
肖思晗,于兴娜,朱彬,等.2016.南京北郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征及影响因素分析[J].环境科学,37(9):3280-3289
肖秀珠,刘鹏飞,耿福海,等.2011.上海市区和郊区黑碳气溶胶的观测对比[J].应用气象学报,22(2):158-168
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Zhang X,Ming J,Li Z Q,et al.2017.The online measured black carbon aerosol and source orientations in the Nam Co region,Tibet[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res Int,24(32):25021-25033
Zhang X,Rao R,Huang Y,et al.2015.Black carbon aerosols in urban central China[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer,150:3-11
张寅生,康尔泗,刘潮海.1994.天山乌鲁木齐河流域山区气候特征分析[J].冰川冻土,16(4): 333-341
赵淑雨,铁学煕,曹军骥.2016.2008-2010年冬季关中地区黑碳气溶胶时间变化的成因分析[J].地球环境学报,7(6):598-604
Zhao S Y,Ming J,Xiao C D,et al.2012.A preliminary study on measurements of black carbon in the atmosphere of northwest Qilian Shan[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,24(1):152-159
Zhao S Y,Tie X X,Cao J J,et al.2015.Seasonal variation and four-year trend of black carbon in the Mid-west China:The analysis of the ambient measurement and WRF-Chem modeling[J].Atmospheric Environment,123:430-439
Zhao T L,Gong S L,Huang P,et al.2012.Hemispheric transport and influence of meteorology on global aerosol climatology[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,12(16):7609-7624
钟玉婷,刘新春,何清,等.2011.2009年夏秋季乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶观测研究[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,5(6):32-36
Zhu C S,Cao J J,Ho K F,et al.2015.The optical properties of urban aerosol in northern China:A case study at Xi′an[J].Atmospheric Research,160(15):59-67
Zhu C S,Cao J J,Hu T F,et al.2017.Spectral dependence of aerosol light absorption at an urban and a remote site over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,590-591:14-21
Bond T C,Doherty S J,Fahey D W,et al.2013.Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system:A scientific assessment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,118(11):5380-5552
Cao J J,Xu B Q,He J Q,et al.2009.Concentrations,seasonal variations,and transport of carbonaceous aerosols at a remote mountainous region in western China[J].Atmospheric Environment,43(29):4444-4452
Chung C E,Kim S W,Lee M,et al.2012.Carbonaceous aerosol AAE inferred from in-situ aerosol measurements at the Gosan ABC super site,and the implications for brown carbon aerosol[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,12(14):4507-4539
Coen M C,Weingartner E,Apituley A,et al.2010.Minimizing light absorption measurement artifacts of the Aethalometer:evaluation of five correction algorithms[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,3:457-474
邓彦阁,孙天乐,曾立武,等.2012.华南沿海某大气背景点黑碳气溶胶污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,35(11):79-82
Draxler R R,Hess G D.1998.An overview of the hysplit-4 modeling system for trajectories[J].Australian Meteorological Magazine,47(4):295-308
Flanner M G,Zender C S,Randerson J T,et al.2007.Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,112(D11):1-17
Gong S L,Zhao T L,Sharma S,et al.2010.Identification of trends and interannual variability of sulfate and black carbon in the Canadian High Arctic:1981—2007[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,115(D7):1-9
Hansen A D A,Rosen H,Novakov T.1984.The aethalometer-An instrument for the real-time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles[J].Science of the Total Environment,36(1):191-196
Hansen A D A,Novakov T.1990.Real-time measurement of aerosol black carbon during the carbonaceous species methods comparison study[J].Aerosol Science & Technology,12(1):194-199
高润祥,牛生杰,张华,等.2008.2006年春季西北地区黑碳气溶胶的观测研究[J].南京气象学院学报,31(5):655-661
Kirchstetter T W.2004.Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,109(D21):1-12
李忠勤.2011.天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近期研究与应用[M].北京:气象出版社
李忠勤,李开明,王林.2010.新疆冰川近期变化及其对水资源的影响研究[J].第四纪研究,30(1):96-106
刘新春,钟玉婷,何清,等.2011.2009年冬季乌鲁木齐大气中黑碳气溶胶观测[J].环境化学,30(10):1818-1819
Ming J,Xiao C D,Wang F,et al.2016.Grey Tienshan Urumqi Glacier No.1 and light-absorbing impurities[J].Environmental Science & Pollution Research International,23(10):9549-9558
Petzold A,Ogren J A,Fiebig M,et al.2013.Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,13(16):8365-8379
Qian Y,Yasunari T J,Doherty S J,et al.2015.Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice:Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,32(1):64-91
秦世广.2001.我国大陆地区大气黑碳气溶胶观测研究[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院
Ramanathan V,Carmichael G.2008.Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon[J].Nature Geoscience,1(4):221-227
Ramanathan V.2013.Himalayan-Tibetan glaciers and snowpack system:multiple destabilizing influences,fate of mountain glaciers in the anthropocene[J].Pontifical Academy of the Sciences,118:1-18
Russell P B,Bergstrom R W,Shinozuka Y,et al.2010.Absorption angstrom exponent in AERONET and related data as an indicator of aerosol composition[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,10(3):1155-1169
Sandradewi J,Prév?t A S,Szidat S,et al.2008.Using aerosol light absorption measurements for the quantitative determination of wood burning and traffic emission contributions to particulate matter[J].Environmental Science & Technology,42(9):3316
Schwartz J,Litonjua A,Suh H,et al.2005.Traffic related pollution and heart rate variability in a panel of elderly subjects[J].Thorax,60(6):455-461
Song S,Wu Y,Xu J,et al.2013.Black carbon at a roadside site in Beijing:Temporal variations and relationships with carbon monoxide and particle number size distribution[J].Atmospheric Environment,77(7):213-221
汤洁,温玉璞,周凌晞,等.1999.中国西部大气清洁地区黑碳气溶胶的观测研究[J].应用气象学报,10(2):160-170
Wang M,Xu B Q,Wang N,et al.2012.Two distinct patterns of seasonal variation of airborne black carbon over Tibetan Plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,573:1041-1052
Weingartner E,Saathoff H,Schnaiter M,et al.2003.Absorption of light by soot particles:determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,34(10):1445-1463
王圣杰,张明军,王飞腾,等.2012.天山典型冰川区雪冰中碳质气溶胶浓度特征研究[J].环境科学,33(3):679-686
肖思晗,于兴娜,朱彬,等.2016.南京北郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征及影响因素分析[J].环境科学,37(9):3280-3289
肖秀珠,刘鹏飞,耿福海,等.2011.上海市区和郊区黑碳气溶胶的观测对比[J].应用气象学报,22(2):158-168
张磊,张镭,张丁玲,等.2011.兰州远郊区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征[J].中国环境科学,31(8):1248-1255
张骁,汤洁,武云飞,等.2015.2006-2012年北京及周边地区黑碳气溶胶变化特征[J].中国粉体技术,21(4):24-29
Zhang X,Ming J,Li Z Q,et al.2017.The online measured black carbon aerosol and source orientations in the Nam Co region,Tibet[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res Int,24(32):25021-25033
Zhang X,Rao R,Huang Y,et al.2015.Black carbon aerosols in urban central China[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer,150:3-11
张寅生,康尔泗,刘潮海.1994.天山乌鲁木齐河流域山区气候特征分析[J].冰川冻土,16(4): 333-341
赵淑雨,铁学煕,曹军骥.2016.2008-2010年冬季关中地区黑碳气溶胶时间变化的成因分析[J].地球环境学报,7(6):598-604
Zhao S Y,Ming J,Xiao C D,et al.2012.A preliminary study on measurements of black carbon in the atmosphere of northwest Qilian Shan[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,24(1):152-159
Zhao S Y,Tie X X,Cao J J,et al.2015.Seasonal variation and four-year trend of black carbon in the Mid-west China:The analysis of the ambient measurement and WRF-Chem modeling[J].Atmospheric Environment,123:430-439
Zhao T L,Gong S L,Huang P,et al.2012.Hemispheric transport and influence of meteorology on global aerosol climatology[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,12(16):7609-7624
钟玉婷,刘新春,何清,等.2011.2009年夏秋季乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶观测研究[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,5(6):32-36
Zhu C S,Cao J J,Ho K F,et al.2015.The optical properties of urban aerosol in northern China:A case study at Xi′an[J].Atmospheric Research,160(15):59-67
Zhu C S,Cao J J,Hu T F,et al.2017.Spectral dependence of aerosol light absorption at an urban and a remote site over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Science of the Total Environment,590-591:14-21