泉州市环境空气质量现状、影响因素及综合防治对策
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摘要
随着我国各方面综合实力的不断提高,生产、建筑等方面对自然环境造成的污染是极大的,人们生活水平提高的同时也越来越关注城市内大气污染问题。如何治理大气污染,保持人与自然的和谐发展,已经成为当前人们共同面临的一个难题。泉州市地处福建省东南沿海,是我国"一带一路"战略海上丝绸之路的先行区。在经济高速发展的同时,工业企业、机动车数量快速增加,大气污染过程偶有发生,作为国家环保模范城市,其大气环境问题得到越来越多的关注,因此提出有效的综合防治对策势在必行。本文结合泉州市自然(气象、地形)与社会经济(产业布局)等因素,分析了泉州市不同季节大气颗粒物污染成因,并提出有针对性的大气颗粒物污染综合防治对策与管理措施。
Background, aim, and scope With the continuous improvement of comprehensive strength in all fields in our country, the pollution caused to the natural environment in production and construction is extremely great.As people's living standards improve, we also pay more and more attention to the problem of air pollution in cities. How to control air pollution and how to maintain the harmonious development between man and nature has become a common problem facing people today. Located in the southeastern coast of China, the air quality of Quanzhou is fairly good according to national standards(GB 3095 — 2012). However, with the rapid development of social economy, the rapidly increasing quantity of industrial enterprises and motor vehicles, the air pollution episodes occur occasionally, which posed a risk not only to human health but also economic development in Quanzhou. Thus, effective control measures have become urgent needs. Materials and methods Based on the environmental air monitoring data of Quanzhou and synchronous meteorological data from 2016, by the analysis of the natural(e.g. meteorology and topography) with backward trajectory model and social economic factors(e.g. industrial distribution) in Quanzhou, the study explored the causes of air pollution in different seasons.Results It can be showed that the main factors affecting the air quality in Quanzhou were the emission of atmospheric pollutants and the influence of meteorological and topographic factors. Finally, the targeted control countermeasures were brought forwards at different seasons. Discussion By analysis of the characteristics of air pollutant emission, it was found that the main source of air pollutants in Quanzhou is industrial sources. From a spatial perspective, most of the enterprises that discharge particulate matter in Quanzhou are located in the southwest and south directions of the urban area. By the analysis of the meteorological and topographic factors,it was found that in spring and autumn, especially in March and November, Quanzhou happened to be in the transition period of the main control air mass, and the diffusion conditions were relatively poor, which resulted in the accumulation of particles and the pollution of the weather. Besides, it can be found Quanzhou is divided into old and new urban areas. The old urban area is mainly distributed in the E type mountain range, so the diffusion conditions are relatively poor, and the pollutants are easy to accumulate. The new urban area is located on the more open periphery and the diffusion conditions are relatively better than the old area. Conclusions In general,the air quality of Quanzhou is fairly good. Affected by meteorological conditions, terrain factors and industrial layout factors, pollution is likely to occur in March, July and November. Based on the analysis of the influence of the main control air mass, meteorology and topography, and industrial layout on the air quality in different seasons, suggests that the different industries should be managed differently in different seasons. In winter,priority control of petrochemical emissions in the northeast of China. In summer, the main control of the pottery and stone industry in south-west and south of Quanzhou. In the spring and autumn, it is necessary to prejudge in advance according to the characteristics of the meteorological conditions. In the absence of administrative intervention for remote source transportation of pollutants outside the region, local pollutant discharge should be controlled. Recommendations and perspectives This article mainly analyzes the current situation of Quanzhou air pollution, and puts forward the corresponding solutions to the problem, hoping to link the current serious air pollution problems.
Background, aim, and scope With the continuous improvement of comprehensive strength in all fields in our country, the pollution caused to the natural environment in production and construction is extremely great.As people's living standards improve, we also pay more and more attention to the problem of air pollution in cities. How to control air pollution and how to maintain the harmonious development between man and nature has become a common problem facing people today. Located in the southeastern coast of China, the air quality of Quanzhou is fairly good according to national standards(GB 3095 — 2012). However, with the rapid development of social economy, the rapidly increasing quantity of industrial enterprises and motor vehicles, the air pollution episodes occur occasionally, which posed a risk not only to human health but also economic development in Quanzhou. Thus, effective control measures have become urgent needs. Materials and methods Based on the environmental air monitoring data of Quanzhou and synchronous meteorological data from 2016, by the analysis of the natural(e.g. meteorology and topography) with backward trajectory model and social economic factors(e.g. industrial distribution) in Quanzhou, the study explored the causes of air pollution in different seasons.Results It can be showed that the main factors affecting the air quality in Quanzhou were the emission of atmospheric pollutants and the influence of meteorological and topographic factors. Finally, the targeted control countermeasures were brought forwards at different seasons. Discussion By analysis of the characteristics of air pollutant emission, it was found that the main source of air pollutants in Quanzhou is industrial sources. From a spatial perspective, most of the enterprises that discharge particulate matter in Quanzhou are located in the southwest and south directions of the urban area. By the analysis of the meteorological and topographic factors,it was found that in spring and autumn, especially in March and November, Quanzhou happened to be in the transition period of the main control air mass, and the diffusion conditions were relatively poor, which resulted in the accumulation of particles and the pollution of the weather. Besides, it can be found Quanzhou is divided into old and new urban areas. The old urban area is mainly distributed in the E type mountain range, so the diffusion conditions are relatively poor, and the pollutants are easy to accumulate. The new urban area is located on the more open periphery and the diffusion conditions are relatively better than the old area. Conclusions In general,the air quality of Quanzhou is fairly good. Affected by meteorological conditions, terrain factors and industrial layout factors, pollution is likely to occur in March, July and November. Based on the analysis of the influence of the main control air mass, meteorology and topography, and industrial layout on the air quality in different seasons, suggests that the different industries should be managed differently in different seasons. In winter,priority control of petrochemical emissions in the northeast of China. In summer, the main control of the pottery and stone industry in south-west and south of Quanzhou. In the spring and autumn, it is necessary to prejudge in advance according to the characteristics of the meteorological conditions. In the absence of administrative intervention for remote source transportation of pollutants outside the region, local pollutant discharge should be controlled. Recommendations and perspectives This article mainly analyzes the current situation of Quanzhou air pollution, and puts forward the corresponding solutions to the problem, hoping to link the current serious air pollution problems.
引文
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李小飞,张明军,王圣杰,等.2012.中国空气污染指数变化特征及影响因素分析[J].环境科学,33(6):1936-1943.[Li X F,Zhang M J,Wang S J,et al.2012.Variation characteristics and influencing factors of air pollution index in China[J].Environmental Science,33(6):1936-1943.]
廖菲,洪延超,郑国光.2007.地形对降水的影响研究概述[J].气象科技,35(3):309-316.[Liao F,Hong Y C,Zheng G G.2007.Review of orographic influences on surface precipitation[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,35(3):309-316.]
林钦,张少扬.1999.福建省大气污染对人体健康危害造成经济损失的估算[J].海峡预防医学杂志,5(3):12-13.[Lin Q,Zhang S Y.1999.Economic estimation of health losses from air pollution in Fujian Province[J].Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine,5(3):12-13.]
林奕艺.2018.泉州市区环境空气质量变化趋势及对策建议[J].化学工程与装备,(7):314-316.[Lin Y Y.2018.Trends and countermeasures of environmental air quality in Quanzhou urban area[J].Chemical Engineering&Equipment,(7):314-316.]
卢爱刚,康世昌,庞德谦,等.2008.地形对中国气温季节分布格局的差异影响[J].生态环境,17(4):1450-1452.[Lu A G,Kang S C,Pang D Q,et al.2008.Different landform effects on seasonal temperature patterns in China[J].Ecology and Environment,17(4):1450-1452.]
逯有泉.2011.谈大气中的颗粒物污染与来源分析[J].北方环境,(11):81.[Lu Y Q.2011.Pollution and source analysis of particulate matter in the atmosphere[J].Northern Environment,(11):81.]
马艳,秦皓,牟军,等.2016.重庆市江津区空气污染指数变化特征及影响因素分析[J].分析测试技术与仪器,22(1):36-41.[Ma Y,Qin H,Mou J,et al.2016.Variation characteristics and influence factors of air pollution index in Jiangjin[J].Analysis and Testing Technology and Instruments,22(1):36-41.]
泉州市统计局,国家统计局泉州调查队.2015.泉州市统计年鉴:2015[M].北京:中国统计出版社.[Quanzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics,Survey Office of the National Bureau of Statistics in Quanzhou.2015.Quanzhou statistical yearbook:2015[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press.]
孙雪,朱媛媛.2017.我国大气污染治理现状问题及建议[J].民营科技,(5):230.[Sun X,Zhu Y Y.2017.Problems and suggestions on air pollution control in China[J].Minying Keji,(5):230.]
唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.2006.大气环境化学[M].第二版.北京:高等教育出版社:128-131.[Tang X Y,Zhang Y H,Shao M.2006.Atmospheric environmental chemistry[M].2nd edition.Beijing:Higher Education Press:128-131.]
谢瑞加.2016a.2014年泉州市区PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,41(4):127-129.[Xie R J.2016a.Analysis on temporal-spatial variations of PM2.5 in Quanzhou City in 2014[J].Environmental Science and Management,41(4):127-129.]
谢瑞加.2016b.泉州市灰霾时PM2.5浓度与气象条件、能见度相关分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,41(3):109-112.[Xie R J.2016b.Correlation analysis of PM2.5concentration and meteorological conditions,visibility in haze weather of Quanzhou City[J].Environmental Science and Management,41(3):109-112.]
张云峰,于瑞莲,胡恭任,等.2017.泉州市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,38(10):4044-4053.[Zhang Y F,Yu R L,Hu G R,et al.2017.Seasonal variation and source apportionment of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Quanzhou City[J].Environmental Science,38(10):4044-4053.]
赵倩彪,胡鸣,张懿华.2014.利用后向轨迹模式研究上海市PM2.5来源分布及传输特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,26(4):22-26.[Zhao Q B,Hu M,Zhang Y H.2014.Study of source distribution and transportation characteristics of PM2.5 in Shanghai using backward trajectory model[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,26(4):22-26.]
赵顺征,易红宏,唐晓龙,等.2014.空气细颗粒物污染的来源、危害及控制对策[J].科技导报,32(33):61-66.[Zhao S Z,Yi H H,Tang X L,et al.2014.Source and harm of air fine particulate matter pollution and control strategies[J].Science&Technology Review,32(33):61-66.]
赵卫红.2003.福建省环境空气质量变化趋势分析及对策[J].中国环境管理,22(4):37-38.[Zhao W H.2003.Analyzed and countermeasure of quality change tendency of ambient air in Fujian Province[J].China Environmental Management,5(3):12-13.]
赵小雅.2018.我国大气污染现状及防治措施[J].现代农村科技,(5):98.[Zhao X Y.2018.Current situation of air pollution and its prevention and control measures in China[J].Xiandai Nongcun Keji,(5):98.]
邹玉琳.2017.江苏大气污染的影响因素研究[D].南京:东南大学:1.[Zou Y L.2017.The study on the influencing factors of air pollution in Jiangsu Province[D].Nanjing:Southeast University:1.]
Draxler R R,Hess G D.1997.Description of the HYSPLIT4 modeling system[Z].NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-224.Silver Spring,MD,USA:NOAA Air Resources Laboratory.
Draxler R R,Hess G D.1998.An overview of the HYSPLIT4 modelling system for trajectories,dispersion,and deposition[J].Australian Meteorological Magazine,47(4):295-308.
Draxler R R,Stunder B,Rolph G,et al.(2009)[2018-06-07].Hysplit 4 user’s guide[EB/OL].Air Resources Laboratory,https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php/.
Huang X J,Liu Z R,Liu J Y,et al.2017.Chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 at multiple sites in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,17(21):12941-12962.
成青燕,张东方,杨蓉,等.2018.气象条件与成都市空气质量的关系研究[J].自然科学,6(1):53-62.[Cheng Q Y,Zhang D F,Yang R,et al.2018.A study on the relationship between meteorological condition and air quality of Chengdu[J].Open Journal of Nature Science,6(1):53-62.]
侯亚红,杨修群,李刚,等.2007.冬季西伯利亚高压变化特征及其与中国气温的关系[J].气象科技,35(5):646-650.[Hou Y H,Yang X Q,Li G,et al.2007.Variation features of Siberian High and relation with winter temperature in China[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,35(5):646-650.]
姜会敏.2017.浅析我国大气污染的现状及治理技术[J].低碳世界,(5):21-22.[Jiang H M.2017.Analysis of the current situation of air pollution and its treatment technology in China[J].Low Carbon World,(5):21-22.]
李欢欢.2012.40年大气环境化学路——访中国工程院院士唐孝炎[J].世界环境,(3):24-25.[Li H H.2012.40 years’road of Chinese atmospheric environmental chemistry[J].World Environment,(3):24-25.]
李小飞,张明军,王圣杰,等.2012.中国空气污染指数变化特征及影响因素分析[J].环境科学,33(6):1936-1943.[Li X F,Zhang M J,Wang S J,et al.2012.Variation characteristics and influencing factors of air pollution index in China[J].Environmental Science,33(6):1936-1943.]
廖菲,洪延超,郑国光.2007.地形对降水的影响研究概述[J].气象科技,35(3):309-316.[Liao F,Hong Y C,Zheng G G.2007.Review of orographic influences on surface precipitation[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,35(3):309-316.]
林钦,张少扬.1999.福建省大气污染对人体健康危害造成经济损失的估算[J].海峡预防医学杂志,5(3):12-13.[Lin Q,Zhang S Y.1999.Economic estimation of health losses from air pollution in Fujian Province[J].Strait Journal of Preventive Medicine,5(3):12-13.]
林奕艺.2018.泉州市区环境空气质量变化趋势及对策建议[J].化学工程与装备,(7):314-316.[Lin Y Y.2018.Trends and countermeasures of environmental air quality in Quanzhou urban area[J].Chemical Engineering&Equipment,(7):314-316.]
卢爱刚,康世昌,庞德谦,等.2008.地形对中国气温季节分布格局的差异影响[J].生态环境,17(4):1450-1452.[Lu A G,Kang S C,Pang D Q,et al.2008.Different landform effects on seasonal temperature patterns in China[J].Ecology and Environment,17(4):1450-1452.]
逯有泉.2011.谈大气中的颗粒物污染与来源分析[J].北方环境,(11):81.[Lu Y Q.2011.Pollution and source analysis of particulate matter in the atmosphere[J].Northern Environment,(11):81.]
马艳,秦皓,牟军,等.2016.重庆市江津区空气污染指数变化特征及影响因素分析[J].分析测试技术与仪器,22(1):36-41.[Ma Y,Qin H,Mou J,et al.2016.Variation characteristics and influence factors of air pollution index in Jiangjin[J].Analysis and Testing Technology and Instruments,22(1):36-41.]
泉州市统计局,国家统计局泉州调查队.2015.泉州市统计年鉴:2015[M].北京:中国统计出版社.[Quanzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics,Survey Office of the National Bureau of Statistics in Quanzhou.2015.Quanzhou statistical yearbook:2015[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press.]
孙雪,朱媛媛.2017.我国大气污染治理现状问题及建议[J].民营科技,(5):230.[Sun X,Zhu Y Y.2017.Problems and suggestions on air pollution control in China[J].Minying Keji,(5):230.]
唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.2006.大气环境化学[M].第二版.北京:高等教育出版社:128-131.[Tang X Y,Zhang Y H,Shao M.2006.Atmospheric environmental chemistry[M].2nd edition.Beijing:Higher Education Press:128-131.]
谢瑞加.2016a.2014年泉州市区PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,41(4):127-129.[Xie R J.2016a.Analysis on temporal-spatial variations of PM2.5 in Quanzhou City in 2014[J].Environmental Science and Management,41(4):127-129.]
谢瑞加.2016b.泉州市灰霾时PM2.5浓度与气象条件、能见度相关分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,41(3):109-112.[Xie R J.2016b.Correlation analysis of PM2.5concentration and meteorological conditions,visibility in haze weather of Quanzhou City[J].Environmental Science and Management,41(3):109-112.]
张云峰,于瑞莲,胡恭任,等.2017.泉州市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,38(10):4044-4053.[Zhang Y F,Yu R L,Hu G R,et al.2017.Seasonal variation and source apportionment of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Quanzhou City[J].Environmental Science,38(10):4044-4053.]
赵倩彪,胡鸣,张懿华.2014.利用后向轨迹模式研究上海市PM2.5来源分布及传输特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,26(4):22-26.[Zhao Q B,Hu M,Zhang Y H.2014.Study of source distribution and transportation characteristics of PM2.5 in Shanghai using backward trajectory model[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,26(4):22-26.]
赵顺征,易红宏,唐晓龙,等.2014.空气细颗粒物污染的来源、危害及控制对策[J].科技导报,32(33):61-66.[Zhao S Z,Yi H H,Tang X L,et al.2014.Source and harm of air fine particulate matter pollution and control strategies[J].Science&Technology Review,32(33):61-66.]
赵卫红.2003.福建省环境空气质量变化趋势分析及对策[J].中国环境管理,22(4):37-38.[Zhao W H.2003.Analyzed and countermeasure of quality change tendency of ambient air in Fujian Province[J].China Environmental Management,5(3):12-13.]
赵小雅.2018.我国大气污染现状及防治措施[J].现代农村科技,(5):98.[Zhao X Y.2018.Current situation of air pollution and its prevention and control measures in China[J].Xiandai Nongcun Keji,(5):98.]
邹玉琳.2017.江苏大气污染的影响因素研究[D].南京:东南大学:1.[Zou Y L.2017.The study on the influencing factors of air pollution in Jiangsu Province[D].Nanjing:Southeast University:1.]
Draxler R R,Hess G D.1997.Description of the HYSPLIT4 modeling system[Z].NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-224.Silver Spring,MD,USA:NOAA Air Resources Laboratory.
Draxler R R,Hess G D.1998.An overview of the HYSPLIT4 modelling system for trajectories,dispersion,and deposition[J].Australian Meteorological Magazine,47(4):295-308.
Draxler R R,Stunder B,Rolph G,et al.(2009)[2018-06-07].Hysplit 4 user’s guide[EB/OL].Air Resources Laboratory,https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php/.
Huang X J,Liu Z R,Liu J Y,et al.2017.Chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 at multiple sites in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,17(21):12941-12962.