基于线粒体基因、形态学和栖息地指标的两种鼢鼠分类研究
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摘要
以祁连山东段高寒草甸区栖息的鼢鼠(Eospalax spp.)为研究对象,通过分子系统学、形态学和栖息地特征调查相结合的方法对区域内鼢鼠的分类地位进行了研究。利用分子生物学技术,测定了线粒体D-loop序列,构建了系统发育树并计算了鼢鼠间遗传距离。测量了鼢鼠头骨指标以及体貌形态特征,并调查了不同鼢鼠栖息地草地类型、优势种植物及土壤紧实度等。结果发现4个采样地的鼢鼠属两个不同种,即甘肃鼢鼠(Eospalax cansus)和高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)。两种鼢鼠的遗传距离为0.147;眶间宽、听泡宽在两性间均差异显著(n_雄=14,n_雌=16,P<0.05),颧宽在雄性间差异显著(n_雄=14,P<0.05);甘肃鼢鼠尾部和后足有稀疏短毛,而高原鼢鼠则有密毛。甘肃鼢鼠主要栖息在海拔较低的高寒草甸区,其优势植物主要有矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、蕨麻(Potentilla anserina)、早熟禾(Poa annua);高原鼢鼠主要栖息在海拔较高的高寒灌丛草甸区,其优势植物主要有早熟禾(Poa annua)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus),但两者栖息地的土壤紧实度无差异(P>0.05)。本研究结果为同区域分布甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠的野外鉴别提供技术依据。
This paper reports a study on zokors sampled from four localities in alpine meadows in the eastern Qilian Mountains in NW China. We studied the taxonomic status of zokor in small regions by molecular phylogenetic,morphological and habitat features. We sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop sequences,reconstructed phylogenetic trees and estimated genetic distances. In addition,we measured the zokors' skulls and compared their morphologies. Finally,we investigated the habitat vegetation types,the dominant species of plant,and soil compactness of the zokor habitats. The results showed that the zokors belong to two species,Eospalax cansus and Eospalax baileyi,from four different samples.There were significant differences in orbital width and the tympanic bullae( n_(male)= 14,n_(female)= 16,P < 0. 05) between the two zokor species,and a significant difference in zygomatic breadth between males of the two zokor species( n_(male)= 14,P < 0. 05). The two zokor species were also obviously different in external characters. E. cansus had spare and short hair on the tail and metapodia. However,E. baileyi had dense hair on the tail and metapodia. E. cansus prefer to live in alpine meadow at lower altitudes. The dominant plants of its habitat were Kobresia humilis,Potentilla anserina,and Poa annua.E. baileyi prefer to live in higher altitude alpine shrub meadows. The dominant plants of its habitat were Poa annua,Potentilla fruticosa and Elymus dahuricus. There were no differences in soil compaction( P > 0. 05) between two zokors' habitats. This study has provided some technical basis to distinguish E. baileyi and E. baileyi in the field.
This paper reports a study on zokors sampled from four localities in alpine meadows in the eastern Qilian Mountains in NW China. We studied the taxonomic status of zokor in small regions by molecular phylogenetic,morphological and habitat features. We sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop sequences,reconstructed phylogenetic trees and estimated genetic distances. In addition,we measured the zokors' skulls and compared their morphologies. Finally,we investigated the habitat vegetation types,the dominant species of plant,and soil compactness of the zokor habitats. The results showed that the zokors belong to two species,Eospalax cansus and Eospalax baileyi,from four different samples.There were significant differences in orbital width and the tympanic bullae( n_(male)= 14,n_(female)= 16,P < 0. 05) between the two zokor species,and a significant difference in zygomatic breadth between males of the two zokor species( n_(male)= 14,P < 0. 05). The two zokor species were also obviously different in external characters. E. cansus had spare and short hair on the tail and metapodia. However,E. baileyi had dense hair on the tail and metapodia. E. cansus prefer to live in alpine meadow at lower altitudes. The dominant plants of its habitat were Kobresia humilis,Potentilla anserina,and Poa annua.E. baileyi prefer to live in higher altitude alpine shrub meadows. The dominant plants of its habitat were Poa annua,Potentilla fruticosa and Elymus dahuricus. There were no differences in soil compaction( P > 0. 05) between two zokors' habitats. This study has provided some technical basis to distinguish E. baileyi and E. baileyi in the field.
引文
Ahschul S F,Gish W,Miller W.1990.Basic local alignment search tool.Journal of Molecular Biology,215(3):403-410.
Fan N C,Shi Y Z.1982.A revision of the zokors of subgenus Eospalax.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2(2):183-196.(in Chinese)
Huang Y.1998.Molecular Systematics,Principles,Methods and Applications.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,193-200.(in Chinese)
Kong F Z,Yu R C,Xu Z J,Zhou M J.2012.Application of excel in calculation of biodiversity indices.Marine Sciences,36(4):57-62.(in Chinese)
Li B G,Chen F G.1986.Studies on the phylogenetic relationship,the speciation and the place of the origin of the subgenus Eospalax,genus Myospalax.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science E-dition),16(3):59-64.(in Chinese)
Li B G,Chen F G.1992.A taxonomic revision of the subgenus Eospalax genus Myospalax.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),3(22):339-344.(in Chinese)
Li H.1995.A classification study of the Chinese zokors of subfamily Myospalacin.Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),16(1):75-80.(in Chinese)
Liu R H.1995.The classification of Chinese zokor and geographic area.Territory&Natural Resources Study,(3):54-56.(in Chinese)
Li X C,Wang T Z.1996.Taxonomy and phylogeny of subgenus Eospalax.Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),24(3):75-78.(in Chinese)
Lu Q B,Zhang Y,Zhou C Q.2013.Morphological analysis on Gansu zokors(Myospalax cansus)from five geographical populations.Acta Theriologica Sinica,33(2):193-199.(in Chinese)
Martinez-Meyer E,Peterson A T,Hargrove W W.2004.Eco-logical niches as stable distributional constraints on mammal species,with implications for Pleistocene extinctions and climate change projections for biodiversity.Global Ecology and Biogeography,13(4):305-314.
Nevo E.1999.Mosaic Evolution of Subterranean Mammals:Regression,Progression and Global Convergence.New York:Oxford University Press.
Norris R W,Zhou K Y,Zhou C Q,Yang G,Kipatrick C W,Honeycutt R L.2004.The phylogenetic position of the zokors(Myospalacinae)and comments on the families of muroids(Rodentia).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,31(3):972-978.
Singh V K,Mangalam A K,Dwivedi S.1998.Primer Premier:program for design of degenerate primers from a protein sequence.Biotechniques,24(2):318-319.
Su J H,Wang J,Liu R T,Hua L M,Wu J P,Liu F Y.2011.Species validities of zokors(Mysopalacinae)inferred from mt DNA sequences variations.Acta Agrestia Sinica,19(4):694-698.(in Chinese)
Su J H,Ji W H,Nan Z B,Liu R T,Wang J,Xu C L.2015.Review on the systematics of the subfamily Mysopalacinae.Chinese Journal of Zoology,50(4):649-658.(in Chinese)
Tang L Z,Zhang T Z,Su J P.2009.Morphological variation of the plateau zokor(Myospalax baileyi)from different geographical populations.Acta Theriologica Sinica,29(2):178-184.(in Chinese)
Thompson J D,Higgins D G,Gibson T J.1994.CLUSTAL W:improving the sensitivity of progressive multipie sequence alignment through sequence weighting,positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.Nucleic Acids Research,22(22):4673-4680.
Tang S J,Peng Z,Tang G G.2008.A community characteristics analysis on Tilia miqueliana in Baohua Mt.Journal of Yangzhou University(Agricultural and Life Science Edition),29(1):90-94.(in Chinese)
Van wangner C E.1968.The line-intersect method for forest fuel sampling.Forest Science,14(14):20-26.
Wilson D E,Reeder D M.2005.Mammals Species of the Word:ATaxonomic and Gepgraphic Reference.Third ed.Volume 1-2.The Jihns Hopkins University Press Baltimore,745-2142.
Wu P W,Wang W W,Zhou C Q,Hu J C.2007.The taxonomic statuses of Gansu zokor(M.cansus),Plateau zokor(M.baileyi)and Qinling zokor(M.rufescens)based on the comparsions of medullary indexes of hairs.Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,32(3):502-504.
Xia L,Yang Q S,Ma Y,Feng Z J,Zhou L Z.2006.A guide to the measurement of mammal skullⅢ:Rodentia and Lagomorpha.Chinese Journal of Zoology,41(5):68-71.(in Chinese)
Yang H S,He X Q,Liu R T,Zhang S L,Chang G Z.2009.Molecular phylogenesis of the Eospalax subgenus in the Gansu Province.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,18(6):204-209.(in Chinese)
Yang Q S,X L,Ma Y,Feng Z J,Quan G Q.2005.A guide to the measurement of mammal skullⅠ:Basic measurement.Chinese Journal of Zoology,40(3):50-56.(in Chinese)
Zhao F,Deng X G,Zhang T T,Su J P,Lin G H.2015.Molecular authentication of Sailonggu and its resource distribution in QinghaiTibet Plateau.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,40(3):399-403.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z T.2008.Geographical variation and interspecific differentiation of body size and litter size in Gansu zokor and plateau zokor.Ph.D thesis.Xining:Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.(in Chinese)
Zhou C Q,Zhou K Y,Zhang S L.2004.Molecular authentication of the animal crude drug Sailonggu(Bone of Myospalax baileyi).Bionlogical and Phamaceutica Bulletin,27(11):1850-1858.
Zhou C Q,Zhou K Y.2008.The validity of different zokor species and the genus Eospalax inferred from mitochondrial gene sequences.Integrative Zoology,3(4):290-298.
Zhou X W.2006.The role of human skull fossils in the study of the origin and evolution of human.Bulletin of Biology,41(8):5-6.(in Chinese)
孔凡洲,于仁成,徐子钧,周名江.2012.应用Excel软件计算生物多样性指数.海洋科学,36(4):57-62.
师尚礼.2009.草地工作技术指南.北京:金盾出版社,65-71.
刘仁华.1995.中国鼢鼠的分类及地理区划.国土与自然资源研究,(3):54-56.
汤诗杰,彭志,汤庚国.2008.宝华山南京椴群落的特征分析.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),29(1):90-94.
苏军虎,王静,刘荣堂,花立民,吴建平,刘发央.2011.从线粒体序列分异探讨鼢鼠凸颅亚属(Eospalax)种间差异的有效性.草地学报,19(4):694-698.
苏军虎,Ji Weihong,南志标,刘荣堂,王静,徐长林.2015.鼢鼠亚科Mysopalacinae动物系统学研究现状与展望.动物学杂志,50(4):649-658.
李华.1995.中国鼢鼠亚科的分类研究.首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),16(1):75-80.
李保国,陈服官.1986.鼢鼠属Eospalax亚属的系统发育关系及其物种形成和起源中心的研究.西北大学学报(自然科学版),16(3):59-64.
李保国,陈服官.1992.鼢鼠属凸颅亚属的分类整理.西北大学学报(自然科学版),3(22):339-344.
李晓晨,王廷正.1996.论鼢鼠属(Eospalax)亚属的分类及系统演化.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),24(3):75-78.
杨红善,何小琴,刘荣堂,张三亮,常根柱.2009.甘肃境内鼢鼠Eospalax亚属分子系统发育研究.草业学报,18(6):204-209.
杨奇森,夏霖,马勇,冯祚建,全国强.2005.兽类头骨测量标准I:基本度量.动物学杂志,40(3):50-56.
张同作.2008.甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠身体大小和胎仔数的地理变异及种间差异.西宁:中国科学院西北高原生物研究所博士学位论文.
周兴文.2006.试论人类头骨化石在研究人类起源和演化中的作用.生物学通报,41(8):5-6.
赵芳,邓小弓,张作同,苏建平,林恭华.2015.青藏高原地区塞隆骨资源的分子鉴定和地理分布.中国中药杂志,40(3):399-403.
夏霖,杨奇森,马勇,冯祚建,周立志.2006.兽类头骨测量标准Ⅲ:啮齿目、兔形目.动物学杂志,41(5):68-71.
唐利洲,张同作,苏建平.2009.高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)不同地理种群的形态变异.兽类学报,29(2):178-184.
黄原.1998.分子系统学:原理、方法及应用.北京:中国农业出版社,193-200.
蒋志刚.2015.中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布.北京:科学出版社,346.
鲁庆彬,张阳,周材权.2013.甘肃鼢鼠不同地理种群的形态变异分析.兽类学报,33(2):193-199.
樊乃昌,施银柱.1982.中国鼢鼠Eospalax亚属分类研究.兽类学报,2(2):183-196.
Fan N C,Shi Y Z.1982.A revision of the zokors of subgenus Eospalax.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2(2):183-196.(in Chinese)
Huang Y.1998.Molecular Systematics,Principles,Methods and Applications.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,193-200.(in Chinese)
Kong F Z,Yu R C,Xu Z J,Zhou M J.2012.Application of excel in calculation of biodiversity indices.Marine Sciences,36(4):57-62.(in Chinese)
Li B G,Chen F G.1986.Studies on the phylogenetic relationship,the speciation and the place of the origin of the subgenus Eospalax,genus Myospalax.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science E-dition),16(3):59-64.(in Chinese)
Li B G,Chen F G.1992.A taxonomic revision of the subgenus Eospalax genus Myospalax.Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition),3(22):339-344.(in Chinese)
Li H.1995.A classification study of the Chinese zokors of subfamily Myospalacin.Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition),16(1):75-80.(in Chinese)
Liu R H.1995.The classification of Chinese zokor and geographic area.Territory&Natural Resources Study,(3):54-56.(in Chinese)
Li X C,Wang T Z.1996.Taxonomy and phylogeny of subgenus Eospalax.Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),24(3):75-78.(in Chinese)
Lu Q B,Zhang Y,Zhou C Q.2013.Morphological analysis on Gansu zokors(Myospalax cansus)from five geographical populations.Acta Theriologica Sinica,33(2):193-199.(in Chinese)
Martinez-Meyer E,Peterson A T,Hargrove W W.2004.Eco-logical niches as stable distributional constraints on mammal species,with implications for Pleistocene extinctions and climate change projections for biodiversity.Global Ecology and Biogeography,13(4):305-314.
Nevo E.1999.Mosaic Evolution of Subterranean Mammals:Regression,Progression and Global Convergence.New York:Oxford University Press.
Norris R W,Zhou K Y,Zhou C Q,Yang G,Kipatrick C W,Honeycutt R L.2004.The phylogenetic position of the zokors(Myospalacinae)and comments on the families of muroids(Rodentia).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,31(3):972-978.
Singh V K,Mangalam A K,Dwivedi S.1998.Primer Premier:program for design of degenerate primers from a protein sequence.Biotechniques,24(2):318-319.
Su J H,Wang J,Liu R T,Hua L M,Wu J P,Liu F Y.2011.Species validities of zokors(Mysopalacinae)inferred from mt DNA sequences variations.Acta Agrestia Sinica,19(4):694-698.(in Chinese)
Su J H,Ji W H,Nan Z B,Liu R T,Wang J,Xu C L.2015.Review on the systematics of the subfamily Mysopalacinae.Chinese Journal of Zoology,50(4):649-658.(in Chinese)
Tang L Z,Zhang T Z,Su J P.2009.Morphological variation of the plateau zokor(Myospalax baileyi)from different geographical populations.Acta Theriologica Sinica,29(2):178-184.(in Chinese)
Thompson J D,Higgins D G,Gibson T J.1994.CLUSTAL W:improving the sensitivity of progressive multipie sequence alignment through sequence weighting,positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.Nucleic Acids Research,22(22):4673-4680.
Tang S J,Peng Z,Tang G G.2008.A community characteristics analysis on Tilia miqueliana in Baohua Mt.Journal of Yangzhou University(Agricultural and Life Science Edition),29(1):90-94.(in Chinese)
Van wangner C E.1968.The line-intersect method for forest fuel sampling.Forest Science,14(14):20-26.
Wilson D E,Reeder D M.2005.Mammals Species of the Word:ATaxonomic and Gepgraphic Reference.Third ed.Volume 1-2.The Jihns Hopkins University Press Baltimore,745-2142.
Wu P W,Wang W W,Zhou C Q,Hu J C.2007.The taxonomic statuses of Gansu zokor(M.cansus),Plateau zokor(M.baileyi)and Qinling zokor(M.rufescens)based on the comparsions of medullary indexes of hairs.Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,32(3):502-504.
Xia L,Yang Q S,Ma Y,Feng Z J,Zhou L Z.2006.A guide to the measurement of mammal skullⅢ:Rodentia and Lagomorpha.Chinese Journal of Zoology,41(5):68-71.(in Chinese)
Yang H S,He X Q,Liu R T,Zhang S L,Chang G Z.2009.Molecular phylogenesis of the Eospalax subgenus in the Gansu Province.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,18(6):204-209.(in Chinese)
Yang Q S,X L,Ma Y,Feng Z J,Quan G Q.2005.A guide to the measurement of mammal skullⅠ:Basic measurement.Chinese Journal of Zoology,40(3):50-56.(in Chinese)
Zhao F,Deng X G,Zhang T T,Su J P,Lin G H.2015.Molecular authentication of Sailonggu and its resource distribution in QinghaiTibet Plateau.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,40(3):399-403.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z T.2008.Geographical variation and interspecific differentiation of body size and litter size in Gansu zokor and plateau zokor.Ph.D thesis.Xining:Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.(in Chinese)
Zhou C Q,Zhou K Y,Zhang S L.2004.Molecular authentication of the animal crude drug Sailonggu(Bone of Myospalax baileyi).Bionlogical and Phamaceutica Bulletin,27(11):1850-1858.
Zhou C Q,Zhou K Y.2008.The validity of different zokor species and the genus Eospalax inferred from mitochondrial gene sequences.Integrative Zoology,3(4):290-298.
Zhou X W.2006.The role of human skull fossils in the study of the origin and evolution of human.Bulletin of Biology,41(8):5-6.(in Chinese)
孔凡洲,于仁成,徐子钧,周名江.2012.应用Excel软件计算生物多样性指数.海洋科学,36(4):57-62.
师尚礼.2009.草地工作技术指南.北京:金盾出版社,65-71.
刘仁华.1995.中国鼢鼠的分类及地理区划.国土与自然资源研究,(3):54-56.
汤诗杰,彭志,汤庚国.2008.宝华山南京椴群落的特征分析.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),29(1):90-94.
苏军虎,王静,刘荣堂,花立民,吴建平,刘发央.2011.从线粒体序列分异探讨鼢鼠凸颅亚属(Eospalax)种间差异的有效性.草地学报,19(4):694-698.
苏军虎,Ji Weihong,南志标,刘荣堂,王静,徐长林.2015.鼢鼠亚科Mysopalacinae动物系统学研究现状与展望.动物学杂志,50(4):649-658.
李华.1995.中国鼢鼠亚科的分类研究.首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),16(1):75-80.
李保国,陈服官.1986.鼢鼠属Eospalax亚属的系统发育关系及其物种形成和起源中心的研究.西北大学学报(自然科学版),16(3):59-64.
李保国,陈服官.1992.鼢鼠属凸颅亚属的分类整理.西北大学学报(自然科学版),3(22):339-344.
李晓晨,王廷正.1996.论鼢鼠属(Eospalax)亚属的分类及系统演化.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),24(3):75-78.
杨红善,何小琴,刘荣堂,张三亮,常根柱.2009.甘肃境内鼢鼠Eospalax亚属分子系统发育研究.草业学报,18(6):204-209.
杨奇森,夏霖,马勇,冯祚建,全国强.2005.兽类头骨测量标准I:基本度量.动物学杂志,40(3):50-56.
张同作.2008.甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠身体大小和胎仔数的地理变异及种间差异.西宁:中国科学院西北高原生物研究所博士学位论文.
周兴文.2006.试论人类头骨化石在研究人类起源和演化中的作用.生物学通报,41(8):5-6.
赵芳,邓小弓,张作同,苏建平,林恭华.2015.青藏高原地区塞隆骨资源的分子鉴定和地理分布.中国中药杂志,40(3):399-403.
夏霖,杨奇森,马勇,冯祚建,周立志.2006.兽类头骨测量标准Ⅲ:啮齿目、兔形目.动物学杂志,41(5):68-71.
唐利洲,张同作,苏建平.2009.高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)不同地理种群的形态变异.兽类学报,29(2):178-184.
黄原.1998.分子系统学:原理、方法及应用.北京:中国农业出版社,193-200.
蒋志刚.2015.中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布.北京:科学出版社,346.
鲁庆彬,张阳,周材权.2013.甘肃鼢鼠不同地理种群的形态变异分析.兽类学报,33(2):193-199.
樊乃昌,施银柱.1982.中国鼢鼠Eospalax亚属分类研究.兽类学报,2(2):183-196.