利用接收函数反演青藏高原西部地壳S波速度结构
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摘要
相对于宽阔的腹地,青藏高原西部南北向宽度仅约600km,却记录了印度和欧亚板块汇聚的深部过程及其响应.本文用22台宽频带流动地震台站在西缘构建了一条南北向探测剖面(~80°E,TW-80试验).利用接收函数反演剖面下方S波速度结构,综合西部已有的宽频带探测结果,分析认为:印度板块向北俯冲可能已到达班公湖—怒江缝合带附近,俯冲过程中下地壳发生榴辉岩化;喀拉昆仑断裂带、班公湖—怒江缝合带、阿尔金断裂带均为切穿地壳的深断裂,莫霍面发生错断;喀拉昆仑断裂带和龙木错断裂带之间的中上地壳没有发现连续的S波低速体,说明可能缺乏解耦层,支持青藏高原西部地壳为整体缩短增厚模式.
The collision of Indian and Eurasian plates is the most significant geological event on the Earth since Cenozoic era.How the subduction of the Indian plates occurs under the Tibetan plateau is one of the topics receiving much attention.Whether the boundaries between inner micro-blocks of the Tibetan plateau cut through the crust is another focused issue,which is of great significance for the deformation mechanism of the Tibetan plateau.To help address these issues,we performed a passive-source seismic survey profiling through the western Tibetan plateau.The receiver function method was used to study the crustal shear-wave velocity structure along the survey line.Firstly,we selected the similar receiver functions for each station bydiscarding the weird waves,then stacked the rest of results to obtain waves of high signal-tonoise ratio.Secondly,the inversion was operated with the Neighborhood algorithm.The Neighborhood algorithm made use of the geometrical constructs known as Voronoi cells to derive the search in the parameter space.It is known that this algorithm produces a selfadaptive search behavior.The inversion results of all stations are shown as a 2Dimage.As we expected,the shear-wave velocity structure along the survey line coincides with the migration of common conversion point(CCP)of the receiver functions.The earthquake of MS>4.0 mainly happened beneath the Karakorum fault zone and the Longmu Co fault zone,which are featured by low shear-wave velocity in the upper-middle crust at both ends of the profile.The subduction of Indian plate under the Tibetan plateau probably reaches the BangongNujiang suture based on the comprehensive analysis in this study and the previous work on the western Tibetan plateau.The Karakorum fault zone,Bangong-Nujiang suture and the AltynTagh fault zone cut through the whole crust leading to the Moho offset.The absence of low shear-wave velocity in the upper-middle crust between the Karakorum fault zone and the Longmu Co fault zone probably indicates the lack of the decoupling layer,which supports the assumption that western Tibet has been experienced crustal shortening and thickening.
The collision of Indian and Eurasian plates is the most significant geological event on the Earth since Cenozoic era.How the subduction of the Indian plates occurs under the Tibetan plateau is one of the topics receiving much attention.Whether the boundaries between inner micro-blocks of the Tibetan plateau cut through the crust is another focused issue,which is of great significance for the deformation mechanism of the Tibetan plateau.To help address these issues,we performed a passive-source seismic survey profiling through the western Tibetan plateau.The receiver function method was used to study the crustal shear-wave velocity structure along the survey line.Firstly,we selected the similar receiver functions for each station bydiscarding the weird waves,then stacked the rest of results to obtain waves of high signal-tonoise ratio.Secondly,the inversion was operated with the Neighborhood algorithm.The Neighborhood algorithm made use of the geometrical constructs known as Voronoi cells to derive the search in the parameter space.It is known that this algorithm produces a selfadaptive search behavior.The inversion results of all stations are shown as a 2Dimage.As we expected,the shear-wave velocity structure along the survey line coincides with the migration of common conversion point(CCP)of the receiver functions.The earthquake of MS>4.0 mainly happened beneath the Karakorum fault zone and the Longmu Co fault zone,which are featured by low shear-wave velocity in the upper-middle crust at both ends of the profile.The subduction of Indian plate under the Tibetan plateau probably reaches the BangongNujiang suture based on the comprehensive analysis in this study and the previous work on the western Tibetan plateau.The Karakorum fault zone,Bangong-Nujiang suture and the AltynTagh fault zone cut through the whole crust leading to the Moho offset.The absence of low shear-wave velocity in the upper-middle crust between the Karakorum fault zone and the Longmu Co fault zone probably indicates the lack of the decoupling layer,which supports the assumption that western Tibet has been experienced crustal shortening and thickening.
引文
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akr,Erduran M,akr H,et al.2000.Forward modelling receiver functions for crustal structure beneath station TBZ(Trabzon,Turkey).Geophys.J.Int.,140(2):341-356.
Caldwell W B,Kleperer S L,Lawrence J F,et al.2013.Characterizing the Main Himalayan Thrust in the Garhwal Himalaya,India with receiver function CCP stacking.Earth and Planetary Letters,367:15-27.
Chen L,Ai Y S.2009.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.Journal of Geophysical Research,114(B6):doi:10.1029/2008JB006221.
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He C S,Wang C Y,Wu J P.2004.S-wave velocity structure inferred from receiver function inversion in Tengchong volcanic area.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),26(1):11-18.
Hetényi G,Rodolphe C,Vergne J,et al.2006.The effective elastic thickness of the India Plate from receiver function imaging,gravity anomalies and thermomechanical modelling.Geophys.J.Int.,167(3):1106-1118.
Hu J F,Zhu X G,Xia J Y,et al.2005.Using surface wave and receiver function to jointly inverse the crust-mantle velocity structure in the West Yunnan area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),48(5):1069-1076.
Jin S,Ye G F,Wei W B,et al.2007.The electrical structure and fault feature of crust and mantle of Western Tibet Plateau:Based on results of magnetotelluric survey along profile ZhadaQuanshuihu.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),32(4):474-480.
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Kind R,Yuan X H.2010.Seismic images of the biggest crash on earth.Science,329(5998):1479-1480.
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Li C,van der Hilst R D,Meltzer A S,et al.2008.Subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,274(1-2):157-168.
Li H B,Yang J S,Xu Z Q,et al.2006.The constraint of the Altyn Tagh fault system to the growth and rise of the northern Tibetan plateau.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),13(4):59-79.
Li H B,Valli F,Arnaud N,et al.2008.Rapid uplifting in the process of strike-slip along the Karakorum fault zone in western Tibet:Evidence from40 Ar/39 Ar thermochronology.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),24(7):1552-1566.
Li Y,Yang J S,Liu Z,et al.2011.The origins of Baer ophiolitic peridotite and its implication in the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone,southern Tibet.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),27(11):3239-3254.
Li Y H,Wu Q J,An Z H,et al.2006.The Poisson ratio and crustal structure across the NE Tibetan Plateau determined from receiver functions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),49(5):1359-1368.
Ligorría J P,Ammon C J.1999.Iterative deconvolution and receiver-function estimation.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,89(5):1395-1400.
Liu Q M,Zhao J M,Lu F,et al.2014.Crustal structure of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau by receiver function inversion.Science China Earth Sciences,57(4):741-750.
Liu Q Y,Kind R,Li S C.1996.Maximal likelihood estimation and nonlinear inversion of the complex receiver function spectrum ratio.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),39(4):500-511.
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:effects of a continental collision.Science,189(4201):419-426.
Nábělek J,Hetényi G,Vergne J,et al.2009.Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMBexperiment.Science,325(5946):1371-1374.
Peng H C,Hu J F,Yang H Y,et al.2012.An effective technique to constrain the non-uniqueness of receiver function inversion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(4):1168-1178,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.04.013.
Rai S S,Priestley K,Gaur V K,et al.2006.Configuration of the Indian Moho beneath the NW Himalaya and Ladakh.Geophysical Research Letters,33(15):L15308,doi:10.1029/2006GL026076.
Rowley D B.1996.Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia:a review of stratigraphic data.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,145(1-4):1-13.
Royden L H,Clark B,King R W,et al.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in Eastern Tibet.Science,276(5313):788-790.
Sambridge M,Drijkoningen G.1992.Genetic algorithms in seismic waveform inversion.Geophys.J.Int.,109(2):323-342.
Sambridge M.1999a.Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm-Ⅰ.Searching aparameter space.Geophys.J.Int.,138(2):479-494.
Sambridge M.1999b.Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm-Ⅱ.Appraising the ensemble.Geophys.J.Int.,138(3):727-746.
Schulte-Pelkum V,Monsalve G,Sheehan A,et al.2005.Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya.Nature,435(7046):1222-1225,doi:10.1038/nature03678.
Sen M K,Stoffa P L.1991.Nonlinear one-dimensional seismic waveform inversion using simulated annealing.Geophysics,56(10):1624-1638.
Sherrington H F,George Z,Frederiksen A.2004.Crustal fabric in the Tibetan Plateau based on waveform inversions for seismic anisotropy parameters.Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B2):B02312.
Shi D N,Shen Y,Zhao W J,et al.2009.Seismic evidence for a Moho offset and south-directed thrust at the easternmost Qaidam-Kunlun boundary in the Northeast Tibetan plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,288(1-2):329-334.
Snoke J A,Sambridge M.2002.Constraints on the S wave velocity structure in a continental shield from surface wave data:Comparing linearized least squares inversion and the direct search Neighbourhood Algorithm.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B5):ESE 4-1-ESE 4-8,doi:10.1029/2001JB000498.
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Bannister S,Bryan C J,Bibby H M.2004.Shear wave velocity variation across the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand,from receiver function inversion.Geophys.J.Int.,159(1):291-310.
akr,Erduran M,akr H,et al.2000.Forward modelling receiver functions for crustal structure beneath station TBZ(Trabzon,Turkey).Geophys.J.Int.,140(2):341-356.
Caldwell W B,Kleperer S L,Lawrence J F,et al.2013.Characterizing the Main Himalayan Thrust in the Garhwal Himalaya,India with receiver function CCP stacking.Earth and Planetary Letters,367:15-27.
Chen L,Ai Y S.2009.Discontinuity structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the North China Craton from receiver function migration.Journal of Geophysical Research,114(B6):doi:10.1029/2008JB006221.
Chen Y,Li W,Yuan X H,et al.2015.Tearing of the Indian lithospheric slab beneath southern Tibet revealed by SKS-wave splitting measurements.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,413:13-24.
Clark M K,Bush J W M,Royden L H.2005.Dynamic topography produced by lower crustal flow against rheological strength heterogeneities bordering the Tibetan Plateau.Geophys.J.Int.,162(2):575-590.
He C S,Wang C Y,Wu J P.2004.S-wave velocity structure inferred from receiver function inversion in Tengchong volcanic area.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),26(1):11-18.
Hetényi G,Rodolphe C,Vergne J,et al.2006.The effective elastic thickness of the India Plate from receiver function imaging,gravity anomalies and thermomechanical modelling.Geophys.J.Int.,167(3):1106-1118.
Hu J F,Zhu X G,Xia J Y,et al.2005.Using surface wave and receiver function to jointly inverse the crust-mantle velocity structure in the West Yunnan area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),48(5):1069-1076.
Jin S,Ye G F,Wei W B,et al.2007.The electrical structure and fault feature of crust and mantle of Western Tibet Plateau:Based on results of magnetotelluric survey along profile ZhadaQuanshuihu.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),32(4):474-480.
JuliàJ,Ammon C J,Herrmann R B,et al.2000.Joint inversion of receiver function and surface wave dispersion observations.Geophys.J.Int.,143(1):99-112.
Kind R,Yuan X H,Saul J,et al.2002.Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet:evidence for Eurasian plate subduction.Science,298(5596):1219-1221,doi:10.1126/science.1078115.
Kind R,Yuan X H.2010.Seismic images of the biggest crash on earth.Science,329(5998):1479-1480.
Lacassin R,Valli F,Arnaud N,et al.2004.Large-scale geometry,offset and kinematic evolution of the Karakorum fault,Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,219(3-4):255-269.
Li C,van der Hilst R D,Meltzer A S,et al.2008.Subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,274(1-2):157-168.
Li H B,Yang J S,Xu Z Q,et al.2006.The constraint of the Altyn Tagh fault system to the growth and rise of the northern Tibetan plateau.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),13(4):59-79.
Li H B,Valli F,Arnaud N,et al.2008.Rapid uplifting in the process of strike-slip along the Karakorum fault zone in western Tibet:Evidence from40 Ar/39 Ar thermochronology.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),24(7):1552-1566.
Li Y,Yang J S,Liu Z,et al.2011.The origins of Baer ophiolitic peridotite and its implication in the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone,southern Tibet.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),27(11):3239-3254.
Li Y H,Wu Q J,An Z H,et al.2006.The Poisson ratio and crustal structure across the NE Tibetan Plateau determined from receiver functions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),49(5):1359-1368.
Ligorría J P,Ammon C J.1999.Iterative deconvolution and receiver-function estimation.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,89(5):1395-1400.
Liu Q M,Zhao J M,Lu F,et al.2014.Crustal structure of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau by receiver function inversion.Science China Earth Sciences,57(4):741-750.
Liu Q Y,Kind R,Li S C.1996.Maximal likelihood estimation and nonlinear inversion of the complex receiver function spectrum ratio.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),39(4):500-511.
Molnar P,Tapponnier P.1975.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:effects of a continental collision.Science,189(4201):419-426.
Nábělek J,Hetényi G,Vergne J,et al.2009.Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMBexperiment.Science,325(5946):1371-1374.
Peng H C,Hu J F,Yang H Y,et al.2012.An effective technique to constrain the non-uniqueness of receiver function inversion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(4):1168-1178,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.04.013.
Rai S S,Priestley K,Gaur V K,et al.2006.Configuration of the Indian Moho beneath the NW Himalaya and Ladakh.Geophysical Research Letters,33(15):L15308,doi:10.1029/2006GL026076.
Rowley D B.1996.Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia:a review of stratigraphic data.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,145(1-4):1-13.
Royden L H,Clark B,King R W,et al.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in Eastern Tibet.Science,276(5313):788-790.
Sambridge M,Drijkoningen G.1992.Genetic algorithms in seismic waveform inversion.Geophys.J.Int.,109(2):323-342.
Sambridge M.1999a.Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm-Ⅰ.Searching aparameter space.Geophys.J.Int.,138(2):479-494.
Sambridge M.1999b.Geophysical inversion with a neighbourhood algorithm-Ⅱ.Appraising the ensemble.Geophys.J.Int.,138(3):727-746.
Schulte-Pelkum V,Monsalve G,Sheehan A,et al.2005.Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya.Nature,435(7046):1222-1225,doi:10.1038/nature03678.
Sen M K,Stoffa P L.1991.Nonlinear one-dimensional seismic waveform inversion using simulated annealing.Geophysics,56(10):1624-1638.
Sherrington H F,George Z,Frederiksen A.2004.Crustal fabric in the Tibetan Plateau based on waveform inversions for seismic anisotropy parameters.Journal of Geophysical Research,109(B2):B02312.
Shi D N,Shen Y,Zhao W J,et al.2009.Seismic evidence for a Moho offset and south-directed thrust at the easternmost Qaidam-Kunlun boundary in the Northeast Tibetan plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,288(1-2):329-334.
Snoke J A,Sambridge M.2002.Constraints on the S wave velocity structure in a continental shield from surface wave data:Comparing linearized least squares inversion and the direct search Neighbourhood Algorithm.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B5):ESE 4-1-ESE 4-8,doi:10.1029/2001JB000498.
Tapponnier P,Mercier J L,Proust F,et al.1981.The Tibetan side of the India-Eurasia collision.Nature,294(5840):405-410.
Tarantola A.1987.Inverse Problem Theory:Methods for Data Fitting and Model Parameter Estimation.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
Tian X B,Wu Q J,Zhang Z J,et al.2005a.Identification of multiple reflected phases from migration receiver function profile:An example for the INDEPTH-Ⅲpassive teleseismic P waveform data.Geophysical Research Letters,32,doi:10.1029/2004GL021885.
Tian X B,Wu Q J,Zhang Z J,et al.2005b.Joint imaging by teleseismic converted and multiple waves and its application in the INDEPTH-Ⅲpassive seismic array.Geophysical Research Letters,32,doi:10.1029/2005GL023686.
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